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第 15 章 服務管理

目錄

15.1. systemd, init - systemd system and service manager
15.1.1. 電源管理
15.1.2. rc.local
15.1.3. is-enabled 查看當前服務的啟用狀態
15.1.4. 重載 systemd
15.1.5. 列出啟動失敗的服務
15.1.6. list-units
15.2. 定時器單元
15.3. Debian/Ubuntu
15.3.1. update-rc.d - install and remove System-V style init script links
15.3.2. invoke-rc.d - executes System-V style init script actions
15.3.3. runlevel
15.3.4. sysv-rc-conf
15.3.5. xinetd - replacement for inetd with many enhancements
15.3.5.1. tftpd
15.3.6. Scheduled Tasks
15.3.6.1. crontab - maintain crontab files for individual users
15.3.6.2. at, batch, atq, atrm - queue, examine or delete jobs for later execution
15.3.7. sv - control and manage services monitored by runsv
15.3.7.1. runsv
15.3.7.2. runsvdir
15.4. CentOS 6
15.4.1. service
15.4.1.1. chkconfig
15.4.2. xinetd.d
15.4.2.1. tftpd
15.4.2.1.1. atftp-server
15.4.2.2. rsync
15.4.2.3. rshd
15.4.3. rpcinfo
15.4.4. SELINUX

15.1. systemd, init - systemd system and service manager

		
# systemctl stop postfix
# systemctl stop avahi-daemon
# systemctl disable postfix
# systemctl disable avahi-daemon
		
		

15.1.1. 電源管理

systemd 處理某些電源相關的 ACPI事件,可以通過從 /etc/systemd/logind.conf以下選項進行配置

ACPI事件

  1. HandlePowerKey按下電源鍵後的行為,預設power off
  2. HandleSleepKey 按下掛起鍵後的行為,預設suspend
  3. HandleHibernateKey 按下休眠鍵後的行為,預設hibernate
  4. HandleLidSwitch 合上筆記本蓋後的行為,預設suspend

觸發的行為可以有

  1. ignore(什麼都不做)
  2. poweroff(關機)
  3. reboot(重新啟動)
  4. halt(關機,和poweroff有什麼區別,需要手動斷開電源?)
  5. suspend(待機掛起)
  6. hibernate(休眠)
  7. hybrid-sleep(同時休眠到內存與硬碟)
  8. lock 鎖屏
  9. kexec 調用內核"kexec"函數

如果要合蓋不休眠只需要把HandleLidSwitch選項設置為如下即可:

去掉HandleLidSwitch前面的註釋符號#,並把它的值從suspend修改為ignore 或者 lock。

			
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/systemd/logind.conf
HandleLidSwitch=lock
			
			

注意:設置完成保存後運行下列命令才生效。systemctl restart systemd-logind

			
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/systemd/logind.conf

#  This file is part of systemd.
#
#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
#  (at your option) any later version.
#
# Entries in this file show the compile time defaults.
# You can change settings by editing this file.
# Defaults can be restored by simply deleting this file.
#
# See logind.conf(5) for details.

[Login]
#NAutoVTs=6
#ReserveVT=6
#KillUserProcesses=no
#KillOnlyUsers=
#KillExcludeUsers=root
#InhibitDelayMaxSec=5
#HandlePowerKey=poweroff
#HandleSuspendKey=suspend
#HandleHibernateKey=hibernate
#HandleLidSwitch=suspend
HandleLidSwitch=ignore
#HandleLidSwitchDocked=ignore
#PowerKeyIgnoreInhibited=no
#SuspendKeyIgnoreInhibited=no
#HibernateKeyIgnoreInhibited=no
#LidSwitchIgnoreInhibited=yes
#IdleAction=ignore
#IdleActionSec=30min
#RuntimeDirectorySize=10%
#RemoveIPC=no
#UserTasksMax=

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart systemd-logind			
			
			

15.1.2. rc.local

			
$ chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local
$ systemctl enable rc-local
$ systemctl start rc-local
$ systemctl status rc-local
			
			

15.1.3. is-enabled 查看當前服務的啟用狀態

			
[root@www.netkiller.cn ~]# systemctl is-enabled mongod
enabled
[root@www.netkiller.cn ~]# systemctl is-enabled spring
disabled
			
			

15.1.4. 重載 systemd

			
systemctl daemon-reload
			
			

15.1.5. 列出啟動失敗的服務

			
# systemctl --failed
  UNIT           LOAD   ACTIVE SUB    DESCRIPTION
● spring.service loaded failed failed Spring Boot Application

LOAD   = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded.
ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB.
SUB    = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type.

1 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too.
To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.	
			
			

15.1.6. list-units

			
# systemctl list-unit-files
UNIT FILE                                   STATE   
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount           static  
dev-hugepages.mount                         static  
dev-mqueue.mount                            static  
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount               static  
sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount               static  
sys-kernel-config.mount                     static  
sys-kernel-debug.mount                      static  
tmp.mount                                   disabled
brandbot.path                               disabled
systemd-ask-password-console.path           static  
systemd-ask-password-plymouth.path          static  
systemd-ask-password-wall.path              static  
session-1.scope                             static  
session-2.scope                             static  
session-3.scope                             static  
session-4.scope                             static  
auditd.service                              enabled 
autovt@.service                             disabled
avahi-daemon.service                        enabled 
blk-availability.service                    disabled
brandbot.service                            static  
console-getty.service                       disabled
console-shell.service                       disabled
cpupower.service                            disabled
crond.service                               enabled 
dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service   enabled 
dbus-org.freedesktop.Avahi.service          enabled 
dbus-org.freedesktop.hostname1.service      static  
dbus-org.freedesktop.locale1.service        static  
dbus-org.freedesktop.login1.service         static  
dbus-org.freedesktop.machine1.service       static  
dbus-org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.service enabled 
dbus-org.freedesktop.nm-dispatcher.service  enabled 
dbus-org.freedesktop.timedate1.service      static  
dbus.service                                static  
debug-shell.service                         disabled
dm-event.service                            disabled
dnsmasq.service                             disabled
dracut-cmdline.service                      static  
dracut-initqueue.service                    static  
dracut-mount.service                        static  
dracut-pre-mount.service                    static  
dracut-pre-pivot.service                    static  
dracut-pre-trigger.service                  static  
dracut-pre-udev.service                     static  
dracut-shutdown.service                     static  
ebtables.service                            disabled
emergency.service                           static  
firewalld.service                           enabled 
getty@.service                              enabled 
halt-local.service                          static  
initrd-cleanup.service                      static  
initrd-parse-etc.service                    static  
initrd-switch-root.service                  static  
initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service           static  
irqbalance.service                          enabled 
kdump.service                               enabled 
kmod-static-nodes.service                   static  
lvm2-lvmetad.service                        disabled
lvm2-monitor.service                        enabled 
lvm2-pvscan@.service                        static  
messagebus.service                          static  
microcode.service                           enabled 
NetworkManager-dispatcher.service           enabled 
NetworkManager-wait-online.service          disabled
NetworkManager.service                      enabled 
plymouth-halt.service                       disabled
plymouth-kexec.service                      disabled
plymouth-poweroff.service                   disabled
plymouth-quit-wait.service                  disabled
plymouth-quit.service                       disabled
plymouth-read-write.service                 disabled
plymouth-reboot.service                     disabled
plymouth-start.service                      disabled
plymouth-switch-root.service                static  
polkit.service                              static  
postfix.service                             enabled 
quotaon.service                             static  
rc-local.service                            static  
rdisc.service                               disabled
rescue.service                              static  
rhel-autorelabel-mark.service               static  
rhel-autorelabel.service                    static  
rhel-configure.service                      static  
rhel-dmesg.service                          disabled
rhel-domainname.service                     disabled
rhel-import-state.service                   static  
rhel-loadmodules.service                    static  
rhel-readonly.service                       static  
rsyslog.service                             enabled 
serial-getty@.service                       disabled
sshd-keygen.service                         static  
sshd.service                                enabled 
sshd@.service                               static  
systemd-ask-password-console.service        static  
systemd-ask-password-plymouth.service       static  
systemd-ask-password-wall.service           static  
systemd-backlight@.service                  static  
systemd-binfmt.service                      static  
systemd-fsck-root.service                   static  
systemd-fsck@.service                       static  
systemd-halt.service                        static  
systemd-hibernate.service                   static  
systemd-hostnamed.service                   static  
systemd-hybrid-sleep.service                static  
systemd-initctl.service                     static  
systemd-journal-flush.service               static  
systemd-journald.service                    static  
systemd-kexec.service                       static  
systemd-localed.service                     static  
systemd-logind.service                      static  
systemd-machined.service                    static  
systemd-modules-load.service                static  
systemd-nspawn@.service                     disabled
systemd-poweroff.service                    static  
systemd-quotacheck.service                  static  
systemd-random-seed.service                 static  
systemd-readahead-collect.service           enabled 
systemd-readahead-done.service              static  
systemd-readahead-drop.service              enabled 
systemd-readahead-replay.service            enabled 
systemd-reboot.service                      static  
systemd-remount-fs.service                  static  
systemd-shutdownd.service                   static  
systemd-suspend.service                     static  
systemd-sysctl.service                      static  
systemd-timedated.service                   static  
systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service              static  
systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service          static  
systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service              static  
systemd-udev-settle.service                 static  
systemd-udev-trigger.service                static  
systemd-udevd.service                       static  
systemd-update-utmp-runlevel.service        static  
systemd-update-utmp.service                 static  
systemd-user-sessions.service               static  
systemd-vconsole-setup.service              static  
teamd@.service                              static  
tuned.service                               enabled 
wpa_supplicant.service                      disabled
-.slice                                     static  
machine.slice                               static  
system.slice                                static  
user.slice                                  static  
avahi-daemon.socket                         enabled 
dbus.socket                                 static  
dm-event.socket                             enabled 
lvm2-lvmetad.socket                         enabled 
sshd.socket                                 disabled
syslog.socket                               static  
systemd-initctl.socket                      static  
systemd-journald.socket                     static  
systemd-shutdownd.socket                    static  
systemd-udevd-control.socket                static  
systemd-udevd-kernel.socket                 static  
basic.target                                static  
bluetooth.target                            static  
cryptsetup.target                           static  
ctrl-alt-del.target                         disabled
default.target                              enabled 
emergency.target                            static  
final.target                                static  
getty.target                                static  
graphical.target                            disabled
halt.target                                 disabled
hibernate.target                            static  
hybrid-sleep.target                         static  
initrd-fs.target                            static  
initrd-root-fs.target                       static  
initrd-switch-root.target                   static  
initrd.target                               static  
kexec.target                                disabled
local-fs-pre.target                         static  
local-fs.target                             static  
multi-user.target                           enabled 
network-online.target                       static  
network.target                              static  
nss-lookup.target                           static  
nss-user-lookup.target                      static  
paths.target                                static  
poweroff.target                             disabled
printer.target                              static  
reboot.target                               disabled
remote-fs-pre.target                        static  
remote-fs.target                            enabled 
rescue.target                               disabled
rpcbind.target                              static  
runlevel0.target                            disabled
runlevel1.target                            disabled
runlevel2.target                            disabled
runlevel3.target                            disabled
runlevel4.target                            disabled
runlevel5.target                            disabled
runlevel6.target                            disabled
shutdown.target                             static  
sigpwr.target                               static  
sleep.target                                static  
slices.target                               static  
smartcard.target                            static  
sockets.target                              static  
sound.target                                static  
suspend.target                              static  
swap.target                                 static  
sysinit.target                              static  
system-update.target                        static  
time-sync.target                            static  
timers.target                               static  
umount.target                               static  
systemd-readahead-done.timer                static  
systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer                static  

210 unit files listed.	
			
			
			
$ systemctl list-units --type=target
UNIT                  LOAD   ACTIVE SUB    DESCRIPTION
basic.target          loaded active active Basic System
cryptsetup.target     loaded active active Encrypted Volumes
getty.target          loaded active active Login Prompts
local-fs-pre.target   loaded active active Local File Systems (Pre)
local-fs.target       loaded active active Local File Systems
multi-user.target     loaded active active Multi-User System
network-online.target loaded active active Network is Online
network.target        loaded active active Network
paths.target          loaded active active Paths
slices.target         loaded active active Slices
sockets.target        loaded active active Sockets
swap.target           loaded active active Swap
sysinit.target        loaded active active System Initialization
timers.target         loaded active active Timers

LOAD   = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded.
ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB.
SUB    = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type.

14 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too.
To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.
			
			
			
$ systemctl list-units | more
UNIT                                             LOAD   ACTIVE SUB       DESCRIPTION
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount                loaded active running   Arbitrary Executable File Formats File System Automount Point
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS0.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS0
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS1.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS1
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS2.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS2
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS3.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS3
sys-devices-vbd\x2d51728-block-xvdb-xvdb1.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/vbd-51728/block/xvdb/xvdb1
sys-devices-vbd\x2d51728-block-xvdb.device       loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/vbd-51728/block/xvdb
sys-devices-vbd\x2d768-block-xvda-xvda1.device   loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/vbd-768/block/xvda/xvda1
sys-devices-vbd\x2d768-block-xvda.device         loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/vbd-768/block/xvda
sys-devices-vif\x2d0-net-eth0.device             loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/vif-0/net/eth0
sys-devices-vif\x2d1-net-eth1.device             loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/vif-1/net/eth1
sys-devices-virtual-net-tun0.device              loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/virtual/net/tun0
sys-module-configfs.device                       loaded active plugged   /sys/module/configfs
sys-subsystem-net-devices-eth0.device            loaded active plugged   /sys/subsystem/net/devices/eth0
sys-subsystem-net-devices-eth1.device            loaded active plugged   /sys/subsystem/net/devices/eth1
sys-subsystem-net-devices-tun0.device            loaded active plugged   /sys/subsystem/net/devices/tun0
-.mount                                          loaded active mounted   /
dev-hugepages.mount                              loaded active mounted   Huge Pages File System
dev-mqueue.mount                                 loaded active mounted   POSIX Message Queue File System
opt.mount                                        loaded active mounted   /opt
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount                    loaded active mounted   Arbitrary Executable File Formats File System
proc-xen.mount                                   loaded active mounted   /proc/xen
run-user-0.mount                                 loaded active mounted   /run/user/0
sys-kernel-config.mount                          loaded active mounted   Configuration File System
sys-kernel-debug.mount                           loaded active mounted   Debug File System
brandbot.path                                    loaded active waiting   Flexible branding
systemd-ask-password-plymouth.path               loaded active waiting   Forward Password Requests to Plymouth Directory Watch
systemd-ask-password-wall.path                   loaded active waiting   Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch
session-231.scope                                loaded active running   Session 231 of user root
session-571.scope                                loaded active running   Session 571 of user root
aegis.service                                    loaded active running   LSB: aegis update.
agentwatch.service                               loaded active running   SYSV: Starts and stops guest agent
cloudmonitor.service                             loaded active running   LSB: @app.long.name@
crond.service                                    loaded active running   Command Scheduler
dbus.service                                     loaded active running   D-Bus System Message Bus
exim.service                                     loaded active running   Exim Mail Transport Agent
getty@tty1.service                               loaded active running   Getty on tty1
gitlab-runsvdir.service                          loaded active running   GitLab Runit supervision process
iptables.service                                 loaded active exited    IPv4 firewall with iptables
jexec.service                                    loaded active exited    LSB: Supports the direct execution of binary formats.
kmod-static-nodes.service                        loaded active exited    Create list of required static device nodes for the current kernel
lvm2-lvmetad.service                             loaded active running   LVM2 metadata daemon
lvm2-monitor.service                             loaded active exited    Monitoring of LVM2 mirrors, snapshots etc. using dmeventd or progress polling
mysqld.service                                   loaded active running   MySQL Server
network.service                                  loaded active exited    LSB: Bring up/down networking
nscd.service                                     loaded active running   Name Service Cache Daemon
ntpd.service                                     loaded active running   Network Time Service
openvpn@server.service                           loaded active running   OpenVPN Robust And Highly Flexible Tunneling Application On server
rhel-dmesg.service                               loaded active exited    Dump dmesg to /var/log/dmesg
rhel-import-state.service                        loaded active exited    Import network configuration from initramfs
rhel-readonly.service                            loaded active exited    Configure read-only root support
rsyslog.service                                  loaded active running   System Logging Service
--More--