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$ basename /usr/bin/find
find
file=test.txt
b=${file%.*}
echo $b
$ for file in *.JPG;do mv $file ${file%.*}.jpg;done
test -x /usr/bin/munin-cron && /usr/bin/munin-cron
$ file mis.netkiller.cn-0.0.1.war mis.netkiller.cn-0.0.1.war: Zip archive data, at least v2.0 to extract $ file dian_icon.png dian_icon.png: PNG image data, 8 x 24, 8-bit/color RGBA, non-interlaced $ file sms-s3.jpg sms-s3.jpg: JPEG image data, JFIF standard 1.01 $ file -i favicon.ico favicon.ico: image/x-icon; charset=binary $ file netkiller.wmv netkiller.wmv: Microsoft ASF $ file netkiller.flv netkiller.flv: Macromedia Flash Video $ file neo.swf neo.swf: Macromedia Flash data (compressed), version 10 $ file cs800.css cs800.css: ISO-8859 text, with CRLF line terminators
查看mime
$ file -i sms.jpg sms.jpg: image/jpeg; charset=binary $ file -i call.png call.png: image/png; charset=binary $ file -i cs800.css cs800.css: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 $ file -i neo.swf neo.swf: application/x-shockwave-flash; charset=binary $ file -i neo.wmv neo.wmv: video/x-ms-asf; charset=binary $ file -i neo.flv neo.flv: video/x-flv; charset=binary
modification time（mtime，修改時間）：當該檔案的“內容數據”更改時，會更新這個時間。內容數據指的是檔案的內容，而不是檔案的屬性。 status time（ctime，狀態時間）：當該檔案的”狀態（status）”改變時，就會更新這個時間，舉例，更改了權限與屬性，就會更新這個時間。 access time（atime，存取時間）：當“取用檔案內容”時，就會更新這個讀取時間。舉例來使用cat去讀取該檔案，就會更新atime了。
[root@apache www]# stat index.html File: `index.html' Size: 145355 Blocks: 296 IO Block: 4096 regular file Device: fd01h/64769d Inode: 15861815 Links: 1 Access: (0755/-rwxr-xr-x) Uid: ( 502/ upuser) Gid: ( 502/ upuser) Access: 2010-10-28 11:09:52.000000000 +0800 Modify: 2010-10-28 10:23:13.000000000 +0800 Change: 2010-10-28 10:23:13.000000000 +0800
mkdir -p /tmp/test/{aaa,bbb,ccc,ddd}
mkdir -p /tmp/test/{aaa,bbb,ccc,ddd}/{eee,fff}
mkdir -p /tmp/test/{2008,2009,2010,2011}/{01,02,03,04,05,06,07,08,09,10,11,12}/{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30}
批量更改副檔名
rename 's/\.png/\.PNG/' *.png rename '/\.mp3/\.MP3/' *.mp3 rename .mp3 .MP3 *.mp3 rename GIF gif *.GIF
for file in *.GIF
do
mv $file ${file%.*}.gif
done
$ mkdir chapter.command.xxx.xml $ mkdir chapter.command.bbb.xml $ mkdir chapter.command.ccc.xml $ mkdir chapter.command.ddd.xml $ rename 's/command/cmd/' *.command.*.xml
創建空檔案，修改檔案日期時間
touch [-acdmt] 檔案 參數： -a : 僅修改access time。 -c : 僅修改時間，而不建立檔案。 -d : 後面可以接日期，也可以使用 --date="日期或時間" -m : 僅修改mtime。 -t : 後面可以接時間，格式為 [YYMMDDhhmm] # touch filename # touch -d 20050809 filename # touch -t 0507150202 bashrc # touch -d "2 days ago" bashrc # touch --date "2011-06-03" filename
創建指定大小的檔案
truncate -s 1k /tmp/test.txt truncate -s 100m /tmp/test100.txt
$ ls $ ls ~ $ ls -l $ ls -a $ ls -1 $ ls -F bg7nyt.txt* Desktop/ Firefox_wallpaper.png Music/ public_html@ Videos/ bg7nyt.wav* Documents/ Mail/ nat.txt* script/ workspace/ BOINC/ Examples@ mbox Pictures/ Templates/
{}通配符
ls {*.py,*.php,*.{sh,shell}}
take a look at below
alias l='ls -CF' alias la='ls -A' alias ll='ls -l' alias ls='ls --color=auto'
預設風格
[www@www.netkiller.cn ~]$ ls -l /var/log/message* -rw------- 1 root root 302533 Jun 18 09:50 /var/log/messages -rw------- 1 root root 392028 May 23 03:30 /var/log/messages-20160523 -rw------- 1 root root 334328 May 29 03:09 /var/log/messages-20160529 -rw------- 1 root root 395792 Jun 5 03:44 /var/log/messages-20160605 -rw------- 1 root root 308984 Jun 13 03:33 /var/log/messages-20160613
修改後
--full-time = --time-style=full-iso
[www@www.netkiller.cn ~]$ ls -l --full-time /var/log/messages* -rw------- 1 root root 308659 2016-06-18 10:24:49.186979051 +0800 /var/log/messages -rw------- 1 root root 392028 2016-05-23 03:30:01.869219181 +0800 /var/log/messages-20160523 -rw------- 1 root root 334328 2016-05-29 03:09:02.158442470 +0800 /var/log/messages-20160529 -rw------- 1 root root 395792 2016-06-05 03:44:02.424073354 +0800 /var/log/messages-20160605 -rw------- 1 root root 308984 2016-06-13 03:33:02.004785063 +0800 /var/log/messages-20160613 [www@www.netkiller.cn ~]$ ls -l --time-style=full-iso /var/log/messages* -rw------- 1 root root 308659 2016-06-18 10:24:49.186979051 +0800 /var/log/messages -rw------- 1 root root 392028 2016-05-23 03:30:01.869219181 +0800 /var/log/messages-20160523 -rw------- 1 root root 334328 2016-05-29 03:09:02.158442470 +0800 /var/log/messages-20160529 -rw------- 1 root root 395792 2016-06-05 03:44:02.424073354 +0800 /var/log/messages-20160605 -rw------- 1 root root 308984 2016-06-13 03:33:02.004785063 +0800 /var/log/messages-20160613
long-iso
[www@www.netkiller.cn ~]$ ls -lh --time-style long-iso /var/log/message* -rw------- 1 root root 296K 2016-06-18 10:00 /var/log/messages -rw------- 1 root root 383K 2016-05-23 03:30 /var/log/messages-20160523 -rw------- 1 root root 327K 2016-05-29 03:09 /var/log/messages-20160529 -rw------- 1 root root 387K 2016-06-05 03:44 /var/log/messages-20160605 -rw------- 1 root root 302K 2016-06-13 03:33 /var/log/messages-20160613
通過配置 TIME_STYLE 環境變數，改變日期格式
[www@www.netkiller.cn ~]$ export TIME_STYLE=long-iso [www@www.netkiller.cn ~]$ ls -l /var/log/message* -rw------- 1 root root 302533 2016-06-18 09:50 /var/log/messages -rw------- 1 root root 392028 2016-05-23 03:30 /var/log/messages-20160523 -rw------- 1 root root 334328 2016-05-29 03:09 /var/log/messages-20160529 -rw------- 1 root root 395792 2016-06-05 03:44 /var/log/messages-20160605 -rw------- 1 root root 308984 2016-06-13 03:33 /var/log/messages-20160613 [www@www.netkiller.cn ~]$ export TIME_STYLE=iso [www@www.netkiller.cn ~]$ ls -l /var/log/message* -rw------- 1 root root 302533 06-18 09:50 /var/log/messages -rw------- 1 root root 392028 05-23 03:30 /var/log/messages-20160523 -rw------- 1 root root 334328 05-29 03:09 /var/log/messages-20160529 -rw------- 1 root root 395792 06-05 03:44 /var/log/messages-20160605 -rw------- 1 root root 308984 06-13 03:33 /var/log/messages-20160613
自定義格式
[www@www.netkiller.cn ~]$ ls -l --time-style="+%Y-%m-%d" /var/log/message* -rw------- 1 root root 302533 2016-06-18 /var/log/messages -rw------- 1 root root 392028 2016-05-23 /var/log/messages-20160523 -rw------- 1 root root 334328 2016-05-29 /var/log/messages-20160529 -rw------- 1 root root 395792 2016-06-05 /var/log/messages-20160605 -rw------- 1 root root 308984 2016-06-13 /var/log/messages-20160613 [root@www.netkiller.cn ~]# export TIME_STYLE='+%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S' [root@www.netkiller.cn ~]# ls -l /var/log/messages* -rw------- 1 root root 189352 2016/06/18 10:20:01 /var/log/messages -rw------- 1 root root 322453 2016/05/22 03:48:02 /var/log/messages-20160522 -rw------- 1 root root 247398 2016/05/30 03:37:01 /var/log/messages-20160530 -rw------- 1 root root 174633 2016/06/05 03:14:02 /var/log/messages-20160605 -rw------- 1 root root 196728 2016/06/12 03:17:01 /var/log/messages-20160612
# alias cp alias cp='cp -i' # unalias cp # alias cp -bash: alias: cp: not found
# cp -a file file2
-a 參數可以保留原檔案的日期與權限等等信息。
# ll -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2559 Aug 27 05:00 yum.sh # cp -a yum.sh yum1.sh # cp yum.sh yum2.sh # ll yum* -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2559 Aug 27 05:00 yum1.sh -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2559 Aug 27 05:58 yum2.sh -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2559 Aug 27 05:00 yum.sh
現在可以看到 yum1.sh 與 yum.sh 日期是相同的，而沒有實現-a參數的 yum2.sh 日期為當前日期。
ls -1 | xargs rm -f
find . -name 'spam-*' | xargs rm
find . -exec rm {} \;
ls | xargs -n 10 rm -fr # 10個為一組
neo@netkiller:~$ df -lh Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 19G 3.1G 15G 17% / none 996M 224K 996M 1% /dev none 1000M 0 1000M 0% /dev/shm none 1000M 520K 1000M 1% /var/run none 1000M 0 1000M 0% /var/lock none 1000M 0 1000M 0% /lib/init/rw /dev/sda6 19G 13G 4.5G 75% /home /dev/sda10 556M 178M 351M 34% /boot /dev/sda7 46G 4.4G 40G 10% /var /dev/sda8 367G 60G 289G 18% /opt /dev/sda9 6.5G 143M 6.0G 3% /tmp
$ tac /etc/issue Kernel \r on an \m CentOS release 5.4 (Final)
每10000行產生一個新檔案
# split -l 10000 book.txt myfile
Find every file under directory /usr ending in "stat".
$ find /usr -name *stat /usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.24-22-generic/include/config/cpu/freq/stat /usr/bin/lnstat /usr/bin/sar.sysstat /usr/bin/mpstat /usr/bin/rtstat /usr/bin/nstat /usr/bin/lpstat /usr/bin/ctstat /usr/bin/stat /usr/bin/kpsestat /usr/bin/pidstat /usr/bin/iostat /usr/bin/vmstat /usr/lib/sysstat /usr/share/doc/sysstat /usr/share/gnome/help/battstat /usr/share/omf/battstat /usr/share/zsh/help/stat /usr/share/zsh/4.3.4/functions/Completion/Unix/_diffstat /usr/share/zsh/4.3.4/functions/Completion/Zsh/_stat /usr/share/zsh/4.3.4/functions/Zftp/zfstat
find \( -iname '*.jpg' -o -iname '*.png' -o -iname '*.gif' \) find /www/images -type f \( -iname '*.js' -o -iname '*.css' -o -iname '*.html' \) | xargs tar -czf ~/images.tgz
使用通配符
find . -name "*.jsp" -delete find . -name "*.xml" -delete
find . -regex ".*\.\(jpg\|png\)"
下面regex與name作用相同
find . -regex ".*\.\(txt\|sh\)" find . -name "*.sh" -o -name "*.txt"
-regex參數，使用正則表達式來匹配. 查找當前目錄以及子目錄中以 ".sh",並改為以".shell"結尾.
[neo@netkiller test]# tree a
a
├── a.py
├── a.sh
└── b
├── b.py
├── b.sh
├── c
│ └── c.sh
└── d
└── d.sh
[neo@netkiller test]# find ./a -type f -regex ".*\.sh$" | sed -r -n 's#(.*\.)sh$#mv & \1shell#e'
[neo@netkiller test]# tree a
a
├── a.py
├── a.shell
└── b
├── b.py
├── b.shell
├── c
│ └── c.shell
└── d
└── d.shell
// 注意 sed s->e 使用方式,官方文檔是這樣解釋的.
This command allows one to pipe input from a shell command into pattern space. If a substitution was made, the command that is found in pattern space is executed and pattern space is replaced with its output. A trailing newline is suppressed; results are undefined if the command to be executed contains a NUL character. This is a GNU sed extension.
Find every file under /home and /var/www owned by the user neo.
$ find /home -user neo $ find /var/www -user neo $ find . -user nobody -iname '*.php'
find ./ -perm -7 -print | xargs chmod o-w find . -perm -o=w
查找當前目錄下權限為777的檔案並顯示到標準輸出
find ./ -type f -perm 777 -print
# find /var/spool/clientmqueue/ -type f -delete
保留最近7天的問題，其他全部刪除
find . -type f -mtime +7 -delete
替換文本
# find ./ -exec grep str1 ‘{}’ \; -exec sed -i.bak s/str1/str2/g ‘{}’ \;
find -exec ls -l {} \; | grep '2011-01-18'
查找*.html檔案中aaa替換為bbb
find . -name "*.html" -type f -exec sed -i "s/aaa/bbb/" {} \;
查找檔案中含有openWindow字元串的檔案
# find -type f -name "*.js" -exec grep -H -A2 openWindow {} \;
./javascript/commonjs.js:function openWindow(url){
./javascript/commonjs.js- window.open(url + "?rand=" + getRandom(), 'gamebinary');
./javascript/commonjs.js-}
find -type f -regex ".*\.\(css\|js\)" -exec yuicompressor {} -o {} \;
find -type f -name "*.js" -exec yuicompressor --type js {} -o {} \;
find -type f -name "*.css" -exec yuicompressor --type css {} -o {} \;
find /usr/local -path "/usr/local/share" -prune -o -print find /usr/local \( -path /usr/local/bin -o -path /usr/local/sbin \) -prune -o -print find /usr/local \(-path /usr/local/dir1 -o -path /usr/local/file1 \) -prune -o -name "temp" -print
查找當前目錄下的php檔案,排除子目錄templates_c, caches
find . \( -path ./templates_c -o -path ./caches \) -prune -o -name "*.php" -print
# find . -mmin +5 -mmin -10
find /www -type f -mtime +60s
查找當前目錄下超過6天且是空檔案並刪除
find ./ -type d -empty -ctime +6 -exec rm -f {} \;
查找7天前的檔案並刪除
find /backup/svn/day -type f -ctime +7 -exec rm -f {} \;
find /backup/svn/day -type f -ctime +7 -delete
find /backup/svn/day -type f -ctime +7 | xargs rm -f
查詢最近3天前內修改的檔案
find . -type f -mtime -3
3天前
find . -type f -mtime +3
例 26.1. backup(find + tar)
find / -type f -mtime -7 | xargs tar -rf weekly_incremental.tar gzip weekly_incremental.tar
保留7天，刪除7天的日誌檔案
COPIES=7 find /var/log -type f -mtime +$COPIES -delete
tar --newer="2011-07-04" -zcvf backup.tar.gz /var/www/ tar cvzf foo.tgz /bak -N "2004-03-03 16:49:17"
[root@scientific ~]# find / -maxdepth 1 -name '[!.]*' -printf 'Name: %16f Size: %6s\n' Name: / Size: 4096 Name: misc Size: 0 Name: media Size: 4096 Name: home Size: 4096 Name: dev Size: 3840 Name: net Size: 0 Name: proc Size: 0 Name: sbin Size: 12288 Name: root Size: 4096 Name: lib Size: 4096 Name: cgroup Size: 4096 Name: srv Size: 4096 Name: mnt Size: 4096 Name: etc Size: 12288 Name: usr Size: 4096 Name: lib64 Size: 12288 Name: boot Size: 1024 Name: var Size: 4096 Name: selinux Size: 0 Name: opt Size: 4096 Name: tmp Size: 4096 Name: lost+found Size: 16384 Name: sys Size: 0 Name: bin Size: 4096 # find /etc/ -type f -printf "%CY-%Cm-%Cd %Cr %8s %f\n"
搜索當前目錄下除了keys目錄下所以子目錄中的檔案
find ./ -path "./keys" -prune -o -type f -print
find排除多個目錄
find ./ \( -path ./conf -o -path ./logs \) -prune -o -print find /data/ \( -path /data/data_backup -o -path /data/mysql \) -prune -o -name "core.*" -type f /data/mysql /data/data_backup
ps 要麼都是絶對路徑 要麼都是相對路徑 /data/ 必須有"/" path 後面的路徑必須沒有"/"
neo@MacBook-Pro ~/workspace/Linux % find */images -type d -d 0 -exec echo {} \;
Cryptography/images
Monitoring/images
OpenLDAP/images
Project/images
Web/images
find */images -type d -d 0 -exec rsync -au {}/* $(PUBLIC_HTML)/linux/images \;
find /etc -type f|xargs md5sum
sha1sum
find /etc -type f|xargs sha1sum
find ./ -name "*html" | xargs -n 1 sed -i -e 's/aaa/bbb/g'
find /tmp -name core -type f -print | xargs /bin/rm -f
find . -type f -exec file '{}' \;
find後執行xargs提示xargs: argument line too long解決方法：
find . -type f -name "*.log" -print0 | xargs -0 rm -f