PostgreSQL實例參考
陳景峰(netkiller)
前言
經過三個月的努力《PostgreSQL 實用實例參考》正式版終於推出了。因為最近換了工作，新公司的工作也很忙所以文檔進展很慢，從最初幾十頁寫到現在200頁的文檔，每天寫文檔的時間越來越少，有時一周也就只寫2頁，甚至一周一字未對。
正式版推出了，然後就是不斷的修正。可能這段時間《PostgreSQL 實用實例參考》更新會更慢些。因為我還有其它文檔要寫：《OpenLDAP 文檔》、《PHP + Corba + Python文檔》、《JBuilder + Weblogic + PostgreSQL 開發EJB》。。。。。
文檔中所有例子，都是在工作總結出來的，如有錯誤請指正。本人愛寫錯別字（哈哈）如果你發現了有錯字，請發郵件給我netkiller(at)9812(dot)net修正文檔。
300頁之後不再推出HTML格式的文檔了，之後的文檔以PDF、PS（PostScript）格式為主，我是使用Microsoft Word寫文檔，處理300頁的文檔很困難，在保存文檔或將doc檔案轉成其它格式的檔案時經常會出現無響應。我也考慮過使用docbook / latex，或Page Maker。前者非所見即所得，要用戶使用XML撰寫，通過make一類的命令可以生成多種格式的文檔，docbook也是UNIX手冊的標準格式。後者Page Maker不用說了，Adobe出品，生成PDF更好些。
這是我第一次寫一篇如此長的文檔，沒有經驗，寫的不好，不敢稱為“書”，所以我叫它“文檔”。
1.1 本文檔的讀者對象
文檔面向有一定資料庫基礎用戶。在這裡我假設你對數據有一定認識，能夠使用create創建數據與表，能夠使用select、insert、update等語句操作資料庫記錄。
不管是誰，我希望這本文檔都能對你有所幫助。
1.2 本文檔主要內容
第一章 主要介紹PostgreSQL
第二章 是開發中遇到的一些問題
附錄中一些SQL腳本檔案，可供用戶參考。
1.3 怎樣使用本文檔
邊看、邊做、邊試驗，然後總結，多動腦。有問題先查查這本文檔，如果文檔中沒有提到，再考慮其它方式，或與我聯繫。
作者簡介
作者信息：
陳景峰，暱稱：netkiller, UNIX like愛好者,研究方向群集系統、網絡安全、數據倉庫與數據挖掘、LDAP、J2EE，Corba，企業解決方案。
主頁地址：
ICQ:101888222
Yahoo:snetkiller
AIM:xnetkiller
網易泡泡：openunix@163.com
E-Mail: openunix@163.com
有問題最好給我發Email或去下面的Newsgroup裡討論
news://news.cdut.edu.cn/cn.lang.java
news://news.cdut.edu.cn/cn.lang.python
Web Newsgroup:
http://202.103.190.130:8080/news
我常去的BBS：
目錄
2.4 PostgreSQL
8.0 beta for windows版本安裝
13.2.3.1 setCharacterEncoding()
方案
13.3 Tomcat JNDI Datasource 配置
13.5.1 Create
Java Entity Bean (not EJB CMP)
14.2 set
CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'GB18030';方案
14.5 在標準I/O上使用
Linux iconv 命令方案
15.1 Macromedia
Dreamweaver MX 2004 JSP開發環境的配置
15.4 JBuilder
+ Weblogic + PostgreSQL開發環境
16.5 PostgreSQL
RPM 包安裝後，為何沒有5432連接埠
16.6 PostgreSQL
7.4.2 rhel3(高級服務器版,俗稱AS3)
16.9 OpenLDAP-PostgreSQL
HOWTO
第一章 PostgreSQL
PostgreSQL Wins
Linux Journal Editors Choice Award
Posted on
Posted by press at postgresql.org
PostgreSQL has won the 2004 Linux Journal Editors' Choice Award for the best
DBMS!
Linux Journal's Editors' Choice Awards are well-known as the premiere forum
recognizing outstanding product developments and achievements in the Linux market,
and winners of the sixth annual awards are featured in the August 2004 issue of
Linux Journal.
Check out the full article.
1 簡介
我接觸PostgreSQL是2000年，但項目中使用PostgreSQL是2003年，2000當時應該是5.x，6.x版本我並沒有深入地研究這個資料庫，還是主要使用MS Sql Server 7/2000 、Oracle 8。
因為很多企業難以支付MS Sql Server 7/2000 、Oracle 8這筆費用，所以Free Database是最佳選擇。但大多免費的資料庫，功能有限、性能也差，跟本不能滿足我們的需求。
1.4 關於性能
有一段時間裡我們使用MySQL，實在不好用，功能太少，它只實現了SQL92 中不到30%的功能。除了select、insert、update、delete還有什麼功能？一味強調速度快，真的是這樣嗎？MySQL數據量增加很大時，速度下劃很快。
幾萬條記錄時速度最快，幾十萬記錄時速度不同了，幾百萬時就開始慢了。PostgreSQL 隨着數據量增大時，速度變化差距不象MySQL那麼大。
有些朋友在網上說（觸發器、游標、外鍵、視圖）影響性能。這裡要說明一下如果適當的使用視圖、子查詢、觸發器、游標……會讓你開發更輕鬆。
註：關於游標，很多SQL書中這樣寫“游標就是指向一行的指針”在PostgreSQL有些不同，它是返回一個結果集，對結果集next 操作返回一行。
Phpbuilder上有一篇文章是寫PostgreSQL 與 MySQL 大家可以去看看。
1.5 為什麼說postgresql是最先進的開源資料庫？
1.
技術領先：
很多新技術都是它提出的
如：pl過程語言．在其它數據系統中都有自己的專用PL語言。而PostgreSQL中支持很多種PL語言（pl/tcl,pl/python,pl/perl,pl/php,pl/shell/pl/pgsql,pl/java.......）
還有面象對象(ORDBMS)他實現的也很早．
他的數據類型支持很全．如幾何型,數組．．．在其它RDBMS中是沒有的．
總是有新的技術、思想加入其中
2. 在開源ORDBMS中PostgreSQL功能最強．也最完善
1.6 PostgreSQL對SQL99的支持
|
SQL-3/SQL99 |
√ |
|
PRIMARY KEY主鍵 |
√ |
|
FOREIGN KEY外鍵 |
√ |
|
Schema 模式 |
√ |
|
TOAST大對象 |
√ |
|
View視圖 |
√ |
|
正則表達式 |
√ |
|
subquery子查詢 |
√ |
|
TRIGGER觸發器 |
√ |
|
RULE規則 |
√ |
|
FUNCTION過程/函數 |
√ |
|
CURSOR游標 |
√ |
|
PLSQL 過程語言 |
√（PL/pgSQL,PL/Tcl,PL/Perl,PL/Python,plPHP等等） |
|
OLTP表的鎖定、事務隔離 |
√ |
|
權限 |
√（用戶、組） |
|
Object對象支持 |
√（ORDBMS） |
|
|
√ |
其它：
|
連接 |
進程方式 |
|
SSL |
√ |
|
群集（HA，數據同步複製。。。） |
√ |
|
ODBC |
√ |
|
JDBC |
√ |
|
裸設備 |
目前不支持 |
|
下面是一些限制： 一行，一個表，一個庫的最大尺寸是多少？ |
|
|
一個資料庫最大尺寸？ |
無限制（存在 32TB 的資料庫） |
|
一個表的最大尺寸？ |
32TB |
|
一行的最大尺寸？ |
1.6TB |
|
一個欄位的最大尺寸? |
1GB |
|
一個表裡最大行數？ |
無限制 |
|
一個表裡最大列數？ |
跟列類型有關,250-1600 |
|
一個表裡的最大索引數量？ |
無限制 |
當然，實際上沒有真正的無限制，還是要受可用磁碟空間、可用內存/交換區的制約。表的最大尺寸 32 TB 不需要操作系統對大檔案的支持。大表用多個 1 GB 的檔案存儲，因此檔案系統尺寸的限制是不重要的。如果預設的塊大小增長到 32K ，最大的表尺寸和最大列數可以增加。
這裡引用http://www.pgsqldb.org/postgres-faq.html4.5詳細請登錄網站查看。
2 PostgreSQL 資料庫
2.1 PostgreSQL分區
PostgreSQL 最好自己單獨一個分區，如果你有兩塊硬碟建議你給它單獨一塊硬碟。
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[chen@linux chen]$ df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda9 1004024 99892 853128 11% / /dev/sda1 101089 9498 86372 10% /boot /dev/sda2 120952116 7648124 107159936 7% /home none 515400 0 515400 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda10 2522048 33260 2360672 2% /tmp /dev/sda7 5036284 2238244 2542208 47% /usr /dev/sda6 5036284 1919140 2861312 41% /var /dev/sda5 40313964 99444 38166636 1% /var/lib/pgsql /dev/sda3 60476068 212532 57191508 1% /cvsroot [chen@linux chen]$ [chen@linux chen]$ df -m Filesystem
/dev/sda9 980 98 833 11% / /dev/sda1 99 10 84 10% /boot /dev/sda2 118117 7469 104648 7% /home none 503 0 503 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda10 2463 33 2305 2% /tmp /dev/sda7 4918 2186 2482 47% /usr /dev/sda6 4918 1875 2794 41% /var /dev/sda5 39369 98 37272 1% /var/lib/pgsql /dev/sda3 59059 208 55851 1% /cvsroot [chen@linux chen]$ |
2.2 RPM包安裝
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[root@linux software]# ls -1 postgresql- postgresql-contrib- postgresql-debuginfo- postgresql-devel- postgresql-docs- postgresql-jdbc- postgresql-libs- postgresql-pl- postgresql-python- postgresql-server- postgresql-tcl- postgresql-test- [root@linux software]# rpm -Uvh --nodeps `ls -1` Preparing... ########################################### [100%] 1:postgresql-test ########################################### [ 8%] 2:postgresql
########################################### [ 17%]
3:postgresql-contrib
########################################### [ 25%]
4:postgresql-debuginfo
########################################### [ 33%]
5:postgresql-devel
########################################### [ 42%]
6:postgresql-docs
########################################### [ 50%]
7:postgresql-jdbc
########################################### [ 58%]
8:postgresql-libs
########################################### [ 67%]
9:postgresql-pl
########################################### [ 75%]
10:postgresql-python
########################################### [ 83%]
11:postgresql-server
########################################### [ 92%]
12:postgresql-tcl
########################################### [100%] [root@linux software]# rpm -qa|grep postgre postgresql-devel- postgresql- postgresql-python- postgresql-contrib- postgresql-jdbc- postgresql-server- postgresql-debuginfo- postgresql-libs- postgresql-tcl- postgresql-test- postgresql-pl- postgresql-docs- [root@linux software]# [root@linux software]# service postgresql start Starting postgresql service: [ OK ] [root@linux software]# su postgres bash-2.05b$ createdb CREATE DATABASE bash-2.05b$ psql Welcome
to psql Type: \copyright for distribution terms \h for help with SQL commands \? for help on internal slash commands \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query \q to quit postgres=# \q bash-2.05b$ bash-2.05b$ vi /var/lib/pgsql/data/postgresql.conf #======================================================================== # # Connection Parameters # #tcpip_socket = false tcpip_socket = true #ssl = false #max_connections = 32 max_connections = 128 #superuser_reserved_connections = 2 #port = 5432 #hostname_lookup = false #show_source_port = false #unix_socket_directory = '' #unix_socket_group = '' #unix_socket_permissions = 0777 # octal #virtual_host = '' #krb_server_keyfile = '' # # Shared Memory Size # #shared_buffers = 64 # min max_connections*2 or 16, 8KB each shared_buffers = 256 # min max_connections*2 or 16, 8KB each #max_fsm_relations = 1000 # min 10, fsm is free space map, ~40 bytes #max_fsm_pages = 10000 # min 1000, fsm is free space map, ~6 bytes #max_locks_per_transaction = 64 # min 10 #wal_buffers = 8 # min 4, typically 8KB each bash-2.05b$ vi /var/lib/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf host all all 127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 md5 bash-2.05b$ psql Welcome
to psql Type: \copyright for distribution terms \h for help with SQL commands \? for help on internal slash commands \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query \q to quit postgres=# CREATE USER netkiller WITH PASSWORD 'chen'; CREATE USER postgres=# CREATE DATABASE netkiller WITH OWNER = netkiller TEMPLATE = template0 ENCODING = 'UNICODE'; CREATE DATABASE postgres=# \du List of database users User name | User ID | Attributes -----------+---------+---------------------------- netkiller | 100 | postgres | 1 | superuser, create database (2 rows) postgres=# \l List of databases Name | Owner | Encoding -----------+-----------+----------- netkiller | netkiller | UNICODE postgres | postgres | SQL_ASCII template0 | postgres | SQL_ASCII template1 | postgres | SQL_ASCII (4 rows) postgres=# \q bash-2.05b$ bash-2.05b$ createlang plpgsql netkiller bash-2.05b$ bash-2.05b$ exit exit [root@linux software]# service postgresql restart [ OK ] Starting postgresql service: [ OK ] [root@linux software]# [root@linux software]# psql -h127.0.0.1 -Unetkiller netkiller Password: Welcome
to psql Type: \copyright for distribution terms \h for help with SQL commands \? for help on internal slash commands \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query \q to quit netkiller=> |
注意：
1.
程序安裝我使用了一個小技巧。（我懶哈哈）rpm -Uvh --nodeps `ls -1`
安裝一定要加—nodeps，ls -1 這裡是減號，阿拉伯數字1，不是英文字母“l” (L)
2. postgres只能用於UNIX Domain Socket方式登陸(/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432)，不能在TCP/IP Socket模式下登陸。
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[root@linux software]# ls -la /tmp total 68 drwxrwxrwt 11 root root 4096 Nov 11 16:29 . drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4096 Nov 5 14:49 .. srwx------ 1 root nobody 0 Nov 5 11:34 .fam_socket drwxrwxrwt 2 xfs xfs
4096 Nov 5 14:49
.font-unix drwx------ 2 root root 4096 Nov 5 19:06 .gconfd srw-rw-rw- 1 root root 0 Nov 5 14:49 .gdm_socket drwxrwxrwx 2 bin bin 4096 Nov 5 14:49 .iroha_unix drwx------ 2 root root 4096 Nov 5 19:14 kde-root drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Nov 5 18:46 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 5 18:55 .mozilla drwx------ 2 root root 4096 Nov 5 11:38 orbit-root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 5 19:14 .qt -rw------- 1 root root 1024 Nov 5 18:52 .rnd srwxrwxrwx 1 postgres postgres 0 Nov 11 16:29 .s.PGSQL.5432 -rw------- 1 postgres postgres 26 Nov 11 16:29 .s.PGSQL.5432.lock -r--r--r-- 1 root root 11 Nov 5 14:49 .X0-lock drwxrwxrwt 2 root root 4096 Nov 5 14:49 .X11-unix [root@linux software]# file /tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432 /tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432: socket |
使用file命令可以查看檔案類型，所以/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432顯示類型為/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432: socket
[root@linux software]# psql -h127.0.0.1 –Upostgres db會提示
Password:
psql: FATAL: Password authentication failed for user "postgres"
|
[root@linux software]# psql -h127.0.0.1 -Upostgres netkiller Password: Password: Password: Password: Password: Password: Password: psql: FATAL: Password authentication failed for user "postgres" |
解決方法是創建一個用戶。
3.
登陸提示
[root@linux software]# psql -h127.0.0.1 -Unetkiller netkiller
psql: FATAL: No pg_hba.conf entry for host 127.0.0.1, user netkiller, database netkiller
編輯/var/lib/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf檔案加入
host all all 127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 md5
2.3 APT 安裝
Apt 是Debian Linux安裝風格
去下而網站可以找到APT軟件包
輸入：apt 搜索即可
http://www.rpmfind.net/linux/rpm2html/search.php?query=apt
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[root@linux root]# cd /usr/local/src/ [root@linux src]# wget ftp://194.199.20.114/linux/freshrpms/redhat/9/apt/apt-0.5.5cnc6-fr1.i386.rpm [root@linux
src]# rpm -ivh apt- warning:
apt- Preparing... ########################################### [100%] 1:apt ########################################### [100%] [root@linux src]# apt-get update Get:1 http://ayo.freshrpms.net redhat/9/i386 release [1171B] Fetched 1171B in 6s (170B/s) Get:1 http://ayo.freshrpms.net redhat/9/i386/os pkglist [1357kB] Get:2 http://ayo.freshrpms.net redhat/9/i386/os release [140B] Get:3 http://ayo.freshrpms.net redhat/9/i386/updates pkglist [487kB] Get:4 http://ayo.freshrpms.net redhat/9/i386/updates release [153B] Get:5 http://ayo.freshrpms.net redhat/9/i386/freshrpms pkglist [151kB] Get:6 http://ayo.freshrpms.net redhat/9/i386/freshrpms release [157B] Fetched
1995kB in Reading Package Lists... Done Building Dependency Tree... Done [root@linux src]# [root@linux src]# apt-get check Reading Package Lists... Done Building Dependency Tree... Done You might want to run `apt-get -f install' to correct these. The following packages have unmet dependencies: postgresql-python: Depends: mx but it is not installed E: Unmet dependencies. Try using -f. [root@linux src]# [root@linux src]# apt-get -f install Reading Package Lists... Done Building Dependency Tree... Done Correcting dependencies... Done The following extra packages will be installed: mx The following NEW packages will be installed: mx 0 packages upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 removed and 146 not upgraded. Need to get 609kB of archives. After unpacking 2266kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Get:1
http://ayo.freshrpms.net redhat/9/i386/os mx Fetched
609kB in Executing RPM (-Uvh)... Preparing... ########################################### [100%] 1:mx ########################################### [100%] [root@linux src]# [root@linux src]# apt-get install postgresql-server |
如果是Debian Linux 系統直接
|
[root@linux src]# apt-get install postgresql-server |
2.4 PostgreSQL 8.0 beta for windows版本安裝
PostgreSQL 8.0 beta版windows版本安裝包下載地址：
http://laser.dyndns.zhengmai.net.cn/download/postgresql-8.0-beta1.msi
下載後雙擊postgresql開始安裝，只下一步，下一步，即可。
配置D:\PostgreSQL\8.0-beta1\data\pg_hba.conf 檔案，建議使用UltraEdit工具。
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host all all 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.255 md5 |
註：我的環境是Windows XP SP2
啟動PostgreSQL 8.0伺服器:
Ø 開始à所有程序àPostgreSQL 8.0-beta1à Start service
停止PostgreSQL 8.0伺服器:
Ø 開始à所有程序àPostgreSQL 8.0-beta1à Stop service
進入psql控制台:
Ø 開始à所有程序àPostgreSQL 8.0-beta1à psql to template1
2.4.1 運行pgAdmin III
Ø 開始à所有程序àPostgreSQL 8.0-beta1àpgAdmin III
pgAdmin III的一般操作順序是：
1. 新建一個用戶（用於tcp/ip socket的PostgreSQL帳號，而非系統用戶postgres是一個系統帳號，不能用於tcp/ip連接，它是用來管理數據的用戶）
2. 新建一個表空間，用於存放數據
3. 新建一個資料庫實例
4. 新建一個PL過程語言（一般是pl/pgsql）
5. 新建一個模式(Schema)
6. 創建表，視圖，觸發器等等
2.4.2 psql控制台：
網上有很多朋友問我，PostgreSQL 8.0的psql在那，他預設打開template1資料庫，如何打開其它數據等等問題。
步驟，開始à所有程序àPostgreSQL 8.0-beta1à psql to template1進入PostgreSQL 8.0 psql控制台，輸入postgres用戶的密碼登錄。
使用“\l”列出數據
使用“\c”連接到其它資料庫。
\c 資料庫
資料庫所有者，接提示輸入密碼即可。
|
Password: Welcome
to psql.exe Type: \copyright for distribution terms \h for help with SQL commands \? for help with psql commands \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query \q to quit template1=# \l List of databases Name | Owner | Encoding -----------+----------+---------- netkiller | chen | UNICODE template0 | postgres | UNICODE template1 | postgres | UNICODE (3 rows) template1=# \c netkiller chen Password: You are now connected to database "netkiller" as user "chen". netkiller=# |
2.4.3 ODBC
1. 開始à控製麵板à管理工具à數據源 (ODBC)
2. 單擊“添加”按鈕
3. 列表中選擇PostgreSQLà單擊“完成”按鈕
4. 單擊Save保存
5. 單擊“確定”按鈕
2.4.4 從Unix/Linux 登錄到Windows
|
[root@linux root]# psql -h 192.168.0.254 -U chen netkiller Password: Welcome
to psql Type: \copyright for distribution terms \h for help with SQL commands \? for help on internal slash commands \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query \q to quit netkiller=# |
2.4.5 從Windows 登錄到 Unix/Linux
|
D:\PostgreSQL\8.0-beta1\bin>psql.exe -h 192.168.0.1 -U netkiller netkiller Password: Welcome
to psql.exe Type: \copyright for distribution terms \h for help with SQL commands \? for help with psql commands \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query \q to quit netkiller=> |
2.5 資料庫備份方案
2.5.1 備份資料庫腳本
腳本功能是，首先備份資料庫、然後打包、壓縮為tar.gz、最後上傳到指定位置並刪除臨時檔案。
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[root@linux root]# cat backup.sh #!/bin/bash FTPHOST=ftp.9812.net USER=netkiller PASSWD=xxx echo "Starting Backup PostgreSQL ... " #big5 gb2312 gb18030 … export PGCLIENTENCODING=gb18030 su - postgres -c pg_dumpall > pgsql-backup.`date +%Y-%m-%d.%H:%M:%S`.dmp tar zcvf pgsql-backup.`date +%Y-%m-%d`.tar.gz *.dmp echo "Upload File ..." ftp -n ${FTPHOST} <<! user ${USER} ${PASSWD} binary prompt mkdir backup cd backup mput *.tar.gz close bye ! echo "Remove temp file ..." rm -rf pgsql-backup.*.dmp rm -rf pgsql-backup.????-??-??.tar.gz [root@linux root]# |
如果您沒有一台專用於備份數據的機器（有靜態IP的機器）。上面的備份腳本可更改為：
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[root@linux root]# cat backup.sh #!/bin/bash echo "Starting Backup PostgreSQL ... " su - postgres -c pg_dumpall > pgsql-backup.`date +%Y-%m-%d.%H:%M:%S`.dmp tar zcvf pgsql-backup.`date +%Y-%m-%d`.tar.gz *.dmp echo "Remove temp file ..." rm -rf pgsql-backup.*.dmp [root@linux root]# |
2.5.2 下載備份腳本
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[root@linux root]# cat getbackup.sh #!/bin/bash FTPHOST=ftp.9812.net USER=netkiller PASSWD=xxx wget ftp://${USER}:${PASSWD}@${FTPHOST}/backup/* ftp -n ${FTPHOST} <<! user ${USER} ${PASSWD} binary prompt cd backup mdelete * close bye ! [root@linux root]# |
2.5.3 保證備份數據的安全-PGP/GPG加密
資料庫中的內容有些是不能提供給用戶的，如其它用戶的資料，密碼。在資料庫中的數據，你可以通過權限來限制用戶操作。將資料庫備份（導出）到本地SQL文本檔案中(xxxx.sql包括DDL，DML) ，一但備份落入他手，後果不可設想，他很容易得用你的數據，因為你備份的數據是文本檔案，沒有任何加密措施。
這裡介紹GnuPG 以下簡稱GPG，GPG與PGP兼容。由於PGP使用了許多專利算法，屬於美國加密出口限制之列。而GnuPG是GPL軟件。
GPG使用非對稱加密算法，安全程度很高。所謂非對稱加密算法，就是每一個用戶都擁有一對密鑰：公鑰和私鑰。其中，私鑰由用戶保存，公鑰提供給internet上的用戶。
設：
陳景峰的帳號：chen
小明的帳號：ming
以下為chen 帳號的操作：
1. 查看當前檔案夾
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[chen@linux chen]$ ls -la total 56 drwx------ 4 chen chen 4096 Dec 12 20:38 . drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Nov 12 11:47 .. -rw------- 1 chen chen 4953 Dec 10 14:05 .bash_history -rw-r--r-- 1 chen chen 24 Feb 11 2003 .bash_logout -rw-r--r-- 1 chen chen 191 Feb 11 2003 .bash_profile -rw-r--r-- 1 chen chen 124 Feb 11 2003 .bashrc -rw-r--r-- 1 chen chen 5531 Feb 4 2003 .canna -rw-r--r-- 1 chen chen 847 Feb 20 2003 .emacs -rw-r--r-- 1 chen chen 120 Feb 27 2003 .gtkrc drwxr-xr-x 3 chen chen 4096 Aug 12 2002 .kde -rw------- 1 chen chen 594 Dec 10 09:38 .viminfo drwxr-xr-x 2 chen chen 4096 Nov 5 19:16 .xemacs [chen@linux chen]$ |
2. 生成密鑰（公鑰、私鑰）
使用GPG之前必鬚生成密鑰（公鑰、私鑰）操作步驟。
# gpg --gen-key
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[chen@linux chen]$ gpg --gen-key gpg
(GnuPG) This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions. See the file COPYING for details. gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory! gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information gpg: /home/chen/.gnupg: directory created gpg: new configuration file `/home/chen/.gnupg/gpg.conf' created gpg: keyblock resource `/home/chen/.gnupg/secring.gpg': file open error gpg: keyring `/home/chen/.gnupg/pubring.gpg' created Please select what kind of key you want: (1) DSA and ElGamal (default) (2) DSA (sign only) (5) RSA (sign only) Your selection? 回車 DSA keypair will have 1024 bits. About to generate a new ELG-E keypair. minimum keysize is 768 bits default keysize is 1024 bits highest suggested keysize is 2048 bits What keysize do you want? (1024) 回車 Requested keysize is 1024 bits Please specify how long the key should be valid. 0 = key does not expire <n> = key expires in n days <n>w = key expires in n weeks <n>m = key expires in n months <n>y = key expires in n years Key is valid for? (0) 回車 Key does not expire at all Is this correct (y/n)? y You need a User-ID to identify your key; the software constructs the user id from Real Name, Comment and Email Address in this form: "Heinrich Heine (Der Dichter) <heinrichh@duesseldorf.de>" Real name: netkiller Email address: openunix@163.com Comment: 陳景峰的密鑰 （註：輸入中文終端要支持UTF-8） You are using the `utf-8' character set. You selected this USER-ID: "netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>" Change (N)ame, (C)omment, (E)mail or (O)kay/(Q)uit?o Enter passphrase:輸入密鑰口令 Repeat passphrase:輸入密鑰口令 You need a Passphrase to protect your secret key. We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number generator a better chance to gain enough entropy. +++++++++++++++.+++++++++++++++.+++++++++++++++.+++++++++++++++.+++++++++++++++.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.++++++++++++++++++++.....>+++++..................+++++ Not enough random bytes available. Please do some other work to give the OS a chance to collect more entropy! (Need 290 more bytes) We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number generator a better chance to gain enough entropy. ..+++++.+++++.++++++++++.+++++++++++++++.+++++++++++++++++++++++++..+++++++++++++++.++++++++++++++++++++.+++++.+++++++++++++++.+++++...++++++++++>+++++............................................................>+++++.............>.+++++.....<+++++............+++++^^^ gpg: /home/chen/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created public and secret key created and signed. key marked as ultimately trusted. pub 1024D/B Key fingerprint =
0058 5847 7598 sub [chen@linux chen]$ |
3. 查看生成密鑰
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[chen@linux chen]$ ls -la total 52 drwx------ 5 chen chen 4096 Dec 12 20:47 . drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Dec 12 20:44 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 chen chen 24 Dec 12 20:44 .bash_logout -rw-r--r-- 1 chen chen 191 Dec 12 20:44 .bash_profile -rw-r--r-- 1 chen chen 124 Dec 12 20:44 .bashrc -rw-r--r-- 1 chen chen 5531 Dec 12 20:44 .canna -rw-r--r-- 1 chen chen 847 Dec 12 20:44 .emacs drwx------ 2 chen chen 4096 Dec 12 20:52 .gnupg -rw-r--r-- 1 chen chen 120 Dec 12 20:44 .gtkrc drwxr-xr-x 3 chen chen 4096 Dec 12 20:44 .kde -rw------- 1 chen chen 61 Dec 12 20:45 .Xauthority drwxr-xr-x 2 chen chen 4096 Dec 12 20:44 .xemacs [chen@linux chen]$ ls .gnupg/ gpg.conf pubring.gpg pubring.gpg~ random_seed secring.gpg trustdb.gpg |
4. 證書的回收
當您的密鑰（gpg --gen-key）生成之後，建議您立即做一個公鑰回收證書，如果您忘記了您的私鑰口令或者您的私鑰丟失或者被盜，您可以發佈這個證書來聲明以前的公鑰不再有效。
gpg --output revoke.asc --gen-revoke netkiller （netkiller 你在生成密鑰時輸入的Real name:）
gpg --output revoke.asc --gen-revoke openunix@163.com （使用郵件地址也可以）
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[chen@linux chen]$ gpg --output revoke.asc --gen-revoke netkiller gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory! gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information sec 1024D/B Create a revocation certificate for this key? y Please select the reason for the revocation: 0 = No reason specified 1 = Key has been compromised 2 = Key is superseded 3 = Key is no longer used Q = Cancel (Probably you want to select 1 here) Your decision? Enter an optional description; end it with an empty line: > :( cancel > Reason for revocation: Key has been compromised :( cancel Is this okay? Please select the reason for the revocation: 0 = No reason specified 1 = Key has been compromised 2 = Key is superseded 3 = Key is no longer used Q = Cancel (Probably you want to select 1 here) Enter an optional description; end it with an empty line: > :( cancel > Is this okay? y You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for user: "netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>" 1024-bit
DSA key, ID B ASCII armored output forced. Revocation certificate created. Please move it to a medium which you can hide away; if Mallory gets access to this certificate he can use it to make your key unusable. It is smart to print this certificate and store it away, just in case your media become unreadable. But have some caution: The print system of your machine might store the data and make it available to others! [chen@linux chen]$ ls revoke.asc [chen@linux chen]$ cat revoke.asc -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: GnuPG v Comment: A revocation certificate should follow iFIEIBECABIFAj/Zv08LHQI6KCBjYW5jZWwACgkQrAfIc7AIR8X3agCcDBjqRkFx QUzcZ/1Gyf1/jjFis04An2rYQz2XrCode08Y78Fj63RVNKD9 =ovDh -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- [chen@linux chen]$ |
5. 密鑰列表
gpg --list-key
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[chen@linux chen]$ gpg --list-key gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory! gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information /home/chen/.gnupg/pubring.gpg ----------------------------- pub 1024D/B sub [chen@linux chen]$ |
6. 輸出公鑰
以ASCII字元格式輸出公鑰：gpg --output netkiller.gpg --armor --export netkiller
以二進制格式輸出公鑰：gpg --output netkiller.gpg --export netkiller
下面是以ASCII字元格式輸出（其實就是做了一下BASE64編碼）：
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[chen@linux chen]$ gpg --output netkiller.gpg --armor --export netkiller gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory! gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information [chen@linux chen]$ ls netkiller.gpg revoke.asc [chen@linux chen]$ cat netkiller.gpg -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: GnuPG v mQGiBD/ZuhgRBACBRuWYRtJ8+8VmnYUgNy7TS/nVl0sHrsGD2kgIWVUuZYgKSUoM vT4MUHWdd52yesovAV61qsVCfUz+O76ovhQrUzv4jp+bkIOKcc7E07Z2MZmc1BqR +Gavb3gsJM6DmOLcRiU 5WS1CIGnvGDFUiGY6VhdamsD/jdiqSIcwFt2x6VMjzeWkHHM5wNYHuBJnp9DPd rn3uEq+tSex8ZXRyzHGj+N4SKezhEYal1D762kDxjGYltk5Xce5dXQBn9fulEDhD OzOp78GvIvJ/m33D/J6xECbXUz8XsFFhxJ6QnVh/RURY+EvHE1Tmz/fRG69Rc1Uc JBqCA/0faHEkyDv+FWEsmFKjflDNqN5NHtdWzJZQZKD1Vb64oJ5CK6r fVpfk5OVXnfMSpLKc7aGA9X+mUMuNrGRNzzzsmVK6urWQovL/BfeukMgDBZXkLd8 fO7aA53XeBhmVC49atFPH8hsOeMdd0mombrzcvKczjMp0ThP9rQzbmV ICjpmYjmma/ls7DnmoTlr4bpkqUpIDxuZXRraWxsZXJAOTgxMi5uZXQ+iFkEExEC ABkFAj/ZuhgECwcDAgMVAgMDFgIBAh4BAheAAAoJEKwHyHOwCEfFBqMAn0HoK9Xc zvzVkFODVZPWUskzwAhqAJ4rbgYEjSN1/CrdUBzTMtecGu9P+7kBDQQ/2boaEAQA zhoIDY866/GWUUpuarpVKcN1ijn+ 6V4zZwP5PcBScYxQpM MKh+HOanAJ9tWcSy6KW83JKG2NS/0U6OSGGDSoNLElMAAwUD/iGBjPfXD5jsepg+ Z9J1RefM5/R1nnBEeOROnWyaczIU1okswlyluAthi+2+ijpEULaqSQ+ZjtuBjcMp kE5UKKql6yBAk2CqJMVkVLlDbPFqbidkAqGp5riKWKc487jR6iZjIAhHvXL0xPIQ erBmEpi4UT7RlaCAmYwvZ1nxGP3eiEYEGBECAAYFAj/ZuhoACgkQrAfIc7AIR8U0 xACfT5pZ+0YjSp9z0/9jPwDfhw7J1bcAnjqxP+uKfkuDHnXRyYFErTN+7iHE =CII0 -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- [chen@linux chen]$ |
二進制格式輸出：
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[chen@linux chen]$ gpg --output bin-netkiller.gpg --export netkiller gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory! gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information [chen@linux chen]$ ls bin-netkiller.gpg netkiller.gpg revoke.asc [chen@linux chen]$ |
7. 使用file命令識別檔案
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[chen@linux chen]$ ls bin-netkiller.gpg netkiller.gpg revoke.asc [chen@linux chen]$ file bin-netkiller.gpg bin-netkiller.gpg: data [chen@linux chen]$ file netkiller.gpg netkiller.gpg: PGP armored data public key block [chen@linux chen]$ file revoke.asc revoke.asc: PGP armored data public key block [chen@linux chen]$ |
8. 發佈公鑰
你可以將你的公鑰放在主頁上下載，也可以mail給別人。
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[chen@linux chen]$ pine PINE 4.44 MAIN MENU
Folder: INBOX No Messages ? HELP - Get help using Pine C COMPOSE MESSAGE - Compose and send a message I MESSAGE INDEX - View messages in current folder L FOLDER LIST - Select a folder to view A ADDRESS BOOK - Update address book S SETUP - Configure Pine Options Q QUIT - Leave the Pine program Copyright 1989-2002. PINE is a trademark of the [Folder "INBOX" opened with 0 messages] ? Help P PrevCmd R RelNotes O
OTHER CMDS > [ListFldrs] |
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PINE 4.44 COMPOSE MESSAGE
Folder: INBOX No Messages To : openunix@163.com Cc : Attchmnt: Subject : 這是我的證書 ----- Message Text ----- Attchmnt ^G Get Help ^X Send ^R Rich Hdr ^Y PrvPg/Top ^K Cut Line ^O Postpone ^C Cancel ^D Del Char ^J Attach ^V NxtPg/End ^U UnDel Line^T To Files |
光標至于Attchmnt:上按^J -> 再按 ^T
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File to attach: ^G Get Help ^T To Files ^C Cancel TAB Complete |
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PINE 4.44
BROWSER Dir:
/home/chen ..
(parent dir) .gnupg
(dir) .kde
(dir) mail
(dir) .xemacs (dir) .addressbook 0 B .addressbook.lu 2.3 KB .bash_logout 24 B .bash_profile 191 B .bashrc 124 B bin-netkiller.gpg 909 B .canna 5.5 KB .emacs 847 B .gtkrc 120 B netkiller.gpg 1.3 KB .pinerc 14 KB revoke.asc 275 B .Xauthority 61 B [ Searched to end of directory ] ? Get Help E Exit Brwsr - Prev Pg D Delete C Copy S [Select] W Where is Spc Next Pg R Rename A Add |
選擇netkiller.gpg 回車
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Attachment comment: my netkiller.gpg file ^G Get Help ^C Cancel |
輸入註釋信息
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PINE 4.44 COMPOSE MESSAGE Folder: INBOX No Messages To : openunix@163.com Cc : Attchmnt: 1. /home/chen/netkiller.gpg (1.3 KB) "my netkiller.gpg file" Subject : my netkiller.gpg file ----- Message Text ----- http://linux.9812.net email:openunix@163.com [File /home/chen/netkiller.gpg attached as type TEXT/PLAIN] ^G Get Help ^X Send ^R Rich Hdr ^Y PrvPg/Top ^K Cut Line ^O Postpone ^C Cancel ^D Del Char ^J Attach ^V NxtPg/End ^U UnDel Line^T To Files |
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Send message?y ? Help Y [Yes] ^C Cancel N No |
選擇y回車
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PINE 4.44 MAIN MENU
Folder: INBOX No Messages PINE 4.44 COMPOSE MESSAGE Folder: INBOX No Messages To : openunix@163.com Cc : Attchmnt: 1. /home/chen/netkiller.gpg (1.3 KB) "my netkiller.gpg file" Subject : 這是我的證書 ----- Message Text ----- Attchmnt [Sending mail | 0% |] |
發送成功
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PINE 4.44 MAIN MENU Folder: INBOX No Messages ? HELP - Get help using Pine C COMPOSE MESSAGE - Compose and send a message I MESSAGE INDEX - View messages in current folder L FOLDER LIST - Select a folder to view A ADDRESS BOOK - Update address book S SETUP - Configure Pine Options Q QUIT - Leave the Pine program Copyright 1989-2002. PINE is a trademark of the [Message sent and copied to "sent-mail".] ? Help P PrevCmd R RelNotes O
OTHER CMDS > [ListFldrs] |
9. 將公鑰給其它用戶
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[chen@linux chen]$ cp netkiller.gpg /tmp |
以下是ming帳號的操作：
10. 獲得公鑰
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[ming@linux ming]$ cp /tmp/netkiller.gpg . [ming@linux ming]$ ls netkiller.gpg [ming@linux ming]$ |
11. 導入公鑰
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[ming@linux ming]$ gpg --import netkiller.gpg gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory! gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information gpg: /home/ming/.gnupg: directory created gpg: new configuration file `/home/ming/.gnupg/gpg.conf' created gpg: keyblock resource `/home/ming/.gnupg/secring.gpg': file open error gpg: keyring `/home/ming/.gnupg/pubring.gpg' created gpg: /home/ming/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created gpg:
key B gpg: Total number processed: 1 gpg: imported: 1 [ming@linux ming]$ gpg --list-key gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory! gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information /home/ming/.gnupg/pubring.gpg ----------------------------- pub 1024D/B sub [ming@linux ming]$ |
12. 確認密鑰
導入密鑰以後，使用數字簽名來驗證此證書是否合法。
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[ming@linux ming]$ gpg --fingerprint netkiller gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory! gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information pub 1024D/B Key fingerprint =
0058 5847 7598 sub [ming@linux ming]$ |
13. 密鑰簽名
導入密鑰之後，可以使用(gpg -—sign-key netkiller) 進行簽名，簽名的主要目的是證明您完全信任這個證書的合法性。
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[ming@linux ming]$ gpg --gen-key gpg
(GnuPG) This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions. See the file COPYING for details. gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory! gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information Please select what kind of key you want: (1) DSA and ElGamal (default) (2) DSA (sign only) (5) RSA (sign only) Your selection? DSA keypair will have 1024 bits. About to generate a new ELG-E keypair. minimum keysize is 768 bits default keysize is 1024 bits highest suggested keysize is 2048 bits What keysize do you want? (1024) Requested keysize is 1024 bits Please specify how long the key should be valid. 0 = key does not expire <n> = key expires in n days <n>w = key expires in n weeks <n>m = key expires in n months <n>y = key expires in n years Key is valid for? (0) Key does not expire at all Is this correct (y/n)? y You need a User-ID to identify your key; the software constructs the user id from Real Name, Comment and Email Address in this form: "Heinrich Heine (Der Dichter) <heinrichh@duesseldorf.de>" Real name: ming Name must be at least 5 characters long Real name: mings Email address: mings@9812.net Comment: I am ming You selected this USER-ID: "mings (I am ming) <mings@9812.net>" Change (N)ame, (C)omment, (E)mail or (O)kay/(Q)uit? o You need a Passphrase to protect your secret key. Enter passphrase: passphrase not correctly repeated; try again. We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number generator a better chance to gain enough entropy. +++++++++++++++.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.++++++++++....++++++++++.++++++++++++++++++++.+++++++++++++++..+++++++++++++++++++++++++.++++++++++.....>..+++++...........................+++++ We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number generator a better chance to gain enough entropy. +++++++++++++++++++++++++..++++++++++++++++++++.+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++..+++++++++++++++...+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>+++++..................+++++^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ public and secret key created and signed. key marked as ultimately trusted. pub 1024D/3D9CE6DF Key fingerprint = sub [ming@linux ming]$ gpg --sign-key netkiller gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory! gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information pub 1024D/B sub (1). netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com> pub 1024D/B Primary key fingerprint: 0058 5847 7598
netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com> How carefully have you verified the key you are about to sign actually belongs to the person named above? If you don't know what to answer, enter "0". (0) I will not answer. (default) (1) I have not checked at all. (2) I have done casual checking. (3) I have done very careful checking. Your selection? 3 Are you really sure that you want to sign this key with your key: "mings (I am ming) <mings@9812.net>" I have checked this key very carefully. Really sign? y You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for user: "mings (I am ming) <mings@9812.net>" 1024-bit
DSA key, ID 3D9CE6DF, created Enter passphrase: （注這裡輸入mings的口令） [ming@linux ming]$ [ming@linux ming]$ gpg --list-key gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory! gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information /home/ming/.gnupg/pubring.gpg ----------------------------- pub 1024D/B sub pub 1024D/3D9CE6DF sub [ming@linux ming]$ |
14. 檢查簽名
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[chen@linux chen]$ gpg --check-sigs netkiller gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory! gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information pub 1024D/B sig!3 B sub sig! B [ming@linux ming]$ gpg --check-sigs netkiller gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory! gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information pub 1024D/B sig!3 B sig! sub sig! B [ming@linux ming]$ [chen@linux chen]$ [ming@linux ming]$ gpg --check-sigs netkiller gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory! gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information pub 1024D/B sig!3 B sub sig! B [ming@linux ming]$ |
15. 加密和解密
加密：
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[ming@linux ming]$ pg_dump -Unetkiller -h127.0.0.1 >pgsql-dump.sql Password: [ming@linux ming]$ 加簽名： [ming@linux ming]$ gpg -sear netkiller pgsql-dump.sql gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory! gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for user: "mings (I am mings) <mings@9812.net>" 1024-bit
DSA key, ID gpg: checking the trustdb gpg: checking at depth 0 signed=1 ot(-/q/n/m/f/u)=0/0/0/0/0/1 gpg: checking at depth 1 signed=0 ot(-/q/n/m/f/u)=1/0/0/0/0/0 [ming@linux ming]$ |
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不加簽名： [ming@linux ming]$ gpg -ear netkiller pgsql-dump.sql gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory! gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information [ming@linux ming]$ ls netkiller.gpg pgsql-dump.sql pgsql-dump.sql.asc [ming@linux ming]$ |
加密完成，將檔案pgsql-dump.sql.asc發給chen (郵件，WEB/FTP下載。。。都可以，不用擔心被其它人得到對你不利，現在這個檔案已經加密了。)
以下為chen帳號解密操作：
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[chen@linux chen]$ gpg -d pgsql-dump.sql.asc > pgsql-dump.sql gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory! gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for user: "netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>" 1024-bit
ELG-E key, ID 0B Enter passphrase: gpg:
encrypted with 1024-bit ELG-E key, ID 0B "netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>" [chen@linux chen]$ |
2.6 備份計劃
2.6.1 伺服器端計劃
因為每天凌晨1:00-5:00這段時間訪問的人比較少，所以我選擇伺服器端每天凌晨3：00開始備份，您也可以在其它時間段備份，根據您的需求而定。
|
[root@linux etc]# cat crontab SHELL=/bin/bash PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin MAILTO=root HOME=/ # run-parts 01 * * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.hourly 02 4 * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.daily 22 4 * * 0 root run-parts /etc/cron.weekly 42 4 1 * * root run-parts /etc/cron.monthly 0 3 * * * root /usr/local/backup/backup.sh |
2.6.2 客戶端計劃
客戶端每天零晨4：00點開始下載備份數據。為什麼是4：00下載呢？因為伺服器備份要一段時間，如果伺服器還沒有備份完成，這邊是不能下載的。所以計劃在3:00伺服器開始備份，4：00時客戶端開始下載已經備份好的數據。
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[root@linux etc]# cat crontab SHELL=/bin/bash PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin MAILTO=root HOME=/ # run-parts 01 * * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.hourly 02 4 * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.daily 22 4 * * 0 root run-parts /etc/cron.weekly 42 4 1 * * root run-parts /etc/cron.monthly 0 4 * * * root /usr/local/backup/getbackup.sh |
2.7 數據恢復
|
[root@linux root]# su postgres bash-2.05b$ psql member -f pgsql-backup.xxxx-xx-xx.xx:xx:xx.dmp |
2.8 性能提升
2.8.1 共享內存
在 2.2 內核裡預設的共享內存限制（ SHMMAX 和 SHMALL）都是 32 MB，但是你可以在 proc 檔案系統裡修改這些值（不用重起）． 比如，要允許 128 MB：
方法1：
# echo 134217728 >/proc/sys/kernel/shmall
# echo 134217728 >/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
|
[root@linux root]# cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmall 2097152 [root@linux root]# cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax 33554432 [root@linux root]# echo 134217728 >/proc/sys/kernel/shmall [root@linux root]# echo 134217728 >/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax [root@linux root]# cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmall 134217728 [root@linux root]# cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax 134217728 |
你可以把這些命令放到一個引導時運行的腳本中． 如rc.local檔案
|
[root@linux root]# cat /etc/rc.d/rc.local #!/bin/sh # # This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts. # You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don't # want to do the full Sys V style init stuff. touch /var/lock/subsys/local /usr/local/jakarta-tomcat/bin/startup.sh /usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl start echo 134217728 >/proc/sys/kernel/shmall echo 134217728 >/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax |
方法2，使用 sysctl 命令來控制這些參數．
|
[root@linux root]# sysctl -w kernel.shmall=134217728 kernel.shmall = 134217728 [root@linux root]# sysctl -w kernel.shmmax=134217728 kernel.shmmax = 134217728 [root@linux root]# |
方法3，你可以在一個叫 /etc/sysctl.conf 的檔案裡面加下面這樣的兩行：
kernel.shmall = 134217728
kernel.shmmax = 134217728
|
[root@linux root]# cat /etc/sysctl.conf # Kernel sysctl configuration file for Red Hat Linux # # For binary values, 0 is disabled, 1 is enabled. See sysctl(8) and # sysctl.conf(5) for more details. # Controls IP packet forwarding net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0 # Controls source route verification net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1 # Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel kernel.sysrq = 0 # Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename. # Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications. kernel.core_uses_pid = 1 kernel.shmall = 134217728 kernel.shmmax = 134217728 |
通常在引導的時候會處理這個檔案，但你也可以稍後明確調用sysctl．
2.8.2 最大連接
跟據你的需要來配置最大連接數，系統預設是32，配置需要修改兩處。
max_connections = 100
shared_buffers = 200
shared_buffers = max_connections*2
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[root@linux data]# cat postgresql.conf # # PostgreSQL configuration file # ----------------------------- # # This file consists of lines of the form: # # name = value # # (The '=' is optional.) White space may be used. Comments are introduced # with '#' anywhere on a line. The complete list of option names and # allowed values can be found in the PostgreSQL documentation. The # commented-out settings shown in this file represent the default values. # # Any option can also be given as a command line switch to the # postmaster, e.g. 'postmaster -c log_connections=on'. Some options # can be changed at run-time with the 'SET' SQL command. # # This file is read on postmaster startup and when the postmaster # receives a SIGHUP. If you edit the file on a running system, you have # to SIGHUP the postmaster for the changes to take effect, or use # "pg_ctl reload". #======================================================================== # # Connection Parameters # #tcpip_socket = false tcpip_socket = true #ssl = false #ssl = true #max_connections = 32 max_connections = 100 #superuser_reserved_connections = 2 #port = 5432 #hostname_lookup = false #show_source_port = false #unix_socket_directory = '' #unix_socket_group = '' #unix_socket_permissions = 0777 # octal #virtual_host = '' #krb_server_keyfile = '' # # Shared Memory Size # #shared_buffers = 64 # min max_connections*2 or 16, 8KB each shared_buffers = 200 # min max_connections*2 or 16, 8KB each #max_fsm_relations = 1000 # min 10, fsm is free space map, ~40 bytes #max_fsm_pages = 10000 # min 1000, fsm is free space map, ~6 bytes #max_locks_per_transaction = 64 # min 10 #wal_buffers = 8 # min 4, typically 8KB each # # Non-shared Memory Sizes # #sort_mem = 1024 # min 64, size in KB #vacuum_mem = 8192 # min 1024, size in KB # # Write-ahead log (WAL) # #checkpoint_segments = 3 # in logfile segments, min 1, 16MB each #checkpoint_timeout = 300 # range 30-3600, in seconds # #commit_delay = 0 # range 0-100000, in microseconds #commit_siblings = 5 # range 1-1000 # #fsync = true #wal_sync_method = fsync # the default varies across platforms: # # fsync, fdatasync, open_sync, or open_datasync #wal_debug = 0 # range 0-16 # # Optimizer Parameters # #enable_seqscan = true #enable_indexscan = true #enable_tidscan = true #enable_sort = true #enable_nestloop = true #enable_mergejoin = true #enable_hashjoin = true #effective_cache_size = 1000 # typically 8KB each #random_page_cost = 4 # units are one sequential page fetch cost #cpu_tuple_cost = 0.01 # (same) #cpu_index_tuple_cost = 0.001 # (same) #cpu_operator_cost = 0.0025 # (same) #default_statistics_target = 10 # range 1-1000 # # GEQO Optimizer Parameters # #geqo = true #geqo_selection_bias = 2.0 # range 1.5-2.0 #geqo_threshold = 11 #geqo_pool_size = 0 # default based on tables in statement, # range 128-1024 #geqo_effort = 1 #geqo_generations = 0 #geqo_random_seed = -1 # auto-compute seed # # Message display # #server_min_messages = notice # Values, in order of decreasing detail: # debug5, debug4, debug3, debug2, debug1, # info, notice, warning, error, log, fatal, # panic #client_min_messages = notice # Values, in order of decreasing detail: # debug5, debug4, debug3, debug2, debug1, # log, info, notice, warning, error #silent_mode = false #log_connections = false #log_pid = false #log_statement = false #log_duration = false #log_timestamp = false #log_min_error_statement = panic # Values in order of increasing severity: # debug5, debug4, debug3, debug2, debug1, # info, notice, warning, error, panic(off) #debug_print_parse = false #debug_print_rewritten = false #debug_print_plan = false #debug_pretty_print = false #explain_pretty_print = true # requires USE_ASSERT_CHECKING #debug_assertions = true # # Syslog # #syslog = 0 # range 0-2 #syslog_facility = 'LOCAL0' #syslog_ident = 'postgres' # # Statistics # #show_parser_stats = false #show_planner_stats = false #show_executor_stats = false #show_statement_stats = false # requires BTREE_BUILD_STATS #show_btree_build_stats = false # # Access statistics collection # #stats_start_collector = true #stats_reset_on_server_start = true #stats_command_string = false #stats_row_level = false #stats_block_level = false # # Lock Tracing # #trace_notify = false # requires LOCK_DEBUG #trace_locks = false #trace_userlocks = false #trace_lwlocks = false #debug_deadlocks = false #trace_lock_oidmin = 16384 #trace_lock_table = 0 # # Misc # #autocommit = true #dynamic_library_path = '$libdir' #search_path = '$user,public' #datestyle = 'iso, us' #timezone = unknown # actually, defaults to TZ environment setting #australian_timezones = false #client_encoding = sql_ascii # actually, defaults to database encoding #authentication_timeout = 60 # 1-600, in seconds #deadlock_timeout = 1000 # in milliseconds #default_transaction_isolation = 'read committed' #max_expr_depth = 10000 # min 10 #max_files_per_process = 1000 # min 25 #password_encryption = true #sql_inheritance = true #transform_null_equals = false #statement_timeout = 0 # 0 is disabled, in milliseconds #db_user_namespace = false # # Locale settings # # (initialized by initdb -- may be changed) LC_MESSAGES = 'en_US.UTF-8' LC_MONETARY = 'en_US.UTF-8' LC_NUMERIC = 'en_US.UTF-8' LC_TIME = 'en_US.UTF-8' |
重新啟動數據：
|
[root@linux data]# service postgresql restart [ OK ] Starting postgresql service: [ OK ] |
查看配置是否正確：
|
[root@linux root]# psql -Uchen member Welcome
to psql Type: \copyright for distribution terms \h for help with SQL commands \? for help on internal slash commands \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query \q to quit member=> show max_connections; max_connections ----------------- 100 (1 row) |
2.8.3 vacuumdb
資料庫2：00優化、3：00備份、4：00下載備份數據
|
[root@linux etc]# cat crontab SHELL=/bin/bash PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin MAILTO=root HOME=/ # run-parts 01 * * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.hourly 02 4 * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.daily 22 4 * * 0 root run-parts /etc/cron.weekly 42 4 1 * * root run-parts /etc/cron.monthly 0 2 * * * root /usr/local/pgsql/optimize.sh |
資料庫vacuumdb優化腳本
|
[root@linux pgsql]# cat optimize.sh #!/bin/bash vacuumdb -hlocalhost -p5432 -Upostgres -a -f -z [root@linux pgsql]# |
2.8.4 資料庫操作與性能
1. 分組插入數據
向資料庫做大量Insert 操作時（註：非導入，在某些特殊環境中要做大量的插入操作，而 不是導入數據），如你有10000條記錄要插入到資料庫中，建議你將10000記錄分組插入
|
第一組 |
begin; insert into …… insert into …… insert into …… ……. 1000條insert into ……. insert into …… commit; |
|
第二組 |
begin; insert into …… ……. 1000條insert into ……. insert into …… commit; |
|
第十組 |
begin; insert into …… ……. 1000條insert into ……. insert into …… commit; |
2. 通過copy from插入數據
|
pg_copy_from (PHP 4
>= pg_copy_from -- 根據數組將記錄插入表中 說明 bool pg_copy_from ( resource connection, string table_name, array rows [, string delimiter [, string null_as]]) pg_copy_from() 將數組 rows 的內容作為記錄插入表中。它在內部使用了 COPY FROM SQL 命令來插入記錄。如果成功則返回 TRUE，失敗則返回 FALSE。
參見 pg_copy_to()。 |
3.
操作之後使用重建索引
vacuumdb -hlocalhost -p5432 -Upostgres -a -f -z
2.8.5 硬件方面
1. 一般伺服器
PC伺服器有條件建議使用SATA（串列）硬碟。
沒有條件可以買時下最快的ATA硬碟（也不是越快越好，還要穩定）
正常情況下幾塊ATA 66 (5400rpm)硬碟做RAID 0，要比一塊ATA100(7200rpm)還要快。
RAID 是解決伺服器硬碟瓶頸最佳方案。建議使用RAID０，RAID0速度最快，不安全，但速度誘人，只要做好備份，是沒有問題的。
目前ＰＣ上ＡＴＡ只能做ＲＡＩＤ０（條帶）和ＲＡＩＤ１（鏡像）。ＳＡＴＡ可以做ＲＡＩＤ０，１，５，１０，５０。不過我還沒見過ＳＴＡＴ 的ＲＡＩＤ卡，深圳賽格也沒得賣。
2. 高檔伺服器
高檔伺服器中主流使用ＳＣＳＩ硬碟，公司也出得起￥￥￥買。所以乾脆一次就配置５塊SＣＳＩ硬碟。４塊盤做ＲＡＩＤ５，剩餘１塊做熱交換hotswap。
因為ＳＣＳＩ性能穩定，如果不滿足RAID5速度，可以做ＲＡＩＤ０。
附表1
|
RAID級別 |
RAID 0 |
RAID 1 |
RAID 3 |
RAID 5 |
|
名稱 |
條帶 |
鏡像 |
專用校驗條帶 |
分散校驗條帶 |
|
允許故障 |
否 |
是 |
是 |
是 |
|
冗餘類型 |
無 |
副本 |
校驗 |
校驗 |
|
熱備用操作 |
不可 |
可以 |
可以 |
可以 |
|
硬碟數量 |
一個以上 |
兩個 |
三個以上 |
三個以上 |
|
可用容量 |
最大 |
最小 |
中間 |
中間 |
|
減少容量 |
無 |
50% |
一個磁碟 |
一個磁碟 |
|
讀性能 |
高（盤的數量決定） |
中間 |
高 |
高 |
|
隨機寫性能 |
最高 |
中間 |
最低 |
低 |
|
連續寫性能 |
最高 |
中間 |
低 |
最低 |
|
典型應用 |
無故障的迅速讀寫 |
允許故障的小檔、隨機數據寫入 |
允許故障的大檔、連續數據傳輸 |
允許故障的小檔、隨機數據傳輸 |
|
可用容量 |
總的磁碟的容量 |
只能用磁碟容量的50% |
（n-1）/n的磁碟容量。其中n為磁碟數 |
（n-1）/n的總磁碟容量。其中n為磁碟數 |
附表2
|
RAID級別 |
RAID 10 |
RAID 30 |
RAID 50 |
|
名稱 |
跨越鏡像數組 |
跨越專用校驗數組 |
跨越分散校驗數組 |
|
允許故障 |
是 |
是 |
是 |
|
冗餘類型 |
副本 |
校驗 |
校驗 |
|
熱備用操作 |
可以 |
可以 |
可以 |
|
磁碟數量 |
|
|
|
|
跨越2個數組 |
4 |
6,8,10,12,14或16 |
6,8,10,12,14或16 |
|
跨越3個數組 |
6 |
9,12或15 |
9,12或15 |
|
跨越4個數組 |
8 |
12或16 |
12或16 |
|
可用容量 |
最小 |
中間 |
中間 |
|
減少容量 |
50% |
每個數組中一個磁碟 |
每個數組中一個磁碟 |
|
讀性能 |
中間 |
高 |
高 |
|
隨機寫性能 |
中間 |
最低 |
低 |
|
連續寫性能 |
中間 |
低 |
最低 |
|
典型應用 |
允許故障高速度小檔案、隨機數據寫入 |
允許故障高速度大檔案、連續數據傳輸 |
允許故障高速度小檔案、隨機數據傳輸 |
|
可用容量 |
磁碟容量的50% |
n-2/2的磁碟容量。其中n為磁碟數目 |
n-2/n的磁碟容量。其中n為磁碟數 |
3. 網絡，光纖存儲我沒使用過，這裡也不談了。
2.8.6 磁碟性能
註：hdparm 有些參考只支持ATA硬碟。
|
[root@linux root]# hdparm hdparm - get/set hard disk parameters - version v5.2 Usage:
hdparm [options] [device]
.. Options: -a get/set fs readahead -A set drive read-lookahead flag (0/1) -b get/set bus state (0 == off, 1 == on, 2 == tristate) -B set Advanced Power Management setting (1-255) -c get/set IDE 32-bit IO setting -C check IDE power mode status -d get/set using_dma flag -D enable/disable drive defect-mgmt -E set cd-rom drive speed -f flush buffer cache for device on exit -g display drive geometry -h display terse usage information -i display drive identification -I detailed/current information directly from drive -Istdin similar to -I, but wants /proc/ide/*/hd?/identify as input -k get/set keep_settings_over_reset flag (0/1) -K set drive keep_features_over_reset flag (0/1) -L set drive doorlock (0/1) (removable harddisks only) -M get/set acoustic management (0-254, 128: quiet, 254: fast) (EXPERIMENTAL) -m get/set multiple sector count -n get/set ignore-write-errors flag (0/1) -p set PIO mode on IDE interface chipset (0,1,2,3,4,...) -P set drive prefetch count -q change next setting quietly -Q get/set DMA tagged-queuing depth (if supported) -r get/set readonly flag (DANGEROUS to set) -R register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS) -S set standby (spindown) timeout -t perform device read timings -T perform cache read timings -u get/set unmaskirq flag (0/1) -U un-register an IDE interface
(DANGEROUS) -v defaults; same as -mcudkrag for IDE drives -V display program version and exit immediately -w perform device reset (DANGEROUS) -W set drive write-caching flag (0/1) (DANGEROUS) -x tristate device for hotswap (0/1) (DANGEROUS) -X set IDE xfer mode (DANGEROUS) -y put IDE drive in standby mode -Y put IDE drive to sleep -Z disable Seagate auto-powersaving mode -z re-read partition table |
測試 /dev/hda 這塊硬碟的cache與實際效能：
|
[root@linux root]# hdparm -Tt /dev/hda /dev/hda: Timing buffer-cache reads: 128 MB in 0.26 seconds =492.31 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 64 MB in 2.28 seconds = 28.07 MB/sec [root@linux root]# |
關閉 DMA 模式！
|
[root@linux root]# hdparm -d0 /dev/hda /dev/hda: setting using_dma to 0 (off) using_dma = 0 (off) [root@linux root]# |
開啟 DMA 模式在 DMA 66 ，並且開啟 32 位存取模式
|
[root@linux
root]# hdparm -d1 -c3 -X66 /dev/hda /dev/hda: setting 32-bit IO_support flag to 3 setting using_dma to 1 (on) setting xfermode to 66 (UltraDMA mode2) IO_support = 3 (32-bit w/sync) using_dma = 1 (on) [root@linux
root]# |
因為可能這個程序比較早，沒有後續版本，所以他只支持到66。
|
[root@linux root]# hdparm -d1 -c3 -X100 /dev/hda /dev/hda: setting 32-bit IO_support flag to 3 setting using_dma to 1 (on) setting xfermode to 100 (unknown, probably not valid) HDIO_DRIVE_CMD(setxfermode) failed: Input/output error IO_support = 3 (32-bit w/sync) using_dma = 1 (on) [root@linux root]# |
這是我的PC伺服器A：
CPU：P4
內存：512MB
硬碟：70GB （ATA133）
|
[root@linux root]# hdparm -d1 -Tt -c3 /dev/hda /dev/hda: setting 32-bit IO_support flag to 3 setting using_dma to 1 (on) IO_support = 3 (32-bit w/sync) using_dma = 1 (on) Timing buffer-cache reads: 128 MB in 0.25 seconds =512.00 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 64 MB in 2.28 seconds = 28.07 MB/sec [root@linux root]# |
這是一台深圳產的寶德PC伺服器B：
CPU：P4
內存：1GB
ATA RAID 0 ：
|
[root@linux root]# hdparm -d1 -Tt -c3 /dev/sda /dev/sda: operation not supported on SCSI disks [root@linux root]# [root@linux root]# hdparm -Tt /dev/sda /dev/sda: Timing buffer-cache reads: 128 MB in 0.33 seconds =392.46 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 64 MB in 1.00 seconds = 63.87 MB/sec [root@linux root]# hdparm -Tt /dev/sda /dev/sda: Timing buffer-cache reads: 128 MB in 0.33 seconds =392.46 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 64 MB in 1.02 seconds = 62.77 MB/sec [root@linux root]# |
上面兩台PC伺服器，A最近配置的，B是半年前配置的，從對比可以看出兩塊ATA100的RAID0，與單塊ATA133。前者慢，但我想如果用4塊硬碟做RAID 0 性能一定會超過A
2.9 安全的TCP/IP聯接
2.9.1 使用SSL進行安全的TCP/IP聯接
1. 設置用戶信息：
|
[root@linux8 root]# su - postgres -bash-2.05b$ ls data initdb.i18n -bash-2.05b$ cd data/ -bash-2.05b$ ls base pg_clog pg_ident.conf pg_xlog postmaster.opts global pg_hba.conf PG_VERSION postgresql.conf postmaster.pid -bash-2.05b$ openssl req -new -text -out server.req Using configuration from /usr/share/ssl/openssl.cnf Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key ....++++++ ............................................................++++++ writing new private key to 'privkey.pem' Enter PEM pass phrase: Verifying password - Enter PEM pass phrase: ----- You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [GB]:CN State
or Province Name (full name) [ Locality
Name (eg, city) [Newbury]:Shen Zhen Organization Name (eg, company) [My Company Ltd]:Open Source Organization Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:technical Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:www.9812.net Email Address []:openunix@163.com Please enter the following 'extra' attributes to be sent with your certificate request A challenge password []:chen An optional
company name []:netkiller -bash-2.05b$ ls base pg_clog pg_ident.conf pg_xlog postmaster.opts privkey.pem global pg_hba.conf PG_VERSION postgresql.conf postmaster.pid server.req -bash-2.05b$ |
注意上面的server.req檔案，我們來看看它的內容：
|
-bash-2.05b$ cat server.req Certificate Request: Data: Version: 0 (0x0) Subject: C=CN, ST=Guang Zhou, L=Shen Zhen, O=Open Source Organization, OU=technical, CN=www.9812.net/Email=openunix@163.com Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption RSA Public Key: (1024 bit) Modulus (1024 bit):
00:a5:30:
0b:de:97:d0:
1b:f4:c7:9d:65:
57:f5:89:91:2e:80:
a3:a3:3d:76:da:89:c0:33:29:c5:a5:8b:
f4:3b:f3:7d:54:d4:65:fa:c8:c0:
03:8e:f0:61:d9:70:cf:fa:dd:e2:04:
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001) Attributes: challengePassword :chen unstructuredName :netkiller Signature Algorithm: md5WithRSAEncryption
09:
f5: 86:74:2e:2b:eb:ec:23:3b:dc:02:25:29:02:74:e7:92:76:ed: 34:e1:63:e9:ef:dc:12:33:31:84:31:ce:b3:d4:f2:49:92:a5:
a5:26:a2:d2:49:c3:7e:69:c7:1b:73:bb:59:8d:
4b:c4:41:02:b1: 85:75 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST----- MIICFzCCAYACAQAwgacxCzAJBgNVBAYTAkNOMRMwEQYDVQQIEwpHdWFuZyBaaG91 MRIwEAYDVQQHEwlTaGVuIFpoZW4xITAfBgNVBAoTGE9wZW4gU291cmNlIE9yZ2Fu aXphdGlvbjESMBAGA1UECxMJdGVjaG5pY2FsMRUwEwYDVQQDEwx3d3cuOTgxMi5u ZXQxITAfBgkqhkiG9w0BCQEWEm5ldGtpbGxlckA5ODEyLm5ldDCBnzANBgkqhkiG 9w0BAQEFAAOBjQAwgYkCgYEApTCa73WfQEDukE 9MedZXpT19d86iWPvrBX9YmRLoBM//GWHkIGAWSfmGkkwX/mDKWuuZxMKdujoz12 2onAMynFpYt64eX0O/N9VNRl+sjAHBEHHCQDjvBh2XDP+t3iBEoxwmMqX0TsSGgw RI0CAwEAAaAvMBMGCSqGSIb3DQEJBzEGEwRjaGVuMBgGCSqGSIb3DQEJAjELEwlu ZXRraWxsZXIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEEBQADgYEACUoc cA1fKGOCeTlrpa4Ce4fLhnQuK+vsIzvcAiUpAnTnknbtNOFj6e/cEjMxhDHOs9Ty SZKlLF4KPXP4H5WPcfkt7utKnIwTpSai0knDfmnHG3O7WY2cv92sS8RBArE8psnJ 6wCzdS3iqymzhXU= -----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST----- |
2. 生產秘鑰檔案：
|
-bash-2.05b$ openssl rsa -in privkey.pem -out server.key read RSA key Enter PEM pass phrase: writing RSA key -bash-2.05b$ ls base pg_clog pg_ident.conf pg_xlog postmaster.opts privkey.pem server.req global pg_hba.conf PG_VERSION postgresql.conf postmaster.pid server.key -bash-2.05b$ |
注意上面的privkey.pem ，server.key檔案，我們來看看它們的內容：
|
-bash-2.05b$ cat privkey.pem -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED DEK-Info:
DES-EDE3-CBC,EE59B06E C8RnlMX5tF7CRdx/jxHk/2D4SUu+PVNfphwDbsytmUJIx5qMQAHxCy+NdIDZX AWIwaShdwFOaP6CMwrzBav54DW1/IlbF688X3DA6xUY1+ZvV4RU4t1O6EhEPINth 1KBqgtSw8lnu6HQa6aIFvZ lNxYjNTxSjA9x5IBzyJpaJJk kpLqfzx/wAaJxReB/EP95jLVkEmzyi6rqzsBLLgAl6mxGGN5kT34lfK4v9xuRWRz J2AlBJnloq8NTE48N sFYcrAhBGCK+4OXjn717AYeAYw+/JPrX0ZuDVFogVKNB9x/S15+y8yh2AgIUjpJ/ BOZ3LCxXyFznu4yBvxNoTOJT2xWuAXVk5AI3UftOfBAvRZdayAwh6LdoNG77ead1 hNwIAvS5LUiLG8KeAbQHlJuh51YCpmEBCsTqrZybMNoEAiCg0Gn/5tE5cfVmH3Ei LjhCTtRJ6oGx6dsYaY +z MlxPL1T4P3xEANG7hOlsabBiQ2kyCq1iiJCHBlfXxIm ErS68kMbv+Y5Tr+X3Ml1AMNEEU5YAn/O1wSoL5Cz0nIpKeknKAl/vA== -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY----- -bash-2.05b$ cat server.key -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- MIICXAIBAAKBgQClMJrvdZ9AQO6QTgb39wvel9AaLkjvTHvCzfL0MBv0x51lelPX 13zqJY++sFf1iZEugEz/8ZYeQgYBZJ+YaSTBf+YMpa65nEwp26OjPXbaicAzKcWl i3rh5fQ7831U1GX6yMAcEQccJAOO8GHZcM/63eIESjHCYypfROxIaDBEjQIDAQAB AoGABMbGBByLkUkPXN7UtsDO+A29t7QU SK1EpGqTT2dF5vQTxmCJeNe5d078YIFCbIQckgG2hLSsRyV8QclSguJLC5Tgvzua tTFdVH50UbyAtkifiR3wt5qBuIjtxz/v0ePJ2EdhcdCAqQUCQQDUarpjOof/hTKb wwOyJIVDycQs27dF+LiGD6YxD97WC6iZR5u7YukqzJk+GXi9EbjdQzybkp1oxDuF LQAFXJoDAkEAxxVCo1MgYiKtc2lqSr/q2j1R//sPQq5ajv7pvU1WGhx3xS2iZt /jzNx6ZUG7hxd5gi KAKesYixklPRHEYgRpGvBUhvkjeLt6wAdAM4GhPY1cJgQGTUBIIFD4azoQJAVjap xgrwoi78SFelVTupW9tkUGOL50eUJgrUdEsyd1pOr9AkXUJva9svDj/EesC0OqNi sp9zm8VvGJDdAlGttwJBAMEnnl9ZGglIBRbS7srVLHhXFYs+xkQgTW6bvcQ+aW+G MW/vpVcsFzSuaAtlBVoZ1ltCRGPSbVgQkp14yqGITQg= -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY----- |
上面的privkey.pem ，server.key檔案內容一看就知道是BASE64編碼的，我對它的內容也很好奇，將它解碼看看內容是什麼：
|
0?\[1][1]亖?泛u烜@類N鼢 迼?.H風{巒螋0羥漞zS鬃|?従癢鯄?€L駯‑Bd煒i$??ギ箿L)郟?v趬?)鈕媧徨?髛T詄? $
|
看來是二制的，哈哈。
3. 產生證書檔案：
|
-bash-2.05b$ openssl req -x509 -in server.req -text -key server.key -out server. crt Using configuration from /usr/share/ssl/openssl.cnf -bash-2.05b$ -bash-2.05b$ cat server.crt Certificate: Data: Version: 3 (0x2) Serial Number: 0 (0x0) Signature Algorithm: md5WithRSAEncryption Issuer: C=CN, ST=Guang Zhou, L=Shen Zhen, O=Open Source Organization, OU=technical, CN=www.9812.net/Email=openunix@163.com Validity Not Before: Oct 25 01:13:05 2003 GMT Not After : Nov 24 01:13:05 2003 GMT Subject: C=CN, ST=Guang Zhou, L=Shen Zhen, O=Open Source Organization, OU=technical, CN=www.9812.net/Email=openunix@163.com Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption RSA Public Key: (1024 bit) Modulus (1024 bit):
00:a5:30:
0b:de:97:d0:
1b:f4:c7:9d:65:
57:f5:89:91:2e:80:
a3:a3:3d:76:da:89:c0:33:29:c5:a5:8b:
f4:3b:f3:7d:54:d4:65:fa:c8:c0:
03:8e:f0:61:d9:70:cf:fa:dd:e2:04:
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
X509v3 extensions: X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
93: X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:93: DirName:/C=CN/ST=Guang Zhou/L=Shen Zhen/O=Open Source Organization/OU=technical/CN=www.9812.net/Email=openunix@163.com serial:00 X509v3 Basic Constraints: CA:TRUE Signature Algorithm: md5WithRSAEncryption
34:
51:49:d2:91:fc:eb:40:
9b:d0:0e:0d:b4:4b:65:c5:ae:bf:ed:fa:ff:
3d:e7:c9:dd:e8:d6:8d: c6:55 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIID0DCCAzmgAwIBAgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQQFADCBpzELMAkGA1UEBhMCQ04x EzARBgNVBAgTCkd1YW5nIFpob3UxEjAQBgNVBAcTCVNoZW4gWmhlbjEhMB8GA1UE ChMYT3BlbiBTb3VyY2UgT3JnYW5pemF0aW9uMRIwEAYDVQQLEwl0ZWNobmljYWwx FTATBgNVBAMTDHd3dy45ODEyLm5ldDEhMB8GCSqGSIb3DQEJARYSbmV QDk4MTIubmV0MB4XDTAzMTAyNTAxMTMwNVoXDTAzMTEyNDAxMTMwNVowgacxCzAJ BgNVBAYTAkNOMRMwEQYDVQQIEwpHdWFuZyBaaG91MRIwEAYDVQQHEwlTaGVuIFpo ZW4xITAfBgNVBAoTGE9wZW4gU291cmNlIE9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjESMBAGA1UECxMJ dGVjaG5pY2FsMRUwEwYDVQQDEwx3d3cuOTgxMi5uZXQxITAfBgkqhkiG9w0BCQEW Em5ldGtpbGxlckA5ODEyLm5ldDCBnzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOBjQAwgYkCgYEA pTCa73WfQEDukE LoBM//GWHkIGAWSfmGkkwX/mDKWuuZxMKdujoz122onAMynFpYt64eX0O/N9VNRl +sjAHBEHHCQDjvBh2XDP+t3iBEoxwmMqX0TsSGgwRI0CAwEAAaOCAQgwggEEMB A1UdDgQWBBSTT9VBSsqigxnDXb5Y5kVwfpWlCjCB1AYDVR0jBIHMMIHJgBSTT9VB SsqigxnDXb5Y5kVwfpWlCqGBraSBqjCBpzELMAkGA1UEBhMCQ04xEzARBgNVBAgT Ckd1YW5nIFpob3UxEjAQBgNVBAcTCVNoZW4gWmhlbjEhMB8GA1UEChMYT3BlbiBT b3VyY2UgT3JnYW5pemF0aW9uMRIwEAYDVQQLEwl0ZWNobmljYWwxFTATBgNVBAMT DHd3dy45ODEyLm5ldDEhMB8GCSqGSIb3DQEJARYSbmV ggEAMAwGA1UdEwQFMAMBAf8wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEEBQADgYEAP/GZiTfsG4DixjqO 7eiUuHAQNBya7/e+twVR9KLLA0703W9zUUnSkfzrQDwwVLbwqqHo1DOym9AODbRL ZcWuv+36/xzmHapBT9p2eld9jfUbF2X8Y0/b3UUzPefJ3ejWjW+l15faf88JFasv CvNw4NDTUJAFeJKsihd4I7dmxlU= -----END CERTIFICATE----- -bash-2.05b$ |
4. 權限方面：
刪除rm privkey.pem檔案，server.key權限設為600
|
-bash-2.05b$ rm privkey.pem -bash-2.05b$ chmod og-rwx server.key -bash-2.05b$ ls -l total 56 drwx------ 10 postgres postgres 4096 Oct 23 12:03 base drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Oct 25 08:35 global drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Jul 8 17:01 pg_clog -rw------- 1 postgres postgres 2714 Jul 8 17:57 pg_hba.conf -rw------- 1 postgres postgres 1441 Jul 8 17:01 pg_ident.conf -rw------- 1 postgres postgres 4 Jul 8 17:01 PG_VERSION drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Oct 15 01:03 pg_xlog -rw------- 1 postgres postgres 5336 Oct 24 17:01 postgresql.conf -rw------- 1 postgres postgres 32 Oct 25 08:35 postmaster.opts -rw------- 1 postgres postgres 44 Oct 25 08:35 postmaster.pid -rw-r--r-- 1 postgres postgres 3670 Oct 25 09:13 server.crt -rw------- 1 postgres postgres 887 Oct 25 09:04 server.key -rw-r--r-- 1 postgres postgres 2377 Oct 25 08:59 server.req -bash-2.05b$ |
5. 配置postgresql.conf檔案：
開啟SSL。將#ssl = false改為ssl = true
|
-bash-2.05b$ vi postgresql.conf ssl = true |
我的postgresql.conf檔案：
|
-bash-2.05b$ cat postgresql.conf # # PostgreSQL configuration file # ----------------------------- # # This file consists of lines of the form: # # name = value # # (The '=' is optional.) White space may be used. Comments are introduced # with '#' anywhere on a line. The complete list of option names and # allowed values can be found in the PostgreSQL documentation. The # commented-out settings shown in this file represent the default values. # # Any option can also be given as a command line switch to the # postmaster, e.g. 'postmaster -c log_connections=on'. Some options # can be changed at run-time with the 'SET' SQL command. # # This file is read on postmaster startup and when the postmaster # receives a SIGHUP. If you edit the file on a running system, you have # to SIGHUP the postmaster for the changes to take effect, or use # "pg_ctl reload". #======================================================================== # # Connection Parameters # #tcpip_socket = false tcpip_socket = true #ssl = false ssl = true #max_connections = 32 max_connections = 100 #superuser_reserved_connections = 2 #port = 5432 #hostname_lookup = false #show_source_port = false #unix_socket_directory = '' #unix_socket_group = '' #unix_socket_permissions = 0777 # octal #virtual_host = '' #krb_server_keyfile = '' # # Shared Memory Size # #shared_buffers = 64 # min max_connections*2 or 16, 8KB each shared_buffers = 200 # min max_connections*2 or 16, 8KB each #max_fsm_relations = 1000 # min 10, fsm is free space map, ~40 bytes #max_fsm_pages = 10000 # min 1000, fsm is free space map, ~6 bytes #max_locks_per_transaction = 64 # min 10 #wal_buffers = 8 # min 4, typically 8KB each # # Non-shared Memory Sizes # #sort_mem = 1024 # min 64, size in KB #vacuum_mem = 8192 # min 1024, size in KB # # Write-ahead log (WAL) # #checkpoint_segments = 3 # in logfile segments, min 1, 16MB each #checkpoint_timeout = 300 # range 30-3600, in seconds # #commit_delay = 0 # range 0-100000, in microseconds #commit_siblings = 5 # range 1-1000 # #fsync = true #wal_sync_method = fsync # the default varies across platforms: # # fsync, fdatasync, open_sync, or open_datasync #wal_debug = 0 # range 0-16 # # Optimizer Parameters # #enable_seqscan = true #enable_indexscan = true #enable_tidscan = true #enable_sort = true #enable_nestloop = true #enable_mergejoin = true #enable_hashjoin = true #effective_cache_size = 1000 # typically 8KB each #random_page_cost = 4 # units are one sequential page fetch cost #cpu_tuple_cost = 0.01 # (same) #cpu_index_tuple_cost = 0.001 # (same) #cpu_operator_cost = 0.0025 # (same) #default_statistics_target = 10 # range 1-1000 # # GEQO Optimizer Parameters # #geqo = true #geqo_selection_bias = 2.0 # range 1.5-2.0 #geqo_threshold = 11 #geqo_pool_size = 0 # default based on tables in statement, # range 128-1024 #geqo_effort = 1 #geqo_generations = 0 #geqo_random_seed = -1 # auto-compute seed # # Message display # #server_min_messages = notice # Values, in order of decreasing detail: # debug5, debug4, debug3, debug2, debug1, # info, notice, warning, error, log, fatal, # panic #client_min_messages = notice # Values, in order of decreasing detail: # debug5, debug4, debug3, debug2, debug1, # log, info, notice, warning, error #silent_mode = false #log_connections = false #log_pid = false #log_statement = false #log_duration = false #log_timestamp = false #log_min_error_statement = panic # Values in order of increasing severity: # debug5, debug4, debug3, debug2, debug1, # info, notice, warning, error, panic(off) #debug_print_parse = false #debug_print_rewritten = false #debug_print_plan = false #debug_pretty_print = false #explain_pretty_print = true # requires USE_ASSERT_CHECKING #debug_assertions = true # # Syslog # #syslog = 0 # range 0-2 #syslog_facility = 'LOCAL0' #syslog_ident = 'postgres' # # Statistics # #show_parser_stats = false #show_planner_stats = false #show_executor_stats = false #show_statement_stats = false # requires BTREE_BUILD_STATS #show_btree_build_stats = false # # Access statistics collection # #stats_start_collector = true #stats_reset_on_server_start = true #stats_command_string = false #stats_row_level = false #stats_block_level = false # # Lock Tracing # #trace_notify = false # requires LOCK_DEBUG #trace_locks = false #trace_userlocks = false #trace_lwlocks = false #debug_deadlocks = false #trace_lock_oidmin = 16384 #trace_lock_table = 0 # # Misc # #autocommit = true #dynamic_library_path = '$libdir' #search_path = '$user,public' #datestyle = 'iso, us' #timezone = unknown # actually, defaults to TZ environment setting #australian_timezones = false #client_encoding = sql_ascii # actually, defaults to database encoding #authentication_timeout = 60 # 1-600, in seconds #deadlock_timeout = 1000 # in milliseconds #default_transaction_isolation = 'read committed' #max_expr_depth = 10000 # min 10 #max_files_per_process = 1000 # min 25 #password_encryption = true #sql_inheritance = true #transform_null_equals = false #statement_timeout = 0 # 0 is disabled, in milliseconds #db_user_namespace = false # # Locale settings # # (initialized by initdb -- may be changed) LC_MESSAGES = 'en_US.UTF-8' LC_MONETARY = 'en_US.UTF-8' LC_NUMERIC = 'en_US.UTF-8' LC_TIME = 'en_US.UTF-8' |
6. 測試SSL
|
[root@linux root]# psql -h 127.0.0.1 -Uchen member Welcome
to psql Type: \copyright for distribution terms \h for help with SQL commands \? for help on internal slash commands \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query \q to quit member=> \q [root@linux root]# service postgresql restart [ OK ] Starting postgresql service: [ OK ] [root@linux root] [root@linux root]# psql -h 127.0.0.1 -Uchen member Welcome
to psql Type: \copyright for distribution terms \h for help with SQL commands \? for help on internal slash commands \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query \q to quit SSL
connection (cipher: EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA, bits: 168) member=> |
登陸後下方顯示SSL connection (cipher: EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA, bits: 168)恭喜你成功了！
伺服器將在同一個 TCP 連接埠上同時監聽標準的和SSL的聯接，並且將與任何正在聯接的客戶端進行協商，協商是否使用SSL．參閲 Chapter 19 獲取如何強制伺服器端只使用SSL進行某些聯接的信息．這段引用http://www.pgsqldb.org/pgsqldoc-cvs/ssl-tcp.html
7. 配置pg_hba.conf強制使用SSL聯接：
|
-bash-2.05b$ vi pg_hba.conf hostssl all all 127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 md5 |
8. 連接測試：
|
[root@linux8 root]# service postgresql restart [ OK ] Starting postgresql service: [ OK ] [root@linux8 root]# psql -h 127.0.0.1 -Uchen member Welcome
to psql Type: \copyright for distribution terms \h for help with SQL commands \? for help on internal slash commands \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query \q to quit SSL connection (cipher: EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA, bits: 168) member=> |
我的pg_hba.conf檔案：
|
-bash-2.05b$ cat pg_hba.conf # PostgreSQL Client Authentication Configuration File # =================================================== # # Refer to the PostgreSQL Administrator's Guide, chapter "Client # Authentication" for a complete description. A short synopsis # follows. # # This file controls: which hosts are allowed to connect, how clients # are authenticated, which PostgreSQL user names they can use, which # databases they can access. Records take one of three forms: # # local DATABASE USER METHOD [OPTION] # host DATABASE USER IP-ADDRESS IP-MASK METHOD [OPTION] # hostssl DATABASE USER IP-ADDRESS IP-MASK METHOD [OPTION] # # (The uppercase quantities should be replaced by actual values.) # DATABASE can be "all", "sameuser", "samegroup", a database name (or # a comma-separated list thereof), or a file name prefixed with "@". # USER can be "all", an actual user name or a group name prefixed with # "+" or a list containing either. IP-ADDRESS and IP-MASK specify the # set of hosts the record matches. METHOD can be "trust", "reject", # "md5", "crypt", "password", "krb4", "krb5", "ident", or "pam". Note # that "password" uses clear-text passwords; "md5" is preferred for # encrypted passwords. OPTION is the ident map or the name of the PAM # service. # # This file is read on server startup and when the postmaster receives # a SIGHUP signal. If you edit the file on a running system, you have # to SIGHUP the postmaster for the changes to take effect, or use # "pg_ctl reload". # Put your actual configuration here # ---------------------------------- # # CAUTION: The default configuration allows any local user to connect # using any PostgreSQL user name, including the superuser, over either # Unix-domain sockets or TCP/IP. If you are on a multiple-user # machine, the default configuration is probably too liberal for you. # Change it to use something other than "trust" authentication. # # If you want to allow non-local connections, you need to add more # "host" records. Also, remember TCP/IP connections are only enabled # if you enable "tcpip_socket" in postgresql.conf. # TYPE DATABASE USER IP-ADDRESS IP-MASK METHOD local all all trust host all all 127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 trust # Using sockets credentials for improved security. Not available everywhere, # but works on Linux, *BSD (and probably some others) #local all all ident sameuser #host all all 127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 md5 #local all all trust #host all
all
hostssl all all 127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 md5 |
9. 注意事項：
1. 秘鑰和證書（server.key，server.crt）必須放在data目前中，即與postgresql.conf同在一個目錄中
2. server.key權限必須設為600，所有者為postgres，否則會提示你權限或用戶、組不正確。
3. 刪除privkey.pem檔案
2.9.2 使用SSH進行安全TCP/IP聯接
ＳＳＨ幫助信息，注意-L、-R兩個參數：
|
[chen@linux chen]$ ssh --help Usage: ssh [options] host [command] Options: -l user Log in using this user name. -n Redirect input from /dev/null. -F config Config file (default: ~/.ssh/config). -A Enable authentication agent forwarding. -a Disable authentication agent forwarding (default). -X Enable X11 connection forwarding. -x Disable X11 connection forwarding (default). -i file Identity for public key authentication (default: ~/.ssh/identity) -t Tty; allocate a tty even if command is given. -T Do not allocate a tty. -v Verbose; display verbose debugging messages. Multiple -v increases verbosity. -V Display version number only. -P Don't allocate a privileged port. -q Quiet; don't display any warning messages. -f Fork into background after authentication. -e char Set escape character; ``none'' = disable (default: ~). -c cipher Select encryption algorithm -m macs Specify MAC algorithms for protocol version 2. -p port Connect to this port. Server must be on the same port. -L listen-port:host:port Forward local port to remote address -R listen-port:host:port Forward remote port to local address These cause ssh to listen for connections on a port, and forward them to the other side by connecting to host:port. -D port Enable dynamic application-level port forwarding. -C Enable compression. -N Do not execute a shell or command. -g Allow remote hosts to connect to forwarded ports. -1
Force protocol version 1.
-2
Force protocol version 2. -4 Use IPv4 only. -6 Use IPv6 only. -o 'option' Process the option as if it was read from a configuration file. -s Invoke command (mandatory) as SSH2 subsystem. -b addr Local IP address. |
說明：
-L listen-port:host:port 轉發本地連接埠到遠程地址
-R listen-port:host:port 轉發遠程連接埠到本地地址
使用方法：
ssh –L 本地連接埠:連接PostgreSQL的host:5432 登錄用戶@要轉發的遠程主機
|
[root@linux8 root]# ssh –L 3333:localhost:5432 root@127.0.0.1 root@127.0.0.1’s password: Last login: Sat Oct 25 09:27:30 2003 from 192.168.1.2 [root@linux8 root]# psql –p3333 –Uchen psql: could not connect to server: No such file or directory Is the server running locally and accepting
Connections on Unix domain socket “/tmp/.s.PGSQL [root@linux8 root]# psql –p3333 –Uchen member psql: could not connect to server: No such file or directory Is the server running locally and accepting
Connections on Unix domain socket “/tmp/.s.PGSQL [root@linux8 root]# psql –h 127.0.0.1 –p3333 –Uchen member Welcome
to psql Type: \copyright for distribution terms \h for help with SQL commands \? For help on internal slash commands \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query \q to quit SSL connection (cipher: EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA, bits: 168) Member=> |
注意：我上面用了SSH+SSL。伺服器àSSHàSSL-------Fast Ethernet------ SSLàSSHà客戶端
實例：
請看上面圖片，現在假設server1應用伺服器，server2是資料庫數據伺服器。現在要從server1連接通過SSH連接server2。
server1環境：
IP：192.168.0.1
域名：client.9812.net
server2環境：
IP：192.168.0.2
域名：server.9812.net
SSH命令：
登陸server1輸入命令
server1$ ssh -f –n –L 8000:server.9812.net:5432 server.9812.net
server1$ psql –h 127.0.0.1 –p 8000 –Unetkiller mydb
2.10 連接ipv6主機
控制台1：
|
login as: root Sent username "root" root@192.168.1.4's password: Last login: Sun Dec 28 13:07:40 2003 from 192.168.1.3 [root@linux9 root]# ifconfig eth0 Link
encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00: inet addr:192.168.1.4 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80:: UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:34364 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:29074 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:22502007 (21.4 Mb) TX bytes:3561608 (3.3 Mb) Interrupt:10 Base address:0x10e0 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:114 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:114 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:10918 (10.6 Kb) TX bytes:10918 (10.6 Kb) [root@linux9 root]# ifconfig eth0 inet6 add 3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1/64 [root@linux9 root]# ifconfig eth0 Link
encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00: inet addr:192.168.1.4 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: 3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1/64 Scope:Global
inet6 addr: fe80:: UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:34392 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:29106 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:22503903 (21.4 Mb) TX bytes:3565060 (3.3 Mb) Interrupt:10 Base address:0x10e0 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:114 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:114 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:10918 (10.6 Kb) TX bytes:10918 (10.6 Kb) [root@linux9 root]# [root@linux9 root]# ping6 3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1 64 bytes from 3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.863 ms 64 bytes from 3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.099 ms 64 bytes from 3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.086 ms 64 bytes from 3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.080 ms 64 bytes from 3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.124 ms --- 3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1 ping statistics --- 5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4011ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.080/0.250/0.863/0.307 ms [root@linux9 root]# |
測試：
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[root@linux classes]# ssh -6 chen@::1 chen@::1's password: [chen@linux chen]$ |
控制台2：
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[root@linux9 root]# service postgresql start Initializing database: [ OK ] Starting postgresql service: [ OK ] [root@linux9 root]# su postgres bash-2.05b$ createdb -E unicode CREATE DATABASE bash-2.05b$ psql -l List of databases Name | Owner | Encoding -----------+----------+----------- postgres | postgres | UNICODE template0 | postgres | SQL_ASCII template1 | postgres | SQL_ASCII (3 rows) bash-2.05b$ psql Welcome
to psql Type: \copyright for distribution terms \h for help with SQL commands \? for help on internal slash commands \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query \q to quit postgres=# \q 配置pg_hba.conf bash-2.05b$ vi /var/lib/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf local all all ident sameuser host all all 3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1/64 trust |
3 數據定義（DDL）
3.1 日期時間常量
3.1.1 當前日期
current_date
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netkiller=> select current_date; date ------------ (1 row) netkiller=> |
3.1.2 當前時間
current_time
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netkiller=> select current_time; timetz -------------------- 19:38:47.270235+08 (1 row) netkiller=> |
3.1.3 當前日期時間
current_timestamp
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netkiller=> select current_timestamp; timestamptz ------------------------------- 2003-11-28 19:39:25.548505+08 (1 row) netkiller=> |
3.1.4 除去時區
1. current_timestamp::timestamp (0)
2. current_timestamp::timestamp (0) without time zone;
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netkiller=> select current_timestamp::timestamp (0); timestamp --------------------- 2003-11-28 19:44:33 (1 row) netkiller=> netkiller=> select current_timestamp::timestamp (0) without time zone; timestamp --------------------- 2003-11-28 19:40:10 (1 row) netkiller=> |
3.1.5 計算時間差
|
netkiller=>
select to_date(' ?column? ---------- 1 (1 row) netkiller=> netkiller=>
select to_date(' ?column? ---------- 61 (1 row) |
3.1.6 計算時間和
|
netkiller=>
select to_date(' |
3.1.7 date_part
|
netkiller=> select date_part('epoch', '2003-12-3 10:20:30' - timestamp '2003-12-1 02:00:00') ; date_part ----------- 202830 (1 row) netkiller=> select date_part('day', '2003-12-3 10:20:30' - timestamp '2003-12-1 02:00:00') ; date_part ----------- 2 (1 row) netkiller=> select date_part('hour', '2003-12-3 10:20:30' - timestamp '2003-12-1 02:00:00') ; date_part ----------- 8 (1 row) netkiller=> |
詳細使用方法請參考http://www.pgsqldb.org上的文檔。
3.2 漢字做欄位名
PostgreSQL是支持“區域”，“字符集支持”的，允許你使用本區域的字符集做為欄位名。但要注意，你的終端要支持該字符集支持。我這裡使用UNICODE，EUC_CN也適用。
Create table "組"(
"序號" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
"組名" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,
"描述" Varchar(255),
UNIQUE ("組名"),
PRIMARY KEY ("序號")
);
創建表：
|
member=> Create table "組"( member(> "序號" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE, member(> "組名" Varchar(20) NOT NULL, member(> "描述" Varchar(255), member(> UNIQUE ("組名"), member(> PRIMARY KEY ("序號") member(> ); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE will create implicit sequence '組_序號_seq' for SERIAL column '組.序號' NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index '組_pkey' for table '組' NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / UNIQUE will create implicit index '組_組名_key' for table '組' CREATE TABLE member=> \d List of relations Schema | Name | Type | Owner --------+--------------------+----------+------- public | group | table | chen public | group_id_seq | sequence | chen public | groupmember | table | chen public | groupmember_id_seq | sequence | chen public | role | table | chen public | role_id_seq | sequence | chen public | rolemember | table | chen public | rolemember_id_seq | sequence | chen public | system_log | table | chen public | system_log_id_seq | sequence | chen public | trust | table | chen public | trust_id_seq | sequence | chen public | user | table | chen public | user_id_seq | sequence | chen public | user_log | table | chen public | user_log_id_seq | sequence | chen public | userinfo | table | chen public | userinfo_id_seq | sequence | chen public | vgroup | view | chen public | vgroupmember | view | chen public | vsystem_log | view | chen public | vuser | view | chen public | 組 | table | chen public | 組_序號_seq | sequence | chen (24 rows) |
查看表結構：
|
member=> \d 組 Table "public.組" Column | Type | Modifiers --------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------- 序號 | integer | not null default nextval('public."組_序號_seq"'::text) 組名 | character varying(20) | not null 描述 | character varying(255) | Indexes: 組_pkey primary key btree ("序號"), 組_組名_key unique btree ("組名") |
插入數據：
|
member=> insert into 組(組名,描述) values('域用戶','9812.net域內用戶'); INSERT 110971 1 member=> insert into "組"("組名","描述") values('域用戶','9812.net域內用戶'); ERROR: Cannot insert a duplicate key into unique index 組_組名_key member=> insert into "組"("組名","描述") values('計算機維護組','維護計算機的用戶用戶'); INSERT 110973 1 |
查看數據：
|
member=> select * from 組; 序號 | 組名 | 描述 --------+--------------------+-------------------------------- 1 | 域用戶 | 9812.net域內用戶 3 | 計算機維護組 | 維護計算機的用戶用戶 (2 rows) member=> select * from "組"; 序號 | 組名 | 描述 --------+--------------------+-------------------------------- 1 | 域用戶 | 9812.net域內用戶 3 | 計算機維護組 | 維護計算機的用戶用戶 (2 rows) |
註：在操作非英文欄位的表時。建議最好前，後加上“"”，“"”符號。並非所有API都支持非英文的編碼。
3.3 “：：”數據轉換
PostgreSQL 數據之間的轉換可以使用“：：”操作符。
3.3.1 text to varchar
vperson 表gender欄位為布爾型（boolean）在視圖中要顯示為true顯示為“先生”，false顯示為“女士”CASE WHEN 表達式應該是：
CASE WHEN p.gender = true THEN '先生' ELSE '女士' END as gender,
直接使用'先生', '女士' PostgreSQL認為' '中間的字元為text類型，請看下面：
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postgres=# CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vperson AS postgres-# SELECT p.uid,p.name, postgres-# CASE WHEN p.gender = true THEN '先生' ELSE '女士' END as gender, postgres-# p.nickname,p.mobile,p.tel,p.fax,p.email,p.province,p.city,p.addre ss,p.postalcode postgres-# FROM "person" p postgres-# Order By p.uid; CREATE VIEW postgres=# \dv vperson List of relations Schema | Name | Type | Owner --------+---------+------+---------- public | vperson | view | postgres (1 row) postgres=# \d person Table "public.person" Column | Type | Modifiers -------------+------------------------+---------------------- uid | integer | not null default 0 name | character varying(20) | not null gender | boolean | not null default 'F' nickname | character varying(20) | mobile | character varying(13) | tel | character varying(20) | not null fax | character varying(20) | email | character varying(60) | province | character varying(10) | not null city | character varying(10) | not null address | character varying(255) | not null postalcode | character varying(6) | not null rate | character varying(20) | default '0' bank | character varying(20) | not null default '' bankaccount | character varying(20) | not null default '' Indexes: person_pkey primary key btree (uid) Check constraints: "person_rate" ((((((rate = '0'::character varying) OR (rate = '1'::character varying)) OR (rate = '2'::character varying)) OR (rate = '3'::character varying)) OR (rate = '4'::character varying)) OR (rate = '5'::character varying)) postgres=# postgres=# \d vperson View "public.vperson" Column | Type | Modifiers ------------+------------------------+----------- uid | integer | name | character varying(20) | gender | text | nickname | character varying(20) | mobile | character varying(13) | tel | character varying(20) | fax | character varying(20) | email | character varying(60) | province | character varying(10) | city | character varying(10) | address | character varying(255) | postalcode | character varying(6) | View definition: SELECT p.uid, p.name, CASE WHEN (p.gender = true) THEN '先生':: text
ELSE '女士'::text l, p.province, p.city, p.address, p.postalcode FROM person p ORDER BY p.uid; |
使用“：：”將test 轉為varchar：
CASE WHEN p.gender = true THEN '先生'::varchar(2) ELSE '女士'::varchar(2) END as gender,
例：
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vperson AS
SELECT p.uid,p.name,
CASE WHEN p.gender = true THEN '先生'::varchar(2) ELSE '女士'::varchar(2) END as gender,
p.nickname,p.mobile,p.tel,p.fax,p.email,p.province,p.city,p.address,p.postalcode
FROM "person" p
Order By p.uid;
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postgres=# drop view vperson ; DROP VIEW postgres=# CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vperson AS postgres-# SELECT p.uid,p.name, postgres-# CASE WHEN p.gender = true THEN '先生'::varchar(2) ELSE '女士'::varchar(2) END as gender, postgres-# p.nickname,p.mobile,p.tel,p.fax,p.email,p.province,p.city,p.address,p.postalcode postgres-# FROM "person" p postgres-# Order By p.uid; CREATE VIEW postgres=# \d vperson View "public.vperson" Column | Type | Modifiers ------------+------------------------+----------- uid | integer | name | character varying(20) | gender | character varying(2) | nickname | character varying(20) | mobile | character varying(13) | tel | character varying(20) | fax | character varying(20) | email | character varying(60) | province | character varying(10) | city | character varying(10) | address | character varying(255) | postalcode | character varying(6) | View definition: SELECT p.uid, p.name, CASE WHEN (p.gender = true) THEN ('先生'::character varying)::character varying(2) ELSE ('女士'::character varying)::character varying(2) END AS gender, p.nickname, p.mobile, p.tel, p.fax, p.email, p.province, p.city, p.address, p.postalcode FROM person p ORDER BY p.uid; postgres=# |
3.4 序列
3.4.1 等差列
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'Region'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
DROP TABLE region;
DROP SEQUENCE region_id_seq;
DROP INDEX region_id_index;
DROP VIEW vregion;
CREATE TABLE region (
id integer DEFAULT nextval('region_id_seq') NOT NULL,
region varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
description text ,
note text ,
remark text ,
create_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
modify_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE (id,region)
);
CREATE SEQUENCE region_id_seq;
CREATE INDEX region_id_index ON region (id);
CREATE VIEW vregion AS
SELECT pv.id,pv.region,pv.description,pv.note,pv.remark,to_char(pv.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date
FROM region pv
ORDER BY pv.id;
3.4.2 “1，2，3，4，5，6，7，8，9…”
DROP SEQUENCE region_id_seq;
CREATE SEQUENCE region_id_seq;
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member=> insert into region(region) values('廣西'); INSERT 111264 1 member=> member=> insert into region(region) values('貴州'); INSERT 111265 1 member=> member=> insert into region(region) values('海南'); INSERT 111266 1 member=> member=> insert into region(region) values('河北'); INSERT 111267 1 member=> member=> insert into region(region) values('河南'); INSERT 111268 1 member=> member=> insert into region(region) values('黑龍江'); INSERT 111269 1 member=> select * from vregion ; id | region | description | note | remark | date ----+--------+-------------+------+--------+--------------------- 1 | 安徽 | | | | 2003-11-01 10:44:26 2 | 北京 | | | | 2003-11-01 10:44:26 3 | 重慶 | | | | 2003-11-01 10:44:26 4 | 福建 | | | | 2003-11-01 10:44:26 5 | 甘肅 | | | | 2003-11-01 10:44:26 6 | 廣東 | | | | 2003-11-01 10:44:26 7 | 廣西 | | | | 2003-11-01 10:44:26 8 | 貴州 | | | | 2003-11-01 10:44:26 9 | 海南 | | | | 2003-11-01 10:44:26 10 | 河北 | | | | 2003-11-01 10:44:26 11 | 河南 | | | | 2003-11-01 10:44:26 12 | 黑龍江 | | | | 2003-11-01 10:44:26 (12 rows) |
3.4.3 “1，3，5，7，9…”
DROP SEQUENCE region_id_seq;
Delete from region;
CREATE SEQUENCE region_id_seq INCREMENT 2 START 1;
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member=> DROP SEQUENCE region_id_seq; DROP SEQUENCE member=> Delete from region; DELETE 15 member=> member=> CREATE SEQUENCE region_id_seq INCREMENT 2 START 1; CREATE SEQUENCE member=> insert into region(region) values('廣東'); INSERT 111282 1 member=> member=> insert into region(region) values('廣西'); INSERT 111283 1 member=> member=> insert into region(region) values('貴州'); INSERT 111284 1 member=> member=> insert into region(region) values('海南'); INSERT 111285 1 member=> member=> insert into region(region) values('河北'); INSERT 111286 1 member=> member=> insert into region(region) values('河南'); INSERT 111287 1 member=> member=> insert into region(region) values('黑龍江'); INSERT 111288 1 member=> select * from region ; id | region | description | note | remark | create_date | modify_date ----+--------+-------------+------+--------+----------------------------+---------------------------- 1 | 安徽 | | | | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.004475 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.004475 3 | 北京 | | | | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.093188 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.093188 5 | 重慶 | | | | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.138582 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.138582 7 | 福建 | | | | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.166903 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.166903 9 | 甘肅 | | | | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.195132 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.195132 11 | 廣東 | | | | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.239133 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.239133 13 | 廣西 | | | | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.267372 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.267372 15 | 貴州 | | | | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.295643 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.295643 17 | 海南 | | | | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.324202 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.324202 19 | 河北 | | | | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.352543 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.352543 21 | 河南 | | | | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.381273 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.381273 23 | 黑龍江 | | | | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.415112 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.415112 (12 rows) |
3.4.4 “2，4，6，8，10…”
DROP SEQUENCE region_id_seq;
Delete from region;
CREATE SEQUENCE region_id_seq INCREMENT 2 START 2;
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member=> DROP SEQUENCE region_id_seq; ERROR: sequence "region_id_seq" does not exist member=> Delete from region; DELETE 0 member=> CREATE SEQUENCE region_id_seq INCREMENT 2 START 2; CREATE SEQUENCE member=> insert into region(region) values('安徽'); INSERT 111303 1 member=> insert into region(region) values('北京'); INSERT 111304 1 …… …… member=> insert into region(region) values('海南'); INSERT 111311 1 member=> insert into region(region) values('河北'); INSERT 111312 1 member=> select * from vregion; id | region | description | note | remark | date ----+--------+-------------+------+--------+--------------------- 2 | 安徽 | | | | 2003-11-01 12:00:28 4 | 北京 | | | | 2003-11-01 12:00:28 6 | 重慶 | | | | 2003-11-01 12:00:28 8 | 福建 | | | | 2003-11-01 12:00:28 10 | 甘肅 | | | | 2003-11-01 12:00:28 12 | 廣東 | | | | 2003-11-01 12:00:28 14 | 廣西 | | | | 2003-11-01 12:00:28 16 | 貴州 | | | | 2003-11-01 12:00:28 18 | 海南 | | | | 2003-11-01 12:00:28 20 | 河北 | | | | 2003-11-01 12:00:28 (10 rows) |
3.4.5 n1+n2
CREATE SEQUENCE region_id_seq INCREMENT n2 START n1;
3.5 約束
3.6 檢查約束
例子1：
有這樣一個需求，在很多電子商務網站上都要對用戶進行誠信評估，誠信分為五級（五個星），這樣就要求某欄位插入的數據0，1，2，3，4，5。“0”表示該用戶沒用評估。
-- ======================================================
-- 'trust'
-- ======================================================
Create table "trust"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
"uid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,
"rate" Varchar(20) Default '0' Check (rate in ('0','1','2','3','4','5')),
primary key ("id")
);
Alter table "trust" add foreign key ("uid") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;
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member=> Insert into trust (uid) values((select id from "user" where userid='netkiller')); INSERT 111237 1 member=> Insert into trust (uid,rate) values((select id from "user" where userid='netkiller'),5); INSERT 111220 1 member=> Insert into trust (uid,rate) values((select id from "user" where userid='netkiller'),2); INSERT 111236 1 member=> Insert into trust (uid,rate) values((select id from "user" where userid='netkiller'),6); ERROR: ExecInsert: rejected due to CHECK constraint "trust_rate" on "trust" member=> Insert into trust (uid,rate) values((select id from "user" where userid='netkiller'),10); ERROR: ExecInsert: rejected due to CHECK constraint "trust_rate" on "trust" member=> select * from trust; id | uid | rate ----+-----+------ 1 | 257 | 2 4 | 257 | 0 5 | 257 | 5 (3 rows) |
當插入數據不在枚舉的範圍內，提示ERROR: ExecInsert: rejected due to CHECK constraint "trust_rate" on "trust"。
例子2：
檢查某欄位，不允許出現數值，使用not in 來完成。
DROP TABLE ctoc.bid CASCADE;
CREATE TABLE ctoc.bid(
id Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
salesroom_id integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL, -- foreign key
bidder integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL, -- foreign key
price numeric(8,2) DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL,
quantity
Integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL Check (quantity not in ('0')),
created timestamp DEFAULT current_timestamp::timestamp (0) without time zone,
status boolean DEFAULT true,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
FOREIGN KEY (salesroom_id) REFERENCES ctoc.salesroom (id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE,
FOREIGN KEY (bidder) REFERENCES person (uid) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE
);
|
netkiller=> insert into ctoc.bid(salesroom_id,bidder,price,quantity,status) values(1,8,100,0,true); ERROR: ExecInsert: rejected due to CHECK constraint "bid_quantity" on "bid" |
3.7 非空約束
顯示的有note欄位為空的記錄：
member=> select * from vregion where note is null;
3.8 唯一約束
3.8.1 單欄位約束
這個例子對groupname欄位做唯一操作。
-- ======================================================
-- 'group'
-- ======================================================
Create table "group"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
"groupname" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,
"description"
Varchar(255),
UNIQUE (groupname),
PRIMARY KEY ("id")
);
測試：
|
member=> insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); INSERT 110497 1 member=> insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); ERROR: Cannot insert a duplicate key into unique index group_groupname_key member=> insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); ERROR: Cannot insert a duplicate key into unique index group_groupname_key |
Psql 命令行返回ERROR: Cannot insert a duplicate key into unique index group_groupname_key唯一約束成功。
3.8.2 多個欄位組合約束
UNIQUE (rid,uid)中有多個參數，是對rid,uid組合約束。
例如：
1，1
1，2
是正確的
1，1
2，1
也是正確的
2，1
1，1
2，2
1，2
1，1
不正確的不允許插入數據“1，1”，數據“1，1”出現了兩次，所以要同時滿足rid,uid兩個條件。
三個欄位以上組合：
1,1,1
1,1,2
1,2,1
2,1,2
2,1,1
2,2,2
正確可以插入數據
1，2，1
2，1，2
2，2，1
1，1，2
2，2，1
“2，2，
-- ======================================================
-- 'rolemember'
-- ======================================================
-- drop table rolemember CASCADE ;
Create table "rolemember"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
"rid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,
"uid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,
UNIQUE (rid,uid),
primary key ("id")
);
|
member=> insert into rolemember(rid,uid) values((select id from role where rolename ='System'),(select id from vuser where userid='sysop')); INSERT 110954 1 member=> insert into rolemember(rid,uid) values((select id from role where rolename ='System'),(select id from vuser where userid='sysop')); ERROR: Cannot insert a duplicate key into unique index rolemember_rid_key member=> insert into rolemember(rid,uid) values((select id from role where rolename ='System'),(select id from vuser where userid='admin')); ERROR: More than one tuple returned by a subselect used as an expression. member=> insert into rolemember(rid,uid) values((select id from role where rolename ='System'),(select id from vuser where userid='test')); INSERT 110956 1 member=> insert into rolemember(rid,uid) values((select id from role where rolename ='System'),(select id from vuser where userid='test')); ERROR: Cannot insert a duplicate key into unique index rolemember_rid_key |
3.8.3 唯一約束的注意事項
這個例子對groupname欄位做唯一操作。
-- ======================================================
-- 'group'
-- ======================================================
Create table "group"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
"groupname" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,
"description"
Varchar(255),
UNIQUE (id,groupname),
PRIMARY KEY ("id")
);
仔細看這個例子沒有錯。
運行結果：
|
postgres=# Create table "group" postgres-# ( postgres(# "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE, postgres(# "groupname" Varchar(20) NOT NULL, postgres(# "description" Varchar(255), postgres(# UNIQUE (id,groupname), postgres(# PRIMARY KEY ("id") postgres(# ); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE will create implicit sequence 'group_id_seq' for SERIAL column 'group.id' NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index 'group_pkey' for table 'group' NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / UNIQUE will create implicit index 'group_id_key' for table 'group' CREATE TABLE |
運行結果也沒有錯，現在插入數據。
insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');
insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Guest','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');
insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Domain','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');
|
postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); INSERT 110466 1 postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Guest','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); INSERT 110467 1 postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Domain','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); INSERT 110468 1 postgres=# postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); INSERT 110469 1 postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Guest','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); INSERT 110470 1 postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Domain','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); INSERT 110471 1 postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); INSERT 110472 1 postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Guest','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); INSERT 110473 1 postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Domain','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); INSERT 110474 1 postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); INSERT 110475 1 postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Guest','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); INSERT 110476 1 postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Domain','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); INSERT 110477 1 postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); INSERT 110478 1 postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Guest','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); INSERT 110479 1 postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Domain','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); INSERT 110480 1 postgres=# select * from "group"; id | groupname | description ----+-----------+-------------------- 1 | Admin | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 2 | Guest | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 3 | Domain | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 4 | Admin | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 5 | Guest | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 6 | Domain | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 7 | Admin | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 8 | Guest | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 9 | Domain | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 10 | Admin | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 11 | Guest | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 12 | Domain | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 13 | Admin | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 14 | Guest | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 15 | Domain | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (15 rows) |
但你會發現對groupname欄位的唯一約束不起使用。失效原因：
"id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE, (唯一約束)
UNIQUE (id,groupname), (id欄位又做了一次唯一約束)
這就是它失效的原因。正確的腳本寫法是：
Create table "group"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
"groupname" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,
"description"
Varchar(255),
UNIQUE (groupname),
PRIMARY KEY ("id")
);
|
member=> insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); INSERT 110497 1 member=> insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); ERROR: Cannot insert a duplicate key into unique index group_groupname_key member=> insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'); ERROR: Cannot insert a duplicate key into unique index group_groupname_key |
Psql 命令行返回ERROR: Cannot insert a
duplicate key into unique index group_groupname_key
唯一約束成功。
3.9 主鍵/外鍵
3.9.1 主鍵
下面書寫方式，推薦第二種，比較清晰。
CREATE TABLE products (
product_no integer PRIMARY KEY,
name text,
price numeric
);
CREATE TABLE example (
a integer,
b integer,
c integer,
PRIMARY KEY (a, c)
);
3.9.2 外鍵約束
下面第前兩種寫法不推薦。第三、四種寫法較清晰。
1. 第一種書寫方式
CREATE TABLE orders (
order_id integer PRIMARY KEY,
product_no integer REFERENCES products,
quantity integer
);
2. 第二種書寫方式
CREATE TABLE orders (
order_id integer PRIMARY KEY,
product_no integer REFERENCES products (product_no),
quantity integer
);
3. 第三種書寫方式
CREATE TABLE table1 (
a integer PRIMARY KEY,
b integer,
c integer,
FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other_table (c1, c2)
);
4. 第四種書寫方式，在SQL腳本最後面添加外鍵約束
Alter table "groupmember" add foreign key ("uid") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;
Alter table "groupmember" add foreign key ("gid") references "group" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;
Alter table "rolemember" add foreign key ("uid") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;
Alter table "rolemember" add foreign key ("rid") references "role" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;
3.9.3
PostgreSQL
7.3.x 新增功能
CREATE TABLE order_items (
product_no integer REFERENCES products ON DELETE RESTRICT,
order_id integer REFERENCES orders ON DELETE CASCADE,
quantity integer,
PRIMARY KEY (product_no, order_id)
);
類似 ON DELETE，還有 ON UPDATE 選項，它是在主鍵被修改（更新）的時候調用的。
以前我們刪除其它表中受外鍵約束的記錄，使用規則或觸發器來完成。現可以用CASCADE
3.9.4 層次遞歸-分類目錄
實現一個無限向下分類的目錄，例如：
計算機與互聯網
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互聯網
編程
資料結構定義：
Drop table "directory" CASCADE;
Create table "directory"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL,
"root_id" Integer NOT NULL Default 0,
"name" Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,
"status" boolean Default 'true',
"created" Timestamp Default current_timestamp,
"modified" Timestamp Default current_timestamp,
UNIQUE (id,root_id),
PRIMARY KEY ("id")
-- FOREIGN KEY (root_id) REFERENCES directory (id) ON DELETE CASCADE
);
INSERT INTO directory (id,root_id,name) VALUES (0,0,'/');
Alter table "directory" add FOREIGN KEY (root_id) REFERENCES directory (id) ON DELETE CASCADE;
Create index "directory_index" on "directory" using btree ("id","root_id","name");
數據存儲狀態：
|
Id |
Root_id |
Name |
|
0 |
0 |
/ |
|
1 |
0 |
計算機 |
|
2 |
1 |
顯示器 |
|
3 |
1 |
滑鼠 |
|
4 |
1 |
主板 |
|
5 |
2 |
Samsung 顯示器 |
|
6 |
2 |
LG顯示器 |
|
7 |
2 |
SONY顯示器 |
上圖是一個分類目錄，當刪除子目錄時如果子目錄中有目錄或數據，將刪除這些數據和目錄
說明：
id 目錄根
root_id REFERENCES id ON DELETE CASCADE當pk刪除時關聯的fk自動刪除
name 目錄名
status 狀態true可用，false不可用
created 創建時間
modified 修改時間
注意：
因為使用了關聯欄位，所以不能在create table 中使用
FOREIGN
KEY (root_id) REFERENCES directory (id) ON DELETE CASCADE
因為插入記錄做參考表中的“id”欄位，創建表的中沒有數據，所以無法插入數據。
先創建表，不定義FOREIGN KEY，然後初始化插入第一條數據：
INSERT INTO directory (id,root_id,name) VALUES (0,0,'/');
再定義外建：
Alter table "directory" add FOREIGN KEY (root_id) REFERENCES directory (id) ON DELETE CASCADE;
|
postgres=# Create table "directory" postgres-# ( postgres(# "id" Serial NOT NULL, postgres(# "root_id" Integer NOT NULL Default 0, postgres(# "name" Varchar(20)NOT NULL , postgres(# "status"boolean Default 'true', postgres(# "created" Timestamp Default current_timestamp, postgres(# "modified" Timestamp Default current_timestamp, postgres(# UNIQUE (id,root_id), postgres(# PRIMARY KEY ("id") postgres(# -- FOREIGN KEY (root_id) REFERENCES directory (id) ON DELETE CASCADE postgres(# ); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE will create implicit sequence 'directory_id_seq' for SERIAL column 'directory.id' NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index 'directory_pkey' for table 'directory' NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / UNIQUE will create implicit index 'directory_id_key' for table 'directory' CREATE TABLE postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (id,root_id,name) VALUES (0,0,'/'); INSERT 17110 1 postgres=# Alter table "directory" add FOREIGN KEY (root_id) REFERENCES directory (id) ON DELETE CASCADE; NOTICE: ALTER TABLE will create implicit trigger(s) for FOREIGN KEY check(s) ALTER TABLE postgres=# Create index "directory_index" on "directory" using btree ("id","root_id","name"); CREATE INDEX postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (0,'計算機'); INSERT 17116 1 postgres=# SELECT * from directory ; id | root_id | name | status | created | modified ----+---------+-----------+--------+----------------------------+---------------------------- 0 | 0 | / | t | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 1 | 0 | 計算機 | t | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 (2 rows) postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (0,'金融'); INSERT 17117 1 postgres=# SELECT * from directory ; id | root_id | name | status | created | modified ----+---------+-----------+--------+----------------------------+---------------------------- 0 | 0 | / | t | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 1 | 0 | 計算機 | t | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 2 | 0 | 金融 | t | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 (3 rows) postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (1,'顯示器'); INSERT 17118 1 postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (1,'滑鼠'); INSERT 17119 1 postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (1,'主板'); INSERT 17120 1 postgres=# SELECT * from directory ; id | root_id | name | status | created | modified ----+---------+-----------+--------+----------------------------+---------------------------- 0 | 0 | / | t | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 1 | 0 | 計算機 | t | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 2 | 0 | 金融 | t | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 3 | 1 | 顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 4 | 1 | 滑鼠 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 5 | 1 | 主板 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 (6 rows) postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (3,'Samsung 顯示器'); INSERT 17121 1 postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (3,'LG顯示器'); INSERT 17122 1 postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (3,'SONY顯示器'); INSERT 17123 1 postgres=# SELECT * from directory ; id | root_id | name | status | created | modified ----+---------+-------------------+--------+----------------------------+---------------------------- 0 | 0 | / | t | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 1 | 0 | 計算機 | t | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 2 | 0 | 金融 | t | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 3 | 1 | 顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 4 | 1 | 滑鼠 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 5 | 1 | 主板 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 6 | 3 | Samsung 顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053 | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053 7 | 3 | LG顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:01:03.736121 | 2003-11-12 17:01:03.736121 8| 3 | SONY顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:01:18.257337 | 2003-11-12 17:01:18.257337 (9 rows) postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (7,'CRT顯示器'); INSERT 17124 1 postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (7,'液晶顯示器'); INSERT 17125 1 postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (8,'液晶顯示器'); INSERT 17126 1 postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (8,'特利隆顯示器'); INSERT 17127 1 postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (7,'鑽石隆顯示器'); INSERT 17128 1 postgres=# SELECT * from directory ; id | root_id | name | status | created | modified ----+---------+--------------------+--------+----------------------------+---------------------------- 0 | 0 | / | t | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 1 | 0 | 計算機 | t | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 2 | 0 | 金融 | t | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 3 | 1 | 顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 4 | 1 | 滑鼠 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 5 | 1 | 主板 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 6 | 3 | Samsung 顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053 | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053 7 | 3 | LG顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:01:03.736121 | 2003-11-12 17:01:03.736121 8 | 3 | SONY顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:01:18.257337 | 2003-11-12 17:01:18.257337 9 | 7 | CRT顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:03:05.594891 | 2003-11-12 17:03:05.594891 10 | 7 | 液晶顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:03:21.793674 | 2003-11-12 17:03:21.793674 11 | 8 | 液晶顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:03:30.688531 | 2003-11-12 17:03:30.688531 12 | 8 | 特利隆顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:03:57.697321 | 2003-11-12 17:03:57.697321 13 | 7 | 鑽石隆顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:04:28.61153 | 2003-11-12 17:04:28.61153 (14 rows) |
測試：
1.
刪除子目錄：計算機/顯示器/ LG顯示器/ CRT顯示器
CRT顯示器的id是9
SQL：DELETE FROM
directory WHERE id=9;
|
postgres=# DELETE FROM directory WHERE id=9; DELETE 1 postgres=# SELECT * from directory ; id | root_id | name | status | created | modified ----+---------+--------------------+--------+----------------------------+---------------------------- 0 | 0 | / | t | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 1 | 0 | 計算機 | t | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 2 | 0 | 金融 | t | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 3 | 1 | 顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 4 | 1 | 滑鼠 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 5 | 1 | 主板 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 6 | 3 | Samsung 顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053 | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053 7 | 3 | LG顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:01:03.736121 | 2003-11-12 17:01:03.736121 8 | 3 | SONY顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:01:18.257337 | 2003-11-12 17:01:18.257337 10 | 7 | 液晶顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:03:21.793674 | 2003-11-12 17:03:21.793674 11 | 8 | 液晶顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:03:30.688531 | 2003-11-12 17:03:30.688531 12 | 8 | 特利隆顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:03:57.697321 | 2003-11-12 17:03:57.697321 13 | 7 | 鑽石隆顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:04:28.61153 | 2003-11-12 17:04:28.61153 (13 rows) postgres=# |
2.
刪除子目錄：計算機/顯示器/ LG顯示器
LG顯示器目錄下的子目錄：液晶顯示器、鑽石隆顯示器也將被刪除
|
postgres=# DELETE FROM directory WHERE id=7; DELETE 1 postgres=# SELECT * from directory ; id | root_id | name | status | created | modified ----+---------+--------------------+--------+----------------------------+---------------------------- 0 | 0 | / | t | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 1 | 0 | 計算機 | t | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 2 | 0 | 金融 | t | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 3 | 1 | 顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 4 | 1 | 滑鼠 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 5 | 1 | 主板 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 6 | 3 | Samsung 顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053 | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053 8 | 3 | SONY顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:01:18.257337 | 2003-11-12 17:01:18.257337 11 | 8 | 液晶顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:03:30.688531 | 2003-11-12 17:03:30.688531 12 | 8 | 特利隆顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:03:57.697321 | 2003-11-12 17:03:57.697321 (10 rows) |
3. 再刪除：計算機/顯示器/ SONY顯示器
|
postgres=# DELETE FROM directory WHERE id=8; DELETE 1 postgres=# SELECT * from directory ; id | root_id | name | status | created | modified ----+---------+-------------------+--------+----------------------------+---------------------------- 0 | 0 | / | t | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 1 | 0 | 計算機 | t | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 2 | 0 | 金融 | t | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 3 | 1 | 顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 4 | 1 | 滑鼠 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 5 | 1 | 主板 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 6 | 3 | Samsung 顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053 | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053 (7 rows) |
4.
刪除子目錄：計算機/顯示器
顯示器目錄下的子目錄：
下有目錄LG顯示器/ CRT顯示器、SONY顯示器/……、LG顯示器/……
刪除顯示器目錄後，下的所有子目錄將被刪除。
|
postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (3,'LG顯示器'); INSERT 17129 1 postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (3,'SONY顯示器'); INSERT 17130 1 postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (6,'CRT顯示器'); INSERT 17131 1 postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (14,'CRT顯示器'); INSERT 17132 1 postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (15,'CRT顯示器'); INSERT 17133 1 postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (15,'特利隆顯示器'); INSERT 17134 1 postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (15,'鑽石隆顯示器'); INSERT 17135 1 postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (6,'液晶顯示器'); INSERT 17136 1 postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (14,'液晶顯示器'); INSERT 17137 1 postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (15,'液晶顯示器'); INSERT 17138 1 postgres=# SELECT * from directory ; id | root_id | name | status | created | modified ----+---------+--------------------+--------+----------------------------+---------------------------- 0 | 0 | / | t | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 1 | 0 | 計算機 | t | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 2 | 0 | 金融 | t | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 3 | 1 | 顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 4 | 1 | 滑鼠 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 5 | 1 | 主板 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 6 | 3 | Samsung 顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053 | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053 14 | 3 | LG顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:28:03.927651 | 2003-11-12 17:28:03.927651 15 | 3 | SONY顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:28:15.235316 | 2003-11-12 17:28:15.235316 16 | 6 | CRT顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:28:49.586084 | 2003-11-12 17:28:49.586084 17 | 14 | CRT顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:28:55.290861 | 2003-11-12 17:28:55.290861 18 | 15 | CRT顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:28:59.731191 | 2003-11-12 17:28:59.731191 19 | 15 | 特利隆顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:29:10.747115 | 2003-11-12 17:29:10.747115 20 | 15 | 鑽石隆顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:29:30.770079 | 2003-11-12 17:29:30.770079 21 | 6 | 液晶顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:29:47.006177 | 2003-11-12 17:29:47.006177 22 | 14 | 液晶顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:29:51.904914 | 2003-11-12 17:29:51.904914 23 | 15 | 液晶顯示器 | t | 2003-11-12 17:29:57.355213 | 2003-11-12 17:29:57.355213 (17 rows) postgres=# DELETE FROM directory WHERE id=3; DELETE 1 postgres=# SELECT * from directory ; id | root_id | name | status | created | modified ----+---------+-----------+--------+----------------------------+---------------------------- 0 | 0 | / | t | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 1 | 0 | 計算機 | t | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 2 | 0 | 金融 | t | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 4 | 1 | 滑鼠 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 5 | 1 | 主板 | t | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 (5 rows) |
不再舉例了，刪除id=0將刪除計算機包括下面的所有目錄被刪除。
注意，千萬不要刪除id=0。
3.9.5 總結
分類目錄的例子中使用了ON DELETE CASCADE，方便了操作，但也有危險。如果不用ON DELETE CASCADE而用程序來實現，需要使用遞歸算法，非常麻煩。
3.10 模式
一些用戶為了使某些模組的表看起來清晰，一般他們採用“模組名_表名”：
Auth_user
Auth_group
Bbs_topic
Bbs_message
PostgreSQL不必這樣命名，可以使用Schema（模式）如：
Auth.user
Auth.group
Bbs.topic
Bbs.message
3.10.1 創建模式
CREATE SCHEMA your_schema;
例：
CREATE SCHEMA btob;
CREATE SCHEMA auction;
3.10.2 刪除模式
DROP SCHEMA your_schema;
刪除模式，並且同時刪除模式下的（表，視圖，觸發器，過程……）
DROP SCHEMA your_schema CASCADE;
例：
DROP SCHEMA btob CASCADE;
DROP SCHEMA btob CASCADE;
3.10.3 模式搜索路徑
查看當前模式SHOW search_path ;
|
netkiller=> SHOW search_path ; search_path -------------- $user,public (1 row) netkiller=> \dt List of relations Schema | Name | Type | Owner --------+-------------+-------+----------- public | company | table | netkiller public | group | table | netkiller public | groupmember | table | netkiller public | guestbook | table | netkiller public | prodorder | table | netkiller public | role | table | netkiller public | rolemember | table | netkiller public | system_log | table | netkiller public | templates | table | netkiller public | trust | table | netkiller public | user | table | netkiller public | user_log | table | netkiller public | userinfo | table | netkiller (13 rows) |
如果不設置模式搜索路徑，“\dt”只顯示public模式下的表。
設置模式SET search_path TO public,btob,auction;
|
netkiller=> SET search_path TO public,btob,auction; SET netkiller=> \dt List of relations Schema | Name | Type | Owner ---------+---------------+-------+----------- auction | messages | table |
netkiller auction | product | table
| netkiller auction | product_order | table |
netkiller btob | directory | table | netkiller btob | trade | table | netkiller btob | trade_message | table | netkiller public | company | table | netkiller public | group | table | netkiller public | groupmember | table | netkiller public | guestbook | table | netkiller public | prodorder | table | netkiller public | role | table | netkiller public | rolemember | table | netkiller public | system_log | table | netkiller public | templates | table | netkiller public | trust | table | netkiller public | user | table | netkiller public | user_log | table | netkiller public | userinfo | table | netkiller (19 rows) netkiller=> |
-- ======================================================================
-- 'btob.directory'
-- ======================================================================
Drop table btob.directory CASCADE;
Create table btob.directory
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL,
"root_id" Integer NOT NULL Default 0,
"name" Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,
"status" boolean Default 'true',
"created" Timestamp Default current_timestamp,
"modified" Timestamp Default current_timestamp,
UNIQUE (id,root_id,name),
PRIMARY KEY ("id")
-- FOREIGN KEY (root_id) REFERENCES directory (id) ON DELETE CASCADE
);
INSERT INTO btob.directory (id,root_id,name) VALUES (0,0,'/');
Alter table btob.directory add FOREIGN KEY (root_id) REFERENCES btob.directory (id) ON DELETE CASCADE;
Create index "directory_index" on btob.directory using btree ("id","root_id","name");
|
|
4 實體關係（Entity-Relation）
在關係資料庫中，關係能防止冗餘的數據。例如，如果正在設計一個資料庫來跟蹤有關書的信息，而每本書的信息（如書名、出版日期和出版商）都保存在一個名為 titles 的表中。同時還有一些想保存的有關出版商的信息，例如出版商的電話號碼、地址和郵政編碼。如果將所有這些信息都保存在 titles 表中，則對於某個出版商出版的每本書，出版商的電話號碼將是重複的。
一個更好的解決方案是，單獨在一個名為 publishers 的表中只保存一次出版商信息。然後在 titles 表中設置指針，以引用 publishers 表中的項。
若要確保數據同步，可以在 titles 表和 publishers 表之間強制引用完整性。引用完整性關係能確保某個表中的信息與另一個表中的信息相匹配。例如，titles 表中的每個書名必須和 publishers 表的特定出版商相關聯。不能在資料庫中添加資料庫中不存在的出版商的書名。
為更好地理解表關係，請參見：
l 表關係類型
表與表之間存在三種類型的關係。所創建的關係類型取決於相關聯的列是如何定義的。
n 一對多關係
n 多對多關係
n 一對一關係
l 引用完整性概述
l 表關係類型
關係是通過匹配鍵列中的數據而工作的，而鍵列通常是兩個表中具有相同名稱的列。在大多數情況下，關係將一個表中為每個行提供唯一標識符的主鍵與另一個表中外鍵內的項相匹配。例如，通過在 titles 表的 title_id 列（主鍵）和 sales 表的 title_id 列（外鍵）之間創建一個關係，可以使銷售額與特定的銷售書名相關聯。
4.1 E-R圖（Entity-Relation）
PostgreSQL本身沒有GUI（圖形用戶界面）管理工具，其它GUI工具也沒有E-R圖功能，如pgAdmin III。這裡我給在各位介紹一個很好的資料庫設計工具“CASE Studio 2”，
1. 實體關係設計
2. 能過E-R圖產生SQL（DDL）腳本
3. 已經存在資料庫的逆向工程
4. 產生非常詳細的HTML和RTF報告
5. 用戶定義Add-ins和模板
6. 版本管理，Galery,To-Do列表
7. 數據流程設計
8. 界面見附錄。
4.2 一對多關係
一對多關係是最常見的關係類型。在這種關係類型中，表 A 中的行可以在表 B 中有許多匹配行，但是表 B 中的行只能在表 A 中有一個匹配行。
例如，publishers 表和 titles 表是一對多的關係：每一個出版商可出版許多書，但每一本書只能有一個出版商。
如果在相關列中只有一列是主鍵或具有唯一約束，則創建的是一對多關係。
一對多關係中的主鍵方由一個鍵 符號表示。關係中的外鍵方由一個無窮大 符號表示。
|
Drop table "groupmember" Restrict; Drop table "userinfo" Restrict; Drop table "group" Restrict; Drop table "user" Restrict; Create table "user" ( "id" Serial NOT NULL Default 0 UNIQUE , "user" Varchar(20) NOT NULL UNIQUE , "passwd" Varchar(20), "homedir" Varchar(20) NOT NULL Default /home/, "shell" Varchar(20) NOT NULL Default /bin/bash, primary key ("id") ); Create table "group" ( "id" Serial NOT NULL Default 0, "groupname" Varchar(20), "description"
Varchar(20), primary key ("id") ); Create table "userinfo" ( "id" integer NOT NULL Default 0, "tel" Varchar(20), "fax"
Varchar(20), "address" Varchar(255), "company" Varchar(20), "note" Text, primary key ("id") ); Create table "groupmember" ( "id" Serial NOT NULL, "uid" integer NOT NULL, "gid" integer NOT NULL, primary key ("id","uid","gid") ); Alter table "userinfo" add foreign key ("id") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict; Alter table "groupmember" add foreign key ("uid") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict; Alter table "groupmember" add foreign key ("gid") references "group" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict; |
4.3 多對多關係
在多對多關係中，表 A 中的一行可與表 B 中的多行相匹配，反之亦然。通過定義稱為連接表的第三方表創建這樣的關係，該連接表的主鍵包括表 A 和表 B 中的外鍵。
例如，authors 表和 books 表是多對多關係，該關係通過從這些表中的每個表與 bookauthors 表的一對多關係定義。bookauthors 表的主鍵由 author_id 列（authors 表的主鍵）和 book_id 列（books 表的主鍵）組成。
注意：Case Studio 2 產生的SQL（DDL）腳本並不完全正確。所以還要加以修改才可以使用。
|
Drop table "bookauthors" Restrict; Drop table "books" Restrict; Drop table "authors" Restrict; Create table "authors" ( "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE , "title_id" integer, "name" Varchar(20), "sex" Boolean, "age" Smallint, primary key ("id") ); Create table "books" ( "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE , "auther_id" integer, "title" Varchar(20), "content" Text, primary key ("id") ); Create table "bookauthors" ( "id" Serial NOT NULL, "author_id" integer NOT NULL, "book_id" integer NOT NULL, primary key
("id","author_id","book_id") 改為 primary key
("id") ); Alter table "bookauthors" add foreign key ("author_id") references "authors" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict; Alter table "bookauthors" add foreign key ("book_id") references "books" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict; |
4.4 一對一關係
在一對一關係中，表 A 中的一行最多只能與表 B 中的一行相匹配，反之亦然。如果兩個相關列都是主鍵或具有唯一約束，則創建的是一對一關係。
這種關係不常見，因為這種方式的大部分相關信息都在一個表中。使用一對一關係可以是為了：
l 分割一個含有許多列的表。
l 出於安全考慮而隔離表的某一部分。
l 存儲可以很容易刪除的臨時數據，只需刪除表即可刪除這些數據。
l 存儲只應用於主表子集的信息。
l 一對一關係的主鍵方由鍵 符號表示。外鍵方也由鍵 符號表示。
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Drop table "userinfo" Restrict; Drop table "user" Restrict; Create table "user" ( "id" Serial NOT NULL Default 0 UNIQUE , "user" Varchar(20) NOT NULL UNIQUE , "passwd" Varchar(20), "homedir" Varchar(20) NOT NULL Default /home/, "shell" Varchar(20) NOT NULL Default /bin/bash, primary key ("id") ); Create table "userinfo" ( "id" integer NOT NULL Default 0, "tel" Varchar(20), "fax"
Varchar(20), "address" Varchar(255), "company" Varchar(20), "note" Text, primary key ("id") ); Alter table "userinfo" add foreign key ("id") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict; |
4.5 引用完整性
引用完整性是一種規則系統，這些規則可確保相關表中各行間關係的有效性，並確保不會意外刪除或更改相關的數據。
在強制引用完整性時必須遵循以下規則：
如果在相關表的主鍵中不存在某個值，則不能在相關表的外鍵列中輸入該值。但是，可以在外鍵列中輸入空值。例如，在 employee 表中沒有包括某職員，則不能指明分配給該職員的工作，但是可在 employee 表的 job_id 列輸入空值來指明沒有給該職員分配工作。
如果在相關表中存在與某行匹配的行，則不能從主表中刪除該行。例如，如果在 employee 表中給多個職員分配了由 jobs 表中某行所代表的工作時，則不能刪除該行。
當主表的某行有相關行時，則不能更改主鍵值。例如，如果將 jobs 表中的一項工作分配給某職員，則不能從 employee 表中刪除該職員。
當滿足下述所有條件時，可以設置引用完整性：
1. 主表中相匹配的列是主鍵或具有唯一約束 。
2. 相關列具有相同的數據類型和長度。
3. 兩個表屬於同一個資料庫。
4. 資料庫關係圖中的已強制關係和未強制關係
在資料庫關係圖中創建關係綫將在相關表上創建外鍵約束，從而自動強制引用完整性。在資料庫關係圖中，已強制關係用實線表示。例如：
在關係圖中，未強制關係用虛線表示，這種關係的外鍵約束被禁用。例如：
5 查詢SQL（DML）
5.1 子查詢
下面是一個子查詢的例子表groupmember、rolemember是存儲組成員、角色成員的表。
Create table "user"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL,
"userid" Varchar(50) NOT NULL,
"passwd" Varchar(50),
"name" Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,
"nickname" Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,
"active" Boolean Default 'F',
"email" Varchar(50) NOT NULL,
"question" Varchar(255) NOT NULL,
"answer" Varchar(255) NOT NULL,
"begin_date" Timestamp Default now(),
"end_date" Timestamp Default now(),
UNIQUE (userid,email),
primary key ("id")
);
Create index "user_index" on "user" using btree ("id","userid");
Create table "group"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
"groupname" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,
"description"
Varchar(255),
UNIQUE (groupname),
PRIMARY KEY ("id")
);
Create index "group_index" on "group" using btree ("id","groupname");
Create table "groupmember"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
"gid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,
"uid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,
primary key ("id")
);
-- ======================================================
-- 'Foreign Key'
-- ======================================================
Alter table "groupmember" add foreign key ("uid") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;
Alter table "groupmember" add foreign key ("gid") references "group" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'vgroupmember'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- DROP VIEW vgroupmember;
CREATE VIEW vgroupmember AS
SELECT gm.id,gm.gid,g.groupname,gm.uid,u.userid,u.name
FROM "group" g,"user" u,groupmember gm
Where u.id = gm.uid and g.id = gm.gid
ORDER BY gm.id;
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member=> select * from groupmember ; id | gid | uid ----+-----+----- 1 | 1 | 245 10 | 7 | 200 11 | 7 | 201 12 | 7 | 202 13 | 3 | 200 14 | 3 | 201 15 | 3 | 202 16 | 3 | 203 17 | 3 | 204 18 | 3 | 205 19 | 6 | 247 20 | 6 | 201 21 | 6 | 203 22 | 6 | 204 23 | 6 | 205 24 | 3 | 249 25 | 3 | 250 26 | 7 | 251 27 | 3 | 252 (19 rows) （組ID為3的用戶列表） member=> select * from groupmember where gid = 3; id | gid | uid ----+-----+----- 13 | 3 | 200 14 | 3 | 201 15 | 3 | 202 16 | 3 | 203 17 | 3 | 204 18 | 3 | 205 24 | 3 | 249 25 | 3 | 250 27 | 3 | 252 (9 rows) |
添加組成員步驟是：
1. 取用戶id，select id from vuser where userid='sysop'
2. 取組名id，select id from "group" where groupname ='System'
3. 向groupmember 表插入數據，insert into groupmember(gid,uid) values（組ID，用戶ID）
子查詢，SQL語句應該寫成：
insert into groupmember(gid,uid) values((select id from "group" where groupname ='System'),(select id from vuser where userid='sysop'));
插放數據測試：
|
member=> insert into groupmember(gid,uid) values((select id from "group" where groupname ='System'),(select id from vuser where userid='sysop')); INSERT 110940 1 member=> select * from vgroupmember where gid = 1; id | gid | groupname | uid | userid | name ----+-----+-----------+-----+--------+------ 1 | 1 | System | 245 | sysop | chen (2 rows) |
測試成功，因為數據id號難懂，不易查看，這裡使用了一個視圖。
5.2 substring()函數截取部分漢字
要截取漢字的首要條件是資料庫編碼必須是UNICODE。UNICODE中英文一個字母=中文一個漢字長度。
如果使用非UNICODE編碼的數據，EUC_CN會輸出提示你輸入加“'”。
|
pureftpd=> select substring('資料庫的編碼是用系統表' from 1 for 4); pureftpd'> pureftpd'>' pureftpd(> ) pureftpd-> ; ERROR: parser: unterminated quoted identifier at or near "" )" at character 69 |
SQL_ASCII還是輸出半個漢字。
|
help=> select substring('資料庫的編碼是用系統表' from 1 for 4); substring ----------- 數▒ (1 row) |
查看資料庫編碼：
|
member=> \l List of databases Name | Owner | Encoding ------------+----------+----------- help | postgres | SQL_ASCII member | chen | UNICODE mydatabase | postgres | UNICODE postgres | postgres | SQL_ASCII pureftpd | pureftpd | EUC_CN site |
postgres | EUC_CN template0 | postgres | SQL_ASCII template1 | postgres | SQL_ASCII (8 rows) |
測試：
|
member=>
select substring('資料庫的編碼是用系統表' from 1 for 4); substring ----------- 資料庫的 (1 row) member=>
select substring('資料庫的編碼是用系統表' from 1 for 2); substring ----------- 數據 (1 row) member=>
select * from 組; 序號 | 組名 |
描述 ------+--------------+---------------------- 1 | 域用戶 |
9812.net域內用戶 3 | 計算機維護組 | 維護計算機的用戶用戶 (2 rows) member=>
select 組名,substring(描述 from 1 for 5) as 描述
from 組; 組名 | 描述 --------------+------------ 域用戶 | 9812. 計算機維護組 | 維護計算機 (2 rows) |
5.3 sum()使用技巧
如果讓你對錶中的某一列求和，你可能會想到使用sum()函數。
Select num(field) from table;
或
Select num(field) from table where field …..;
如果我在表中選擇一些記錄，這記錄之間沒有規律可循，讓你計算出這組數據的的和。
你可能馬上想到用一個循環，然後相加結果，而不是使用sum()。
例如：我要求id等於1，4，10，8，2這幾個記錄的price欄位的和，
Select field from table where id = 1;
Select field from table where id = 4;
…..
Select field from table where id = 2;
然後再將上面每次取得的數據相加。
下面我給大家介紹一種很方便的方法，就是使用子查詢 in。
select sum(price) from diy.part where id in (1,4,10,8,2);
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netkiller=> select price from diy.part where id =1; price -------- 848.00 (1 row) netkiller=> select price from diy.part where id =2; price -------- 880.00 (1 row) netkiller=> select sum(price) as price from diy.part where id in (1,2); price --------- 1728.00 (1 row) netkiller=> |
5.4 集合查詢 （合併n個表）
在網上很多朋友問我，如何合併兩個結構一樣的表，答案有2種方法可以完成，第一種方法使用UNION，第二種方法是使用子查詢。要注意一點UNION的功能不只合併兩個結構一樣，還可以合併多個結構不一樣的表。
方法1：
|
SQL Statement 1 UNION [ALL] SQL Statement
2 |
例子：
|
netkiller=> select rolename from roles ; rolename --------------- Administrator gold silver advance free System OA (7 rows) netkiller=> select groupname from groups; groupname --------------- System Administrator gold silver advance free Company Person OA (9 rows) netkiller=> select rolename from roles union select groupname from groups; rolename --------------- Administrator advance Company free gold OA Person silver System (9 rows) netkiller=> 合併三個表 netkiller=> select rolename from roles union select groupname from groups union select name from person; rolename --------------- Administrator advance baba chen chenhongxi Company CRM dddd free Genenral gold HEHE none OA Person Romain silver System USB 劉曉飛 葉鳳嵐 周信華 崔敏 張鋒 張錫雲 曹健財 李金友 樊厘 王啟軍 王延川 趙凱 鄔艷 鄭良璇 郭萬海 金志文 |
可能大家注意到了UNION 將兩個表中重複的行，只輸出一次。如果想全部輸出可以使用
UNION ALL
|
netkiller=> select rolename from roles union all select groupname from groups as chen; rolename --------------- Administrator gold silver advance free System OA System Administrator gold silver advance free Company Person OA (16 rows) netkiller=> |
方法2：
使用子查詢將第二張表中的數據追加到第一張表的後面
|
Insert into table1(field1,field2…..fieldn) select field1,field2…..fieldn from table2 |
詳細請參考http://www.pgsqldb.org/pgsqldoc-cvs/queries-union.html
6 視圖
視圖
試圖是關係型資料庫系統提供給用戶以多種角度觀察資料庫中數據的重要機制。
試圖是從一個或幾個基本表（或視圖）導出的表，它與基本表不同，是一個虛擬表。資料庫中只存放視圖的定義，而不存放視圖對應的數據，這些數據仍存放在原來的基本表中。所以基本表中的數據發生變化時，從視圖中查詢出的數據也就隨之改變了。也就是說，試圖就像一個窗口，透過它可以看到資料庫中自己感興趣的數據及變化。
試圖一經定義，就可以像基本表一樣被查詢、被刪除，我們也可以在一個視圖之上再定義新的視圖，但對視圖的更新（添加、刪除、修改）操作則有一定的限制。
本節專門討論視圖的定義、操作及優點。
試圖的作用：
1. 視圖能夠簡化用戶的操作
2. 視圖使用戶能以多種角度看待同一數據
3. 視圖對重構資料庫提供了一定程度的邏輯獨立性
4. 視圖能夠對機密數據提供安全保護
我在工作中發現很多程序員開發數據應該程序。SQL語句寫了五六行，每行最少100個字元。好比如下：
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAA
這麼一大堆 !@%%#@%@^#$&$&%*&^*%^(&)(*) faint 寫這麼長主要的操作是“，”號join操作。
我的習慣是先使用VIEW做第一次的過濾，然後在做第二次查詢。最後的操作基本上都是
Select * from table where xxx = xxxx order by xxxx ASC limit x offset x 操作讀出想要的記錄。
6.1 VIEW基本使用實例
這是一個最基本用法。這裡主要用於格式化Timestamp 輸出2003-09-24 11:23:29格式。
CASE WHEN u.active=true THEN 'Y' ELSE 'N' END as "active" ，SQL CASE 表達式是一種通用的 條件表達式，類似於其它語言中的 if/else 語句。
-- ======================================================
-- 'user'
-- ======================================================
Create table "user"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL,
"userid" Varchar(50) NOT NULL,
"passwd" Varchar(50),
"name" Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,
"nickname" Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,
"active" Boolean Default 'F',
"email" Varchar(50) NOT NULL,
"question" Varchar(255) NOT NULL,
"answer" Varchar(255) NOT NULL,
"begin_date" Timestamp Default now(),
"end_date" Timestamp Default now(),
UNIQUE (userid,email),
primary key ("id")
);
Create index "user_index" on "user" using btree ("id","userid");
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'vuser'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
drop view vuser;
CREATE VIEW vuser AS
SELECT u.id,u.userid,u."name",u.nickname,
CASE WHEN u.active=true THEN 'Y' ELSE 'N' END as "active",
u.email,u.question,u.answer,
to_char(u.begin_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as begin_date,
to_char(u.end_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as end_date
FROM "user" u
Order By u.id;
6.2 使用HTML格式化VIEW的實例
-- ======================================================
-- 'user'
-- ======================================================
Create table "user"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL,
"userid" Varchar(50) NOT NULL,
"passwd" Varchar(50),
"name" Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,
"nickname" Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,
"active" Boolean Default 'F',
"email" Varchar(50) NOT NULL,
"question" Varchar(255) NOT NULL,
"answer" Varchar(255) NOT NULL,
"begin_date" Timestamp Default now(),
"end_date" Timestamp Default now(),
UNIQUE (userid,email),
primary key ("id")
);
Create index "user_index" on "user" using btree ("id","userid");
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'vuser'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
drop view vuser1;
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vuser1 AS
SELECT '<center>'||u.id||'</center>' as ID,'<font color=red>'||u.userid||'</font>' as "用戶名",u."name" as "姓名",u.nickname as "暱稱",
CASE WHEN u.active=true THEN '啟用' ELSE '禁用' END as "active",
u.email,u.question,u.answer,
to_char(u.begin_date,'YYYY年MM月DD日 HH:MI:SS') as begin_date,
to_char(u.end_date,'YYYY年MM月DD HH時MI分SS秒') as end_date
FROM "user" u
Order By u.id;
member=> select * from vuser1;
id | 用戶名 | 姓名 | 暱稱 | active | email | question | answer | begin_date | end_date
--------------------+------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+---------------+----------+--------+----------------------------+--------------------------------
<center>1</center> | <font
color=red>sysop</font> | chen | chen | 啟用 | chen@chen.com | xxxxxxx
| xxxx |
<center>2</center> | <font
color=red>admin</font> | chen | chen | 禁用 | chen@chen.com | xxxxxxx
| xxxx |
下面有一下更大膽的用法。
-- ======================================================
-- 'group'
-- ======================================================
Create table "group"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
"groupname" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,
"description"
Varchar(255),
UNIQUE (groupname),
PRIMARY KEY ("id")
);
Create index "group_index" on "group" using btree ("id","groupname");
DROP VIEW vgroup;
CREATE VIEW vgroup AS
SELECT '<tr>'||g.id||'</td>' as id,'<tr>'||g.groupname||'</td>' as groupname,'<tr>'||g.description||'</td>' as desc
FROM "group" g
ORDER BY g.id;
|
postgres=# DROP VIEW vgroup; ERROR: view "vgroup" does not exist postgres=# CREATE VIEW vgroup AS postgres-# SELECT '<tr>'||g.id||'</td>' as id,'<tr>'||g.groupname||'</td>' as groupname,'<tr>'||g.description||'</td>' as desc postgres-# FROM "group" g postgres-# ORDER BY g.id; CREATE VIEW postgres=# select * from vgroup ; id | groupname | desc -------------+-----------------+----------------------------- <tr>1</td> | <tr>Admin</td> | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td> <tr>2</td> | <tr>Guest</td> | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td> <tr>3</td> | <tr>Domain</td> | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td> <tr>4</td> | <tr>Admin</td> | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td> <tr>5</td> | <tr>Guest</td> | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td> <tr>6</td> | <tr>Domain</td> | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td> <tr>7</td> | <tr>Admin</td> | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td> <tr>8</td> | <tr>Guest</td> | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td> <tr>9</td> | <tr>Domain</td> | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td> <tr>10</td> | <tr>Admin</td> | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td> <tr>11</td> | <tr>Guest</td> | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td> <tr>12</td> | <tr>Domain</td> | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td> <tr>13</td> | <tr>Admin</td> | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td> <tr>14</td> | <tr>Guest</td> | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td> <tr>15</td> | <tr>Domain</td> | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td> (15 rows) |
進一步修改上面的VIEW，使它更方便輸出。
DROP VIEW vgroup;
CREATE VIEW vgroup AS
SELECT '<tr align=center>'||g.id||'</td>' as id,
'<tr align=left><font color=red><b>'||g.groupname||'</b></font></td>' as groupname,
'<tr><i>'||g.description||'</i></td>' as desc
FROM "group" g
ORDER BY g.id;
|
postgres=# select * from vgroup ; id | groupname | desc --------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------ <tr align=center>1</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Admin</b></font></td> | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td> <tr align=center>2</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Guest</b></font></td> | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td> <tr align=center>3</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Domain</b></font></td> | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td> <tr align=center>4</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Admin</b></font></td> | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td> <tr align=center>5</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Guest</b></font></td> | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td> <tr align=center>6</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Domain</b></font></td> | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td> <tr align=center>7</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Admin</b></font></td> | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td> <tr align=center>8</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Guest</b></font></td> | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td> <tr align=center>9</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Domain</b></font></td> | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td> <tr align=center>10</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Admin</b></font></td> | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td> <tr align=center>11</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Guest</b></font></td> | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td> <tr align=center>12</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Domain</b></font></td> | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td> <tr align=center>13</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Admin</b></font></td> | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td> <tr align=center>14</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Guest</b></font></td> | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td> <tr align=center>15</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Domain</b></font></td> | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td> (15 rows) |
上面的例子輸出數據中代有HTML標記，在B/S結構程序的開發中很方便。當輸出數據要改變風格時，只要CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW your_view AS 就可以，而不必關心頁面與程序。
6.3 view中使用漢字做欄位名
下面是一個使用漢字做欄位名的例子，輸出類似表格：
|
ID |
組名 |
描述 |
|
3 |
Backup Admin |
系統管理員 |
|
2 |
Power Admin |
系統管理員 |
|
1 |
System Admin |
系統管理員 |
ID | 組名 | 描述
----+--------------+-----------------
3 | Backup Admin | 系統管理員
2 | Power Admin | 系統管理員
1 | System Admin | 系統管理員
DROP VIEW vgroup;
CREATE VIEW vgroup AS
SELECT g.id as "ID",g.groupname as "組名",g.description as "描述"
FROM "group" g
ORDER BY g.groupname;
|
postgres=# CREATE VIEW vgroup AS postgres-# SELECT g.id as "ID",g.groupname as "組名",g.description as "描述" postgres-# FROM "group" g postgres-# ORDER BY g.groupname; CREATE VIEW postgres=# \d vgroup View "public.vgroup" Column | Type | Modifiers --------+------------------------+----------- ID | integer | 組名 | character varying(20) | 描述 | character varying(255) | View definition: SELECT g.id AS "ID", g.groupname AS "組名", g.description AS "描述" FROM "group" g ORDER BY g.groupname; postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('System Admin','系統管理員'); INSERT 35031 1 postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Power Admin','系統管理員'); INSERT 35032 1 postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Backup Admin','系統管理員'); INSERT 35033 1 postgres=# select * from vgroup ; ID | 組名 | 描述 ----+--------------+----------------- 3 | Backup Admin | 系統管理員 2 | Power Admin | 系統管理員 1 | System Admin | 系統管理員 (3 rows) postgres=# |
6.4 取出字元如果超過20個在後尾加“…”
實現方法：
1. 首先在取字元長度，可以使用character_length()或char_length()函數，它們的功能是一樣的。
2. 然後判斷字元是否大於20個。
3. 大於20個字元，使用substring()函數截取前20個字元。並在後尾加上“…”
4. 如果小於20個字元，直接取出
5. 要注意數據轉換。使用::varchar(長度)
實例：
|
DROP SCHEMA oa CASCADE; CREATE SCHEMA oa; SET search_path TO public,btob,btoc,ctoc,oa; -- ====================================================================== -- 'oa.meeting' -- ====================================================================== Drop table oa.meeting CASCADE; Create table oa.meeting ( "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE, "subject" varchar(100) NOT NULL, "caller" Varchar(10) NOT NULL , "begin_time" Timestamp Default current_timestamp::timestamp (0) without time zone, "end_time" Timestamp Default current_timestamp::timestamp (0) without time zone, "place" Varchar(100) NOT NULL , "prolocutor" Varchar(10) NOT NULL , "conferee" Varchar(255) NOT NULL , "recorder" Varchar(10) NOT NULL , "leitmotiv" Varchar(255) NOT NULL , "details" text, UNIQUE (subject), PRIMARY KEY ("id") ); DROP VIEW oa.vmeeting; CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW oa.vmeeting AS SELECT id,CASE WHEN character_length(subject)>20 THEN substring(subject,1,20)||'...'::varchar(20) ELSE subject::varchar(20) END, caller,to_char(begin_time,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI') as begin_time, CASE WHEN character_length(place)>10 THEN substring(place,1,10)||'...'::varchar(15) ELSE place::varchar(20) END as place, prolocutor FROM oa.meeting Order By id DESC; select * from oa.vmeeting; |
6.5 視圖中使用子查詢
在下面的例子中status欄位是來自ctoc.vbid視圖中的status 欄位。
注意：(select status from ctoc.vbid where uid = f.uid limit 1) as status紅色部分，如果沒有使用limit返回的將是結果集，在查詢時會拋出異常。
ERROR: More than one tuple returned by a subselect used as an expression.
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'ctoc.vfavorites'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
DROP VIEW ctoc.vfavorites;
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW ctoc.vfavorites AS
SELECT f.id,
f.uid,
f.salesroom_id,
s.subject as subject,
(select status from ctoc.vbid where uid = f.uid limit 1) as status,
to_char(f.created,'YYYY/MM/DD HH24:MI:SS') as date
FROM ctoc.favorites f, person p,ctoc.salesroom s
WHERE f.uid = p.uid and f.salesroom_id = s.id
ORDER BY f.id;
|
netkiller=> select * from ctoc.vfavorites; id | uid | salesroom_id | subject | status | date ----+-----+--------------+---------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------- 12 | 8 | 1 | 我買MP3 | <font color="#3399FF">出局</font> | 2004/03/01 16:30:29 13 | 95 | 1 | 我買MP3 | <font color=red>領先</font> | 2004/03/01 16:36:39 (2 rows) netkiller=> |
select * from ctoc.vfavorites;
7 過程與函數
在其它數據中分別存在過程與函數，它們的功能沒有區別，為什麼要分為成過程與函數呢。因為過程是沒有返回值的，而函數是要通過RETURN返回值的。返回值可以是任意一個符合SQL 數據類型的值或結果集，在PostgreSQL中過程與函數都是使用CREATE FUNCTION語句來創建。
7.1 基本使用實例
我們創建一個名為system_log的表。通過add_system_log()這個過程追加記錄，有些朋友可能認為這是多此一舉，我們過程來完成當然有自己的想法，好處是用戶不必關心資料庫結構和SQL語句，可以方便地在任何語言中調用。
DROP TABLE system_log CASCADE;
Create table system_log
(
id Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
uid integer NOT NULL Default 0,
ip inet ,
status varchar(255),
description varchar(255),
login_date Timestamp Default now(),
PRIMARY KEY("id"),
FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES "user" (id)
);
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'Function'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- DROP FUNCTION add_system_log(integer,inet,varchar);
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION add_system_log(integer,inet,varchar,varchar) RETURNS boolean AS '
DECLARE
vUID ALIAS FOR $1;
vIP ALIAS FOR $2;
vSTATUS ALIAS FOR $3;
vDESC ALIAS FOR $4;
BEGIN
insert into system_log(uid,ip,status,description) values(vUID,vIP,vSTATUS,vDESC);
RETURN true;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
select add_system_log(1,'127.0.0.1','Create Database','Initialization Database');
|
member=> select add_system_log(1,'127.0.0.1','Create Database','Initialization Database'); add_system_log ---------------- t (1 row) member=> select * from system_log ; id | uid | ip | status | description | login_date --+-----+---------------+---------+------------------------+---------------------------- 1 | 2 | 192.168.0.5 | 上線 | 密碼 | 2003-09-26 15:33:18.6732 2 | 2 | 192.168.0.2 | 登錄 | 用戶admin | 2003-09-26 16:19:21.824283 3 | 2 | 192.168.1.31 | 登錄 | 用戶admin | 2003-09-26 17:10:47.269064 (3 rows) member=> select add_system_log(1,'127.0.0.1','Create Database','Initialization Database') as log; log ----- t (1 row) |
7.2
過程中使用Select Into
這裡有兩個例子adduser(varchar,varchar)、deluser(integer)。
函數：adduser(用戶名,密碼)
返回：布爾值ture成功，false失敗
功能：添加用戶，首先查看用戶是否存在，如果用戶存在就返回false，如果用戶不存在就插入記錄並返回true。
函數：deluser(用戶ID)
返回：布爾值ture成功，false失敗
功能：刪除用戶，如果用戶存在就刪除用戶並返回true，如果用戶不存在就返回false。
--
------------------------------------------------------
-- 'siteuser'
--
------------------------------------------------------
--DROP
TABLE IF EXISTS siteuser;
DROP TABLE
siteuser CASCADE;
DROP
SEQUENCE siteuser_id_seq;
DROP INDEX siteuser_id_index;
CREATE TABLE siteuser (
id integer DEFAULT nextval('siteuser_id_seq') NOT NULL,
username varchar(20) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
Password varchar(50) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
realname varchar(10) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
email varchar(50) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
create_date timestamp DEFAULT now(),
modify_date timestamp DEFAULT now(),
UNIQUE (id,username),
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
CREATE SEQUENCE siteuser_id_seq;
CREATE INDEX siteuser_id_index ON siteuser (id);
DROP FUNCTION adduser(varchar,varchar);
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION adduser(varchar,varchar) RETURNS boolean AS '
DECLARE
bool boolean := false;
name text;
uid integer;
user ALIAS FOR $1;
pass ALIAS FOR $2;
su
siteuser%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT INTO name username FROM siteuser WHERE username = user;
IF NOT FOUND then
insert into siteuser(username,password) values(user,pass);
SELECT INTO uid id FROM siteuser WHERE username = user;
bool := true;
ELSE
bool := false;
RAISE NOTICE ''Calling adduser() return %'',bool;
END IF;
RETURN bool;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
|
select adduser('ccscc','eeee'); select * from siteuser ; |
DROP FUNCTION deluser(integer);
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION deluser(integer) RETURNS boolean AS '
DECLARE
bool boolean := false;
userid text;
BEGIN
SELECT INTO userid id FROM siteuser WHERE id = $1;
IF FOUND then
delete from siteuser where id = $1;
bool := true;
ELSE
END IF;
RETURN bool;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
|
select deluser(1); |
7.3 返回integer
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_user_id(varchar) RETURNS integer AS '
DECLARE
vUser ALIAS FOR $1;
uid integer;
BEGIN
SELECT INTO uid id FROM "users" WHERE userid = vUser;
RETURN uid;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
7.4 返回void
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION enable_user(varchar) RETURNS void AS '
DECLARE
vUser ALIAS FOR $1;
BEGIN
Update "users" set status = ''true'' where userid = vUser;
RETURN;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION disable_user(varchar) RETURNS void AS '
DECLARE
vUser ALIAS FOR $1;
BEGIN
Update "users" set status = ''false'' where userid = vUser;
RETURN;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
7.5 返回結果集record
create table test(a int, b int);
insert into test values(1,1);
insert into test values(2,2);
insert into test values(3,3);
insert into test values(4,4);
insert into test values(5,5);
insert into test values(6,6);
insert into test values(7,7);
insert into test values(8,8);
insert into test values(9,9);
create or replace function fun_test_record() returns setof record as '
declare
rec record;
begin
FOR
rec IN SELECT * FROM test
RETURN NEXT rec;
END
return NULL;
end;
'language 'plpgsql';
select a,b from fun_test_record() test(a int, b int);
測試：
|
9812_net=> select a,b from fun_test_record() test(a int, b int); a | b ---+--- 1 | 1 2 | 2 3 | 3 4 | 4 5 | 5 6 | 6 7 | 7 8 | 8 9 | 9 (9 rows) 9812_net=> select test.a,test.b from fun_test_record() test(a int, b int); a | b ---+--- 1 | 1 2 | 2 3 | 3 4 | 4 5 | 5 6 | 6 7 | 7 8 | 8 9 | 9 (9 rows) 9812_net=> 9812_net=> EXPLAIN select a,b from fun_test_record() test(a int, b int); QUERY PLAN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Function Scan on fun_test_record test (cost=0.00..12.50 rows=1000 width=8) (1 row) 9812_net=> EXPLAIN select * from test; QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------- Seq Scan on test (cost=0.00..20.00 rows=1000 width=8) (1 row) 9812_net=> |
在JDBC 等API中使用。你儘管當它是一個SQL語句。
個人建議使用游標代替record，因為游標更方便。
7.6 例子
例子1：
-- ======================================================================
-- 'btoc.order_form'
-- ======================================================================
/*
number 訂單號/業務跟蹤號 30位. 前14位為日期時間,-後面的15位為隨機數
*/
DROP TABLE btoc.order_form CASCADE;
CREATE TABLE btoc.order_form (
id Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
category_id integer DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL, -- foreign key
number varchar (35) NOT NULL,
person_id integer DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL, -- foreign key
status Varchar(10) Default '0' Check (status in ('0','1','2','3','4','5')),
created Timestamp Default current_timestamp::timestamp (0) without time zone,
modified Timestamp Default current_timestamp::timestamp (0) without time zone,
UNIQUE (number),
PRIMARY KEY (id),
FOREIGN KEY (category_id) REFERENCES btoc.product_category (id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE,
FOREIGN KEY (person_id) REFERENCES person (uid) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE
);
CREATE INDEX btoc_order_form_index ON btoc.order_form (id,number,status);
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION
btoc.sp_order_form(Integer,Integer,varchar) RETURNS
DECLARE
ofid integer;
cid ALIAS FOR $1;
ofuid ALIAS FOR $2;
ofstatus ALIAS FOR $3;
num varchar(35);
BEGIN
select into num to_char(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,''YYYYMMDDHH24MISS'')||''-''||to_char(random(),''FM9V9999999999999990'')::varchar(15);
Insert into btoc.order_form(category_id,number,person_id,status) values (cid,num,ofuid,ofstatus);
Select into ofid id FROM btoc.order_form WHERE number = num;
IF FOUND then
RETURN ofid;
ELSE
RAISE EXCEPTION ''Inexistent ID --> %'',ofid;
END IF;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
7.7 shell 過程語言
http://developer.postgresql.org/~petere/pgplsh/pgplsh-1.0-7.3.tar.gz
|
|
8 規則
這裡有兩上規則例子role_rule、group_rule。它們功能都是刪除其它表中受外鍵約束的記錄。用觸發器也可以實現同樣功能，觸發器繁瑣，要寫一個過程。而規則靈巧得多。
如果是單一的Select、Update、Insert、 Delect推薦使用規則。如果要同時Update,Insert, Delect可以使用觸發器
IF TG_OP = ''UPDATE'' THEN
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
END IF;
IF TG_OP = ''INSERT'' THEN
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
END IF;
IF TG_OP = ''DELETE'' THEN
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
END IF;
8.1 規則實例
-- ======================================================
-- 'group'
-- ======================================================
Create table "group"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
"groupname" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,
"description" Varchar(255),
UNIQUE (groupname),
PRIMARY KEY ("id")
);
Create index "group_index" on "group" using btree ("id","groupname");
-- ======================================================
-- 'groupmember'
-- ======================================================
Create table "groupmember"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
"gid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,
"uid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,
primary key ("id")
);
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'vgroupmember'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- DROP VIEW vgroupmember;
CREATE VIEW vgroupmember AS
SELECT gm.id,gm.gid,g.groupname,gm.uid,u.userid,u.name
FROM "group" g,"user" u,groupmember gm
Where u.id = gm.uid and g.id = gm.gid
ORDER BY gm.id;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'RULE'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
CREATE RULE group_rule AS ON Delete TO "group"
DO Delete From groupmember where gid = OLD.id;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'Insert Data'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('System','系統管理員');
Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Administrator','站點管理員');
Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('gold','金');
Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('silver','銀');
Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('copper','銅');
Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('advance','高級會員');
Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('free','免費會員');
-- ======================================================
-- 'role'
-- ======================================================
-- drop table role CASCADE;
Create table "role"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
"rolename" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,
"description"
Varchar(255),
UNIQUE (rolename),
PRIMARY KEY ("id")
);
Create index "role_index" on "role" using btree ("id","rolename");
-- ======================================================
-- 'rolemember'
-- ======================================================
-- drop table rolemember CASCADE ;
Create table "rolemember"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
"rid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,
"uid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,
primary key ("id")
);
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'vrolemember'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
CREATE VIEW vrolemember AS
SELECT rm.id,rm.rid,r.rolename,rm.uid,u.userid,u.name
FROM "role" r,"user" u,rolemember rm
Where u.id = rm.uid and r.id = rm.rid
ORDER BY rm.id;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'RULE'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
CREATE RULE role_rule AS ON Delete TO role
DO Delete From rolemember where rid = OLD.id;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'Insert Data'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
Insert into role(rolename,description) values('System','系統管理員');
Insert into role(rolename,description) values('Administrator','站點管理員');
Insert into role(rolename,description) values('gold','金');
Insert into role(rolename,description) values('silver','銀');
Insert into role(rolename,description) values('copper','銅');
Insert into role(rolename,description) values('advance','高級會員');
Insert into role(rolename,description) values('free','免費會員');
-- ======================================================
-- 'Foreign Key'
-- ======================================================
Alter table "groupmember" add foreign key ("uid") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;
Alter table "groupmember" add foreign key ("gid") references "group" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;
Alter table "rolemember" add foreign key ("uid") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;
Alter table "rolemember" add foreign key ("rid") references "role" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;
9 觸發器
9.1 一般用法
下面clientinfo_tri觸發器與clientinfo_rule規則功能相同。
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION clientinfo_tri_func () RETURNS opaque AS '
BEGIN
Delete from prodorder where clientinfo_id = OLD.id;
RETURN OLD;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
DROP TRIGGER clientinfo_tri on clientinfo;
CREATE TRIGGER clientinfo_tri
BEFORE Delete ON clientinfo FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE clientinfo_tri_func ();
CREATE RULE clientinfo_rule AS ON Delete TO prodorder
DO Delete from prodorder where clientinfo_id = OLD.id;
9.2 多個觸發器使用同一個過程
這是一個多個觸發器使用同一個函數例子。
觸發器siteuser_delete_tri功能是：
當刪除siteuser表中記錄時，首先刪除其它表中受外鍵約束的記錄，如果不使用觸發器或規則來完成，就很麻煩了。
如下：
Begin;
Delete from company where uid = id;
Delete from link where uid = id;
Delete from product_sort where uid = id;
Delete from news where uid = id;
Delete from count where uid = id;
Delete from guestbook where uid = id;
Delete from clientinfo where uid = id;
Delete from column_bar where uid = id;
Delete from drumbeating where uid = id;
Commit;
在程序中完成上面的操作,
String sql1="Delete from company where uid = ?";
String sql2="Delete from link where uid = ?";
String sql3="Delete from product_sort where uid = ?";
String sql4="Delete from news where uid = ?";
String sql5="Delete from count where uid = ?";
String sql6="Delete from guestbook where uid = ?";
String sql7="Delete from clientinfo where uid = ?";
String sql8="Delete from column_bar where uid = ?";
String sql9="Delete from drumbeating where uid = ?";
String id = <your-id>;
DBConnect odb = null;
try{
odb = new DBConnect(oDatabase);
odb.Begin();
odb.prepareStatement(sql1);
odb.setString(1,id);
rs = odb. executeUpdate ();
odb.prepareStatement(sql2);
odb.setString(1,id);
rs = odb. executeUpdate ();
odb.prepareStatement(sql3);
odb.setString(1,id);
rs = odb. executeUpdate ();
odb.prepareStatement(sql4);
odb.setString(1,id);
rs = odb. executeUpdate ();
odb.prepareStatement(sql5);
odb.setString(1,id);
rs = odb. executeUpdate ();
odb.prepareStatement(sql6);
odb.setString(1,id);
rs = odb. executeUpdate ();
odb.prepareStatement(sql7);
odb.setString(1,id);
rs = odb. executeUpdate ();
odb.prepareStatement(sql8);
odb.setString(1,id);
rs = odb. executeUpdate ();
odb.prepareStatement(sql9);
odb.setString(1,id);
rs = odb. executeUpdate ();
odb.Commit();
}
catch(Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
finally{
try{
odb.close();
}catch(Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
觸發器siteuser_insert_tri功能是：
當向siteuser表中插入記錄時同時向company、count、drumbeating……表中增加一條記錄。
--
------------------------------------------------------
-- 'siteuser'
--
------------------------------------------------------
--DROP
TABLE IF EXISTS siteuser;
DROP TABLE
siteuser CASCADE;
DROP
SEQUENCE siteuser_id_seq;
DROP INDEX siteuser_id_index;
CREATE TABLE siteuser (
id integer DEFAULT nextval('siteuser_id_seq') NOT NULL,
username varchar(20) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
Password varchar(50) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
realname varchar(10) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
email varchar(50) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
create_date timestamp DEFAULT now(),
modify_date timestamp DEFAULT now(),
UNIQUE (id,username),
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
CREATE SEQUENCE siteuser_id_seq;
CREATE INDEX siteuser_id_index ON siteuser (id);
DROP FUNCTION siteuser_tri_func() CASCADE ;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION siteuser_tri_func () RETURNS opaque AS '
-- DECLARE
-- user_id CONSTANT INTEGER := OLD.id;
BEGIN
IF TG_OP = ''DELETE'' THEN
Delete from company where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from link where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from product_sort where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from news where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from count where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from guestbook where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from clientinfo where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from column_bar where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from drumbeating where uid = OLD.id;
END IF;
IF TG_OP = ''INSERT'' THEN
INSERT INTO company(uid) values(NEW.id);
INSERT INTO count(uid,number,fontcolor,backgroundcolor) values(NEW.id,0,''ffffff'',''000000'');
INSERT INTO drumbeating(uid,logourl,bannerurl) values(NEW.id,''default_logo.jpg'',''default_banner.jpg'');
END IF;
RETURN OLD;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
DROP
TRIGGER siteuser_delete_tri on siteuser;
CREATE TRIGGER siteuser_delete_tri
BEFORE Delete ON siteuser FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE siteuser_tri_func
();
DROP
TRIGGER siteuser_insert_tri on siteuser;
CREATE TRIGGER siteuser_insert_tri
AFTER INSERT ON siteuser FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE siteuser_tri_func ();
9.3 時間調度觸發器
PostgreSQL本身關沒有提供這種功能。但是我們可以用其它方式來代替同樣的功能。
|
[root@linux pgsql]# cat function.sh #!/bin/bash psql -Uchen member -c "select add_system_log(1,'127.0.0.1','Create Database','Initialization Database');" # or # psql -Uchen member -f your_sql_script.sql |
9.3.1 定時觸發器
定時觸發器與周期觸發器。的不同是定時，只運行一次，而周期是有規律的運行。
l 明天的這時候運行function.sh
|
[root@linux8 pgsql]# at -f function.sh tomorrow warning: commands will be executed using (in order) a) $SHELL b) login shell c) /bin/sh job 15 at 2003-10-14 18:05 |
l 今晚8：00運行optimize.sh Shell
|
[root@linux8 pgsql]# at -f optimize.sh 20:00 + 1 days warning: commands will be executed using (in order) a) $SHELL b) login shell c) /bin/sh job 18 at 2003-10-14 20:00 |
4天后的凌晨1：00運行function.sh
|
[root@linux8 pgsql]# at -f function.sh + 5 days warning: commands will be executed using (in order) a) $SHELL b) login shell c) /bin/sh job 20 at 2003-10-18 01:00 |
l 查看at queue
|
[root@linux8 pgsql]# atq 11 2003-10-14 01: 12 2003-10-14 18: 13 2003-10-14 18:00 b root 14 2003-10-14 18: 15 2003-10-14 18: 16 2003-10-14 01: 17 2003-10-13 20: 18 2003-10-14 20: 19 2003-10-15 01: 20 2003-10-18 01: 或使用 [root@linux8 pgsql]# at -l 11 2003-10-14 01: 12 2003-10-14 18: 13 2003-10-14 18:00 b root 14 2003-10-14 18: 15 2003-10-14 18: 16 2003-10-14 01: 17 2003-10-13 20: 18 2003-10-14 20: 19 2003-10-15 01: 20 2003-10-18 01: |
9.3.2
周期觸發器
l
每天的凌晨3：00運行一次function.sh
|
[root@linux
etc]# cat crontab SHELL=/bin/bash PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin MAILTO=root HOME=/ # run-parts 01 * * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.hourly 02 4 * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.daily 22 4 * * 0 root run-parts /etc/cron.weekly 42 4 1 * * root run-parts /etc/cron.monthly 0 3 * * * root /usr/local/pgsql/function.sh |
l 每天，每兩個小時運行一次function.sh
|
0 */2 * * * root /usr/local/pgsql/function.sh |
l 每月1日早上零晨2點運行 function.sh
|
0 2 1 * * root /usr/local/pgsql/function.sh |
l 每個月的星期一17：00點運行 function.sh
|
0 17 * * mon root /usr/local/pgsql/function.sh |
例子不再舉了，請參考操作系統手冊。
9.4 其它例子
例子1：
|
Id |
other |
Status |
|
1 |
|
False |
|
2 |
|
False |
|
3 |
|
False |
|
4 |
|
True |
需求：要求插入數據之前，將資料庫中某個表的status些欄位值設為false,然後再插入，使表中最後一條記錄的status欄位為true。
這個例子可以應用在競價拍賣的過程中。Status為false表示出局，為true表是領先。
每一次出價要比現有的出價高，同時使其它用戶出局，自己領先。
-- ======================================================================
-- 'ctoc.bid'
-- ======================================================================
/*
bidder 買方(信用等級)
price 出價
quantity 需求數量
實際獲得數量
出價時間
*/
DROP TABLE ctoc.bid CASCADE;
CREATE TABLE ctoc.bid(
id Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
salesroom_id integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL, -- foreign key
bidder integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL, -- foreign key
price numeric(8,2) DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL,
quantity Integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL Check (quantity not in ('0')),
created timestamp DEFAULT current_timestamp::timestamp (0) without time zone,
status boolean DEFAULT true,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
FOREIGN KEY (salesroom_id) REFERENCES ctoc.salesroom (id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE,
FOREIGN KEY (bidder) REFERENCES person (uid) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE
);
CREATE INDEX ctoc_bid_index ON ctoc.bid (salesroom_id);
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- ' FUNCTION TRIGGER '
-- ------------------------------------------------------
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION ctoc_bid_tri_func () RETURNS TRIGGER AS '
DECLARE
BEGIN
Update ctoc.bid set status = false where salesroom_id = NEW.salesroom_id;
RETURN NEW;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
DROP TRIGGER ctoc_bid_tri on ctoc.bid;
CREATE TRIGGER ctoc_bid_tri
BEFORE INSERT ON ctoc.bid FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE ctoc_bid_tri_func ();
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- ' Test '
-- ------------------------------------------------------
insert into ctoc.bid(salesroom_id,bidder,price,quantity,status) values(1,8,100,1,true);
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'ctoc.vbid'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
DROP VIEW ctoc.vbid;
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW ctoc.vbid AS
SELECT
b.id,
b.salesroom_id,
b.bidder as uid,
p.name as bidder,
b.price,
b.quantity,
CASE WHEN b.status = true THEN b.quantity::varchar ELSE '0' END as quantity1,
to_char(b.created,'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') as created,
CASE WHEN b.status = true THEN '<font color=red>領先</font>'::varchar ELSE '<font color="#3399FF">出局</font>'::varchar END as status
FROM ctoc.bid b,ctoc.salesroom room, person p
WHERE b.salesroom_id = room.id and b.bidder = p.uid
order by b.salesroom_id,id DESC;
對例子1改進：
實現在競價過程中，每一次出價要比之前的與有出價高。如果出價低於之前的最後一次出價，拋出異常ERROR: Calling ctoc_bid_tri_func ()
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION ctoc_bid_tri_func () RETURNS TRIGGER AS '
DECLARE
BEGIN
IF NEW.price > (select max(price) from ctoc.bid where salesroom_id = NEW.salesroom_id) THEN
Update ctoc.bid set status = false where salesroom_id = NEW.salesroom_id;
ELSE
-- RAISE NOTICE ''Calling ctoc_bid_tri_func ()'';
RAISE EXCEPTION ''Calling ctoc_bid_tri_func ()'';
END IF;
RETURN NEW;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
DROP TRIGGER ctoc_bid_tri on ctoc.bid;
CREATE TRIGGER ctoc_bid_tri
BEFORE INSERT ON ctoc.bid FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE ctoc_bid_tri_func ();
測試：
|
netkiller=> insert into ctoc.bid(salesroom_id,bidder,price,quantity,status) values(1,8,100,1,true); ERROR: Calling ctoc_bid_tri_func () netkiller=> insert into ctoc.bid(salesroom_id,bidder,price,quantity,status) values(1,8,120,1,true); ERROR: Calling ctoc_bid_tri_func () netkiller=> insert into ctoc.bid(salesroom_id,bidder,price,quantity,status) values(1,8,140,1,true); INSERT 49772 1 netkiller=> |
10 游標
CREATE FUNCTION reffunc(refcursor) RETURNS refcursor AS '
BEGIN
OPEN $1 FOR SELECT * FROM system_log;
RETURN $1;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
BEGIN;
SELECT reffunc('funccursor');
FETCH ALL IN funccursor;
COMMIT;
|
member=> member=> BEGIN; BEGIN member=> SELECT reffunc('funccursor'); reffunc ------------ funccursor (1 row) member=> FETCH ALL IN funccursor; id | uid | ip | status | description | login_date ----+-----+--------------+-----------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------- 8 | 1 | 192.168.0.1 | eeee | dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd | 2003-09-25 14:55:19.62117 53 | 1 | 127.0.0.1 | Create Database | Initialization Database | 2003-09-25 15:23:34.941765 54 | 2 | 192.168.0.5 | 上線 | 密碼 | 2003-09-26 15:33:18.6732 55 | 2 | 192.168.0.2 | 登錄 | 用戶admin | 2003-09-26 16:19:21.824283 56 | 2 | 192.168.1.31 | 登錄 | 用戶admin | 2003-09-26 17:10:47.269064 |
10.1 游標結果集
這是一個在Java 中讀取游標返回的結果集例子：
public void Cursors(){
String sql = "SELECT reffunc('funccursor')";
String sql2 = "FETCH ALL IN funccursor";
DBConnect odb = null;
try{
odb = new DBConnect(oDatabase);
odb.Begin();
odb.prepareStatement(sql);
rs = odb.executeQuery();
odb.prepareStatement(sql2);
//odb.setString(1,user);
rs = odb.executeQuery();
if(rs!=null) {
while(rs.next()){
System.out.print(rs.getString(1)+"|");
System.out.print(rs.getString(2)+"|");
System.out.print(rs.getString(3)+"|");
System.out.println(rs.getString(4));
}
}
odb.Commit();
}
catch(Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
finally{
try{
odb.close();
}catch(Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
|
53|1|127.0.0.1|Create Database 54|2|192.168.0.5|上線 55|2|192.168.0.2|登錄 56|2|192.168.1.31|登錄 57|2|127.0.0.1|登錄 58|1|127.0.0.1|登錄 |
10.2 例子
例子1：
CREATE FUNCTION reffunc(refcursor,integer) RETURNS refcursor AS '
BEGIN
OPEN $1 FOR SELECT id,pname,num as amount,price,newprice,(newprice*num) as subtotal,((price-newprice)*num) as cost_saving FROM product WHERE id = $2;
RETURN $1;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
例子2：
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION btoc.porder(refcursor,Integer,Integer) RETURNS refcursor AS '
DECLARE
search_id ALIAS FOR $2;
num ALIAS FOR $3;
BEGIN
OPEN $1 FOR
SELECT
id,name,
CASE WHEN money is null THEN
''RMB'' ELSE money END||to_char(price,''
CASE WHEN money is null
THEN ''RMB'' ELSE money END||to_char(newprice,''
num as quantity,
newprice*num as subtotal,
price*num - newprice*num as cost_saving
FROM btoc.product
WHERE id = search_id;
IF FOUND then
RETURN $1;
ELSE
RETURN null;
END IF;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
BEGIN;
select btoc.porder('funccursor',75,500);
FETCH ALL IN funccursor;
-- CLOSE funccursor;
-- select porder('funccursor',16,5);
-- FETCH ALL IN funccursor;
COMMIT;
11 事務處理
11.1 批量插入、更新、刪除
對數據進行批量的插入、更新、刪除操作，建議使用事務處理。
1. 降低對物理磁碟的讀寫操作，提高性能
2. 保持數據完整、一至
請看下面的例子
11.1.1 批量插入操作-例1
insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('System Admin','系統管理員');
insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Power Admin','系統管理員');
insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Backup Admin','系統管理員');
…… ……
…… ……
…… ……
insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('xxxxxxxxxxxx','xxxxxxxxxxx');
這個例子要完成大量的數據插入操作。在程序在實現這個操作，基本都是使用一個循環操作如：
for(條件){
運行SQL語句：insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('變數','變數');
}
如果插入數據足夠多，你會發現你的磁碟在嚓嚓做響，並且硬碟指示燈瘋狂閃爍。
優化後更改為：
begin
for(條件){
運行SQL語句：insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('變數','變數');
}
commit
插入數據被保存到內存中，只有commit時你的磁碟才會嚓嚓響。除非你的存內不夠用，系統使用交換分區。當前主流的伺服器配置基本都是
這裡給一個Java的例子：
public void delGroupMember(ArrayList id) {
String sql = "delete from groupmember where id=?";
try{
odb = new DBConnect(oDatabase);
odb.Begin();
for(int i=0;i<id.size();i++){
odb.prepareStatement(sql);
odb.setString(1,(String)id.get(i));
odb.executeUpdate();
}
odb.Commit();
odb.AutoCommit();
}
catch(Exception e){
odb.Rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}
finally{
try{
odb.close();
}catch(Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
11.2 保持數據完整-例2
當刪除A表中一條記錄，同時刪除B，C，D，E，F……等表中的相關數據，當然你可以使用RULE、TRIGGER來完成，我這是隻是舉個例子。
由程序完成這樣的刪除作操，如果不使用事務處理，中途中斷操作數據就會不一至。
Begin;
Delete from company where uid = id;
Delete from link where uid = id;
Delete from product_sort where uid = id;
Delete from news where uid = id;
Delete from count where uid = id;
Delete from guestbook where uid = id;
Delete from clientinfo where uid = id;
Delete from column_bar where uid = id;
Delete from drumbeating where uid = id;
Commit;
12 用戶權限
需求例子
某公司經營虛擬主機，資料庫等業務，需求如下
1. 每個虛擬主機用戶對應一個數據（PostgreSQL）。
2. 資料庫與資料庫用戶之間獨立，互不干擾。
3. 有一些用戶虛擬主機在其它公司，要買我們的PostgreSQL資料庫服務。
4. 用戶分為企業，個人。
5. 每戶有時限，過期後自動失效（停用）。
分析：
1. 每個主機對應一個資料庫，並且用戶之間獨立，我們可以配置pg_hba.conf檔案來完成需求（1），（2），（3）。
2. 創建企業組和個人組來實現需求中的（4）
3. 過期策略，使用VALID UNTIL選項來完成
建議：
資料庫與用戶名命名規則，建議你使用該用戶虛擬主機的域名。如：
www.9812.net 資料庫為:9812_net 用戶名為:9812_net
資料庫名使用“_”下劃線需要使用雙引號"9812_net", "xuser_net"
如果不想使用雙引號，給用戶添麻煩。也可以命名為:
9812net，xusernet，kdeopencom
或不用尾碼直接
9812，xuser，kdeopen
12.1.1 組
12.1.1.1 創建組
CREATE GROUP groupname;
要向組中增加用戶或刪除用戶：
ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER user1, user2... ;
ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER user1, user2... ;
|
postgres=# CREATE GROUP company; CREATE GROUP postgres=# CREATE GROUP person; CREATE GROUP postgres=# |
12.1.1.2 刪除組
DROP GROUP groupname;
|
postgres=# DROP GROUP vhost; DROP GROUP |
12.1.2 用戶
12.1.2.1 創建用戶
1. 創建一個名為netkiller的用戶，指定密碼chen。
CREATE USER netkiller WITH PASSWORD 'chen';
2.
創建一個用戶：dbuser1，密碼：chen，用戶在
CREATE USER
dbuser1 WITH PASSWORD 'chen' VALID UNTIL '
|
postgres=# CREATE USER dbuser1 WITH
PASSWORD 'chen' VALID UNTIL ' CREATE USER postgres=# CREATE USER
"kdeopen_comt" WITH PASSWORD 'chen' VALID UNTIL ' CREATE USER postgres=# CREATE USER
"9812_net" WITH PASSWORD 'chen' VALID UNTIL ' CREATE USER |
3. 創建用戶一個隷屬於vhost組的用戶。
CREATE USER vhostdbuser WITH PASSWORD 'chen' IN GROUP vhost;
|
postgres=# CREATE GROUP vhost; CREATE GROUP postgres=# CREATE USER vhostdbuser WITH PASSWORD 'chen' IN GROUP vhost; CREATE USER postgres=# CREATE USER vhostdbuser1 WITH
PASSWORD 'chen' VALID UNTIL ' CREATE USER postgres=# postgres=# \du List of database users User name | User ID | Attributes --------------+---------+---------------------------- 9812_net | 102 | dbuser1 | 101 | kdeopen_com | 103 | netkiller | 100 | postgres | 1 | superuser, create database vhostdbuser | 104 | vhostdbuser1 | 105 | (7 rows) postgres=# |
12.1.2.2 刪除用戶
DROP USER username;
|
postgres=# DROP USER dbuser1; DROP USER postgres=# |
12.1.2.3 修改密碼
ALTER USER "用戶" PASSWORD '密碼';
|
postgres=# ALTER USER "9812_net" PASSWORD '123456'; ALTER USER postgres=# |
測試：
|
bash-2.05b$ psql -h 127.0.0.1 -U9812 Password: 輸入新密碼 psql: FATAL: Password authentication failed for user "9812" bash-2.05b$ psql -h 127.0.0.1 -U9812_net Password: Welcome to psql Type: \copyright for distribution terms \h for help with SQL commands \? for help on internal slash commands \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query \q to quit 9812_net=> |
12.1.3 創建數據
創建資料庫，並指定所有者：
CREATE DATABASE kdeopen WITH OWNER = 9812_net TEMPLATE = template0 ENCODING = 'UNICODE';
|
postgres=# CREATE DATABASE "9812_net" WITH OWNER = "9812_net" TEMPLATE = template0 ENCODING = 'UNICODE'; CREATE DATABASE postgres=# \l List of databases Name | Owner | Encoding -----------+-----------+----------- 9812_net | 9812_net | UNICODE netkiller | netkiller | UNICODE postgres | postgres | SQL_ASCII template0 | postgres | SQL_ASCII template1 | postgres | SQL_ASCII (5 rows) postgres=# |
12.1.4 用戶認證
12.1.4.1
本地連接
#
local DATABASE USER METHOD [OPTION]
# host DATABASE USER IP-ADDRESS IP-MASK METHOD [OPTION]
# hostssl DATABASE USER IP-ADDRESS IP-MASK METHOD [OPTION]
pg_hba.conf檔案配置例子
|
[root@linux data]# cat pg_hba.conf host all all 127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 md5 local all all trust |
測試，從127.0.0.1連接成功
|
[root@linux data]# psql -h127.0.0.1 -u member psql: Warning: The -u option is deprecated. Use -U. User name: chen Password: Welcome to psql Type: \copyright for distribution terms \h for help with SQL commands \? for help on internal slash commands \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query \q to quit member=> |
從外地測試，從LAN連接失敗
|
[root@linux data]# psql -hwww.9812.net -u member psql: Warning: The -u option is deprecated. Use -U. User name: chen Password: psql: FATAL: No pg_hba.conf entry for host 61.145.139.113, user chen, database member [root@linux2 data]# |
注意：是本地連接也要加-h 127.0.0.1。否則系統認為你用UNIX Domain Socket 連接 /tmp/ .s.PGSQL.5432
12.1.4.2 允許任何IP連接主機
|
[root@linux data]# cat pg_hba.conf host all
all
|
12.1.5 腳本例子
9812是本地用戶（應用程序和資料庫在同一台伺服器上）
kdeopen 是外部用戶來自202.103.190.130
xuser 是動態IP拔號用戶，可以在任何地方連接他的xuser資料庫
pg_hba.conf：
|
[root@linux data]# cat pg_hba.conf host 9812 9812 127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 md5 host kdeopen kdeopen 202.103.190.130 255.255.255.0 md5 host xuser xuser
|
SQL腳本：
|
CREATE GROUP company; CREATE GROUP person; CREATE USER 9812 WITH PASSWORD 'chen'
VALID UNTIL ' CREATE DATABASE 9812 WITH OWNER = 9812 TEMPLATE = template0 ENCODING = 'UNICODE'; CREATE USER kdeopen WITH PASSWORD 'chen'
VALID UNTIL ' CREATE DATABASE kdeopen WITH OWNER = kdeopen TEMPLATE = template0 ENCODING = 'UNICODE'; CREATE USER xuser WITH PASSWORD 'chen'
VALID UNTIL ' CREATE DATABASE xuser WITH OWNER = xuser TEMPLATE = template0 ENCODING = 'UNICODE'; |
12.1.6 權限
過幾天寫
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
13 其它技巧例子
字元串替換
|
update
crm.customer set details = replace(details,'客戶',' customer') where
id >20; |
第二章 開發篇
13.1 漢字編碼問題
傳統漢字編碼是由兩個位元組組成（Hz，Hzk 國標GB2312,GBK）的，最新版是GB18030兼容（GB2312，GBK 2位元組），其餘的字元是4位元組。其它一些過度標準還有GB 2311、GB 11383、GB 12345、GB 13000.1、GB17000。
採用UTF-8編碼會多占用一些空間（英文1個位元組，一個漢字等其它字元需3個位元組），但解決了國際化問題，UTF-8兼容GB2312、BIG5、EUC_CN、EUC_TW、GB18030等多種國家的語言編碼。
解決了國際化字元問題條件是創建資料庫的編碼必須是UNICODE。UNICODE中英文一個字母=中文一個漢字長度。
控制台(顯示/輸出) ：UTF-8 參考FAQ Putty
13.2 JDBC
要解決Java 中的中文問題，首先字元源就應該是UTF-8編碼，如將“漢字”轉成UTF-8編碼，通過JDBC 插入到UNICODE編碼的資料庫中。這樣才不會出亂碼“？？？？”，“”。我在BBS上看到很多朋友問漢字編碼問題。他們沒成功的的原因是他們這樣組合。
ISO8859-1(漢字) à JDBC à Database (UNICODE)
ISO8859-1(漢字) à JDBC à Database (EUC_CN)
GB2312(漢字) à JDBC à Database (SQL_ASCII)
正確應該是：
UTF-8(漢字) à JDBC (UTF-8) à Database (Unicode)
如果你使用psql查看記錄。你的控制台也要支持UTF-8。否則你看到的還是亂碼。
13.2.1 Jsp/Java
13.2.2 toChinese() 方法
我常在BBS上看到很多用戶提問，Jsp/Java 讀出表單、資料庫中的漢字顯示為“??????????”，多數用戶都是使用類似下面的方法：
public static String toChinese(String strvalue){
try{
if(strvalue==null)
return null;
else{
strvalue = new String(strvalue.getBytes("ISO8859_1"), "GBK");
return strvalue;
}
}catch(Exception e){
return null;
}
}
13.2.3 Unicode (UTF-8) 完全解決方案
筆者不讚成使用這種方法，因為無論GBK，還是GB2312只限于英文字母、漢字存儲。我推薦使用Unicode(UTF-8) 編碼，可以存儲任何數據。創建資料庫編碼採用EUC_CN或Unicode編碼都可以（建議使用Unicode）。Jsp頁面中要加入下面幾行代碼。加入代碼之後不需要對字元（包括漢字）做認任轉換處理。全部採用UTF-8編碼存儲數據。
13.2.3.1 setCharacterEncoding() 方案
<%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=gb2312" language="java" import="java.sql.*" errorPage="error.jsp" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Untitled Document</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset= gb2312">
<link href="../includes/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
</head>
改為：
<%@ page
contentType="text/html; charset=utf-8" language="java" import="java.sql.*"
errorPage="" %>
<jsp:include page="../includes/unicode.jsp" flush="true" />
<%@ page
import="java.util.*"%>
<jsp:useBean id="sd" scope="page" class="ebusiness.btob.supplydemand"/>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W
<html>
<head>
<title>Untitled Document</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<link href="../includes/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
</head>
<%
String CharacterEncoding = "UTF-8";
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
request.setCharacterEncoding(CharacterEncoding);
%>
String CharacterEncoding = "UTF-8";
request.setCharacterEncoding(CharacterEncoding);
設置提交出去的數據就是utf-8的．．
創建資料庫：
|
bash-2.05b$ createdb - CREATE DATABASE bash-2.05b$ psql -l List of databases Name | Owner | Encoding ------------+----------+----------- member | postgres | SQL_ASCII mydatabase | postgres | UNICODE postgres | postgres | SQL_ASCII pureftpd | pureftpd | EUC_CN site |
postgres | EUC_CN template0 | postgres | SQL_ASCII template1 | postgres | SQL_ASCII (7 rows) bash-2.05b$ |
或參考“用戶權限”中的“腳本例子”小節。
|
CREATE GROUP person; CREATE USER xuser WITH PASSWORD 'chen'
VALID UNTIL ' CREATE DATABASE xuser WITH OWNER = xuser TEMPLATE = template0 ENCODING = 'UNICODE'; |
Inc.jsp
<%
response.addHeader("Expires","-1");
response.addHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
response.addHeader("cache-control", "no-store");
String CharacterEncoding = "UTF-8";
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
request.setCharacterEncoding(CharacterEncoding);
%>
jsp頁面檔案：
<%@ page
contentType="text/html; charset=utf-8" language="java"
import="java.sql.*" errorPage="error.jsp" %>
<%@ page
import="java.util.*"%>
<%@ page
import="net.xuser.util.*"%>
<%@ include file="include/inc.jsp" %>
<jsp:include page="include/privileges.jsp" flush="true" />
<jsp:useBean id="oGroup" scope="page" class="netkiller.member.group" />
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset= utf-8">
<title> </title>
<link href="include/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
上面的方法在跨頁面提交時有問題，漢字還是出亂碼。但提交給自身是沒有問題的。
13.2.3.2 Web.xml Filter過濾方案：
SetCharacterEncodingFilter.java
|
/* * $Header:
/home/cvs/jakarta-tomcat-4.0/webapps/examples/WEB-INF/classes/filters/SetCharacterEncodingFilter.java,v
* $Revision: * $Date: 2001/10/17 22:52:17 $ * * ==================================================================== * * The Apache Software License, Version 1.1 * * Copyright (c) 1999-2001 The Apache Software Foundation. All rights * reserved. * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions * are met: * * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in * the documentation and/or other materials provided with the * distribution. * * 3. The end-user documentation included with the redistribution, if * any, must include the following acknowlegement: * "This product includes software developed by the * Apache Software Foundation (http://www.apache.org/)." * Alternately, this acknowlegement may appear in the software itself, * if and wherever such third-party acknowlegements normally appear. * * 4. The names "The Jakarta Project", "Tomcat", and "Apache Software * Foundation" must not be used to endorse or promote products derived * from this software without prior written permission. For written * permission, please contact apache@apache.org. * * 5. Products derived from this software may not be called "Apache" * nor may "Apache" appear in their names without prior written * permission of the Apache Group. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED * WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE APACHE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION OR * ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF * USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF * SUCH DAMAGE. * ==================================================================== * * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many * individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation. For more * information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see * <http://www.apache.org/>. * * [Additional notices, if required by prior licensing conditions] * */ package
filters; import
java.io.IOException; import
javax.servlet.Filter; import
javax.servlet.FilterChain; import
javax.servlet.FilterConfig; import
javax.servlet.ServletException; import
javax.servlet.ServletRequest; import
javax.servlet.ServletResponse; import
javax.servlet.UnavailableException; /** * <p>Example filter that sets the character encoding to be used in parsing the * incoming request, either unconditionally or only if the client did not * specify a character encoding. Configuration of this filter is based on * the following initialization parameters:</p> * <ul> * <li><strong>encoding</strong> - The character encoding to be configured * for this request, either conditionally or unconditionally based on * the <code>ignore</code> initialization parameter. This parameter * is required, so there is no default.</li> * <li><strong>ignore</strong> - If set to "true", any character encoding * specified by the client is ignored, and the value returned by the * <code>selectEncoding()</code> method is set. If set to "false, * <code>selectEncoding()</code> is called <strong>only</strong> if the * client has not already specified an encoding. By default, this * parameter is set to "true".</li> * </ul> * * <p>Although this filter can be used unchanged, it is also easy to * subclass it and make the <code>selectEncoding()</code> method more * intelligent about what encoding to choose, based on characteristics of * the incoming request (such as the values of the <code>Accept-Language</code> * and <code>User-Agent</code> headers, or a value stashed in the current * user's session.</p> * * @author Craig McClanahan * @version $Revision: */ public class SetCharacterEncodingFilter implements Filter { // ----------------------------------------------------- Instance Variables /** * The default character encoding to set for requests that pass through * this filter. */ protected String encoding = null; /** * The filter configuration object we are associated with. If this value * is null, this filter instance is not currently configured. */ protected FilterConfig filterConfig = null; /** * Should a character encoding specified by the client be ignored? */ protected boolean ignore = true; // --------------------------------------------------------- Public Methods /** * Take this filter out of service. */ public void destroy() { this.encoding = null; this.filterConfig = null; } /** * Select and set (if specified) the character encoding to be used to * interpret request parameters for this request. * * @param request The servlet request we are processing * @param result The servlet response we are creating * @param chain The filter chain we are processing * * @exception IOException if an input/output error occurs * @exception ServletException if a servlet error occurs */ public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException { // Conditionally select and set the character encoding to be used if (ignore || (request.getCharacterEncoding() == null)) { String encoding = selectEncoding(request); if (encoding != null) request.setCharacterEncoding(encoding); } // Pass control on to the next filter chain.doFilter(request, response); } /** * Place this filter into service. * * @param filterConfig The filter configuration object */ public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException { this.filterConfig = filterConfig; this.encoding = filterConfig.getInitParameter("encoding"); String value = filterConfig.getInitParameter("ignore"); if (value == null) this.ignore = true; else if (value.equalsIgnoreCase("true")) this.ignore = true; else if (value.equalsIgnoreCase("yes")) this.ignore = true; else this.ignore = false; } // ------------------------------------------------------ Protected Methods /** * Select an appropriate character encoding to be used, based on the * characteristics of the current request and/or filter initialization * parameters. If no character encoding should be set, return * <code>null</code>. * <p> * The default implementation unconditionally returns the value configured * by the <strong>encoding</strong> initialization parameter for this * filter. * * @param request The servlet request we are processing */ protected String selectEncoding(ServletRequest request) { return (this.encoding); } } |
編譯該檔案
將filters包(目錄)複製到WEB-INF/classes目錄下。
編輯WEB-INF下的web.xml
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE web-app PUBLIC "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Web Application 2.3//EN" "http://java.sun.com/dtd/web-app_2_3.dtd"> <web-app> <welcome-file-list> <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file> </welcome-file-list> <filter> <filter-name>Set Character Encoding</filter-name> <filter-class>filters.SetCharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class> <init-param> <param-name>encoding</param-name> <param-value>utf-8</param-value> </init-param> <init-param> <param-name>ignore</param-name> <param-value>true</param-value> </init-param> </filter> <filter-mapping> <filter-name>Set Character Encoding</filter-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </filter-mapping> </web-app> |
漢字編碼的解決方案完成。
13.2.3.3
Jdbc
url charSet方案
jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/database?charSet=UTF-8
13.3
Tomcat
JNDI Datasource 配置
首先下載PostgreSQL JDBC http://jdbc.postgresql.org/
然後將.jar檔案複製到/usr/local/jakarta-tomcat/common/lib/目錄中
創建一個xml檔案，參考webapps.xml，將檔案複製到/usr/local/jakarta-tomcat/
conf/Catalina/localhost/目錄下（Tomcat 4.x 是jakarta-tomcat /webapps目錄，5.x jakarta-tomcat/conf/Catalina/localhost/）
webapps.xml
|
[root@linux root]# cat /usr/local/jakarta-tomcat/webapps/webapps.xml <Context path="/test" docBase="/var/www/html/webapps" debug="0" reloadable="true"> <Logger className="org.apache.catalina.logger.FileLogger" prefix="localhost_webapps_log." suffix=".txt" timestamp="true"/> <Resource name="jdbc/postgrespool" auth="Container" type="javax.sql.DataSource"/> <ResourceParams name="jdbc/postgrespool"> <parameter> <name>factory</name> <value>org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSourceFactory</value> </parameter> <parameter> <name>driverClassName</name> <value>org.postgresql.Driver</value> </parameter> <parameter> <name>url</name> <value>jdbc:postgresql://127.0.0.1:5432/netkiller</value> </parameter> <parameter> <name>username</name> <value>netkiller</value> </parameter> <parameter> <name>password</name> <value>chen</value> </parameter> <parameter> <name>maxActive</name> <value>10</value> </parameter> <parameter> <name>maxIdle</name> <value>10</value> </parameter> <parameter> <name>maxWait</name> <value>-1</value> </parameter> </ResourceParams> </Context> |
DriverClassName 驅動的ClassName
url 資料庫的URL jdbc:postgresql://主機:連接埠/資料庫
username 數據用戶名
password 密碼
maxActive 最大連接數
maxIdle 空閒連接
maxWait 超時時間
web.xml
|
[root@linux root]# cat /var/www/html/webapps/WEB-INF/web.xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE web-app PUBLIC "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Web Application 2.3//EN" "http://java.sun.com/dtd/web-app_2_3.dtd"> <web-app> <welcome-file-list> <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file> </welcome-file-list> <filter> <filter-name>Set Character Encoding</filter-name> <filter-class>filters.SetCharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class> <init-param> <param-name>encoding</param-name> <param-value>utf-8</param-value> </init-param> <init-param> <param-name>ignore</param-name> <param-value>true</param-value> </init-param> </filter> <filter-mapping> <filter-name>Set Character Encoding</filter-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </filter-mapping> <description>Postgresql Test
App</description> <resource-ref>
<description>DB Connection</description>
<res-ref-name>jdbc/postgrespool</res-ref-name> <res-type>javax.sql.DataSource</res-type> <res-auth>Container</res-auth> </resource-ref> <servlet> <servlet-name>DisplayChart</servlet-name> <servlet-class>org.jfree.chart.servlet.DisplayChart</servlet-class> </servlet> </web-app> |
測試程序
db-connect-test.jsp
|
<%@
page contentType="text/html; charset=GBK"%> <%@
page import="java.sql.*, javax.naming.*"%> <% try { Context initCtx = new InitialContext(); Context ctx = (Context)
initCtx.lookup("java:comp/env"); Object obj = (Object) ctx.lookup("jdbc/postgrespool"); javax.sql.DataSource ds = (javax.sql.DataSource)obj; Connection conn = ds.getConnection(); Statement stmt = conn.createStatement(java.sql.ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE, java.sql.ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY); String strSQL = "SELECT * FROM users"; ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(strSQL); %> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html> <head> <title>PostgreSQL Test</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> </head> <body> <% while(rs.next()){ out.print(rs.getString(2)+"<br>"); } %> </body> </html> <% rs.close(); stmt.close(); conn.close(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); throw e; } %> |
測試URL
http://192.168.0.1:8080/test/db-connect-test.jsp
13.4 JDBC通過SSL安全連接資料庫
java.sql.DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:postgresql://db.example.com/testdb?ssl","netkiller","password")
13.5 開發相關
13.5.1 Create Java Entity Bean (not EJB CMP)
http://home.9812.net/linux/article/postgres/python/
這是我寫的一個小程序。可以將PostgreSQL 資料庫中的表。導出為javabean。
13.5.2 連接資料庫
|
package netkiller.database; /** * Title PostgreSQL database JDBC interface. * @author: netkiller (陳景峰) * Company: none * Homepage: http://netkiller.8800.org * Copyright: Copyright (c) 2003 *
@version 1.0 * @since *
@PostgreSQL database JDBC interface. * @see */ import
java.sql.*; import
java.util.*; import
java.io.*; import
javax.sql.*; import
org.postgresql.jdbc3.*; //import net.xuser.database.DBConnectionManager; //implements Database public class DBConnect{
private Connection conn = null; private Statement stmt = null; private PreparedStatement prepstmt = null; private ResultSet rs = null; private DBConnectionManager dcm=null;
private String Driver = null; private String url = null; private String user = null; private String passwd = null; private boolean isConnect = false;
private String odbc = null; private void init(String odb) { try{ dcm = DBConnectionManager.getInstance(odb); //System.out.println(dcm); if(dcm == null){ //this.conn == null || System.out.println("Database Connect false!"); //throw new Exception("Database Connect false!"); //return; }else{ this.conn = dcm.getConnection(); }
} catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } public DBConnect() { init("jdbc"); this.odbc = "jdbc"; } public DBConnect(String odb) { this.Driver = "org.postgresql.Driver"; //this.url = "jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/site"; this.user = "netkiller"; this.passwd = "chen"; //this.setUrl("localhost","site"); this.setUrl("192.168.0.1","netkiller"); //System.out.print("Database Connection:"+getConnection());
if(odb == null)odb="jdbc"; this.odbc = odb; init(odb); /* InitialContext ctx = new InitialContext(); DataSource ds = (DataSource) ctx.lookup("java:/MSSQLDS"); Connection conn = ds.getConnection(); Statement stmt = conn.createStatement(); ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM Employees"); while ( rs.next() ) { out.println( rs.getInt(“EmployeeID”) + "<br>"); } conn.close(); */ }
public void setDriver(String dri){ this.Driver = dri; }
public void setUrl(String db){ this.url = "jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/"+db; }
public void setUrl(String host,String db){ this.url = "jdbc:postgresql://"+ host +":5432/"+db; }
public void setUrl(String host,int port,String db){ this.url = "jdbc:postgresql://"+ host +":"+ port +"/"+db; }
public void setUser(String user){ this.user = user; }
public void setPasswd(String pass){ this.passwd = pass; }
public void setHost(){} public void setPort(){}
public String getUrl(){ return this.url; }
public String getDriver(){ return this.Driver; }
public String getUser(){ return this.user; } public String getPasswd(){ return this.passwd; } public Connection Connection(){ this.isConnect = false; try{ Class.forName(this.getDriver()).newInstance(); this.conn = DriverManager.getConnection(this.getUrl(), this.getUser(), this.getPasswd()); isConnect = true; } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return this.conn; } public boolean getConnection(){
this.Connection(); if(this.isConnect){ return this.isConnect; }else{ System.out.println("資料庫連接有問題，請檢查主機，用戶，密碼！"); return this.isConnect; } } public String getCatalog(){ String tmp = ""; try{ if(this.conn != null) tmp = this.conn.getCatalog(); }catch(SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return tmp; } public void AutoCommit(){ try{ this.conn.setAutoCommit(true); }catch(SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }
public void Begin(){ try{ this.conn.setAutoCommit(false); }catch(SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }
public void Commit(){ try{ if(this.conn != null) this.conn.commit(); }catch(SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }
public void Rollback(){ try{ if(this.conn != null) this.conn.rollback(); }catch(SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }
public ResultSet executeQuery(String strSQL) { try { this.stmt = this.conn.createStatement(); if(this.stmt != null){ this.rs = this.stmt.executeQuery(strSQL); } } catch(SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } /* finally { try{ // Always close properly this.close(); }catch(Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } }*/ return this.rs; }
public int getCount(String strTable){ String strSQL = "select count(*) from "+strTable; int nCount = 0;
try { this.stmt = this.conn.createStatement(); if(this.stmt != null){ this.rs = stmt.executeQuery(strSQL); if(rs!=null) { while(rs.next()){ nCount = rs.getInt(1); } } } } catch(SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
finally { try{ // Always close properly this.close(); }catch(Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } }
return nCount; }
public boolean executeUpdate(String strSQL){ boolean isSuccess = false; try{ this.stmt = this.conn.createStatement(); //stmt = this.conn.createStatement(); stmt.executeUpdate(strSQL); isSuccess = true; }catch(SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } /* finally { try{ // Always close properly this.close(); }catch(Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } }*/ return isSuccess; }
public void setString(int index,String value) throws SQLException { prepstmt.setString(index, value); }
public void setInt(int index,int value) throws SQLException { prepstmt.setInt(index,value); }
public void setBoolean(int index,boolean value) throws SQLException { prepstmt.setBoolean(index,value); }
public void setDate(int index,java.sql.Date value) throws SQLException { prepstmt.setDate(index,value); }
public void setLong(int index,long value) throws SQLException { prepstmt.setLong(index,value); }
public void setFloat(int index,float value) throws SQLException { prepstmt.setFloat(index,value); }
public void setBytes(int index,byte[] value) throws SQLException{ prepstmt.setBytes(index,value); }
public void addBatch() throws SQLException{ prepstmt.addBatch(); }
public void prepareStatement(String sql) throws SQLException { if(this.conn != null) this.prepstmt = this.conn.prepareStatement(sql); }
public void prepareStatement(String sql, int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency) throws SQLException { this.prepstmt = this.conn.prepareStatement(sql, resultSetType, resultSetConcurrency); }
public ResultSet executeQuery() throws SQLException { if (prepstmt != null) { return prepstmt.executeQuery(); } else return null; }
public int executeUpdate() throws SQLException { int count = 0; if (this.prepstmt != null) count = this.prepstmt.executeUpdate(); // System.out.println(count); return count; } public int[] executeBatch() throws SQLException { int count[] = null; if (this.prepstmt != null) count = this.prepstmt.executeBatch(); return count; }
public void clearParameters()throws SQLException { prepstmt.clearParameters(); prepstmt=null; }
public PreparedStatement getPreparedStatement() { return prepstmt; }
public Statement getStatement() { return stmt; }
public boolean prepareCall(String process){ //throws Exception boolean isSuccess = false; //String procedure = "{call p_test2 (?) }"; //String procedure = "{call "+process+" }"; String procedure = "{select "+process+"}";
System.out.print(procedure); try{
CallableStatement cstmt = this.conn.prepareCall(procedure); cstmt.setString(1,"dddddd"); cstmt.setString(2,"ffffff"); cstmt.executeUpdate();
//rs = cstmt.executeQuery(); isSuccess = true;
}catch(SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return isSuccess; }
public boolean Transaction(String sql){ //throws Exception boolean isSuccess = false; try{ this.prepstmt = this.conn.prepareStatement(sql); }catch(SQLException e){ e.printStackTrace(); } /* connection.beginTransaction(); try{ connection.commit(); }catch(SQLException e) { connection.rollback(); e.printStackTrace(); } */ return isSuccess; } public void close() throws Exception{ //System.out.println(this.conn.getCatalog()); //System.out.println(prepstmt.EXECUTE_FAILED); if (this.rs != null) { this.rs.close(); this.rs = null; } if (this.stmt != null) { this.stmt.close(); this.stmt = null; } if (this.prepstmt != null) { this.prepstmt.close(); this.prepstmt = null; } if (conn!=null) {
//this.conn.close(); dcm.freeConnection(conn); //dcm.freeConnection("PostgreSQL",conn); dcm.release(); //this.conn = null; } //System.out.println(new java.util.Date() +": Database Connection close :"+this.conn+ "|"+this.conn.isClosed()); } public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.println("Starting DBConnect..."); //DBConnect pg = new DBConnect(); Connection conn =
null; Statement stmt = null; PreparedStatement prepstmt = null; try{ Jdbc3PoolingDataSource source = new Jdbc3PoolingDataSource(); source.setDataSourceName("A Data Source"); source.setServerName("192.168.0.1"); source.setDatabaseName("netkiller"); source.setUser("netkiller"); source.setPassword("chen"); source.setMaxConnections(10); source.setInitialConnections(5);
//new InitialContext().rebind("DataSource", source); //DataSource source = (DataSource)new InitialContext().lookup("DataSource"); int n = 1;
for(int i=0;i<100000;i++){ //source.setLoginTimeout(); conn = source.getConnection(); //prepstmt.clearParameters(); prepstmt = conn.prepareStatement("select * from \"users\" where id=?"); //System.out.println(conn.nativeSQL("select sss from users")); prepstmt.setInt(1,1); ResultSet rs = prepstmt.executeQuery(); System.out.println(prepstmt.getQueryTimeout()); if(rs!=null) { while(rs.next()){ System.out.print(n +"|"); System.out.print(rs.getInt(1) +"|"); System.out.print(rs.getString(2) +"|"); System.out.print(rs.getString(3) +"|"); System.out.print(rs.getString(4) +"|"); System.out.print(rs.getString(5) +"|"); System.out.print(rs.getString(6) +"|"); System.out.println(); n++; }
} conn.close(); } }catch(Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
//pg.getConnection();
//System.out.println(pg.executeQuery("select * from siteuser")); //pg.executeUpdate(); /*
try{ pg.prepareStatement("select * from \"users\" where id=?"); pg.setInt(1,1); ResultSet rs = pg.executeQuery();
if(rs!=null) {
while(rs.next()){ System.out.print(rs.getInt(1) +"|"); System.out.print(rs.getString(2) +"|"); System.out.print(rs.getString(3) +"|"); System.out.print(rs.getString(4) +"|"); System.out.print(rs.getString(5) +"|"); System.out.print(rs.getString(6) +"|"); System.out.println(); }
} pg.close(); }catch(Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println(org.postgresql.util.UnixCrypt.crypt("hi")); //System.out.println(org.postgresql.util.MD5Digest.encode("hi");
*/ } } |
13.5.3 處理SQL 語句
|
package netkiller.database; import
java.util.*; public class Database extends DBConnect{
private String sqlFrom = null; private String sqlWhere = null; private String sqlOrder = null; private String sqlGroup = null; private String sqlLimit = null; private String sqlOffset = null;
//private HashMap sqlHashField = new HashMap(); private Hashtable sqlHashField = new Hashtable(); private Vector sqlVectorField = new Vector(); private StringBuffer sql = new StringBuffer(); private boolean isError = false; private final static String ERROR = "ERROR:"; public Database() { // TODO: Add your code here }
public void setFrom(String value){ this.sqlFrom = value; } public String getFrom(){ if(sqlFrom == null){ isError = true; return "<table>"; } return this.sqlFrom; } public void setWhere(String value){ this.sqlWhere = value; } public String getWhere(){ /* if(sqlWhere == null){ return "<where>"; } */ return sqlWhere; } public void setOrder(String value){ this.sqlOrder = value; } public void setGroup(String value){ this.sqlGroup = value; } public void setLimit(String value){ this.sqlLimit = value; } public void setOffset(String value){ this.sqlOffset = value; } public void setLimit(int value){ this.sqlLimit = value+""; } public void setOffset(int value){ this.sqlOffset = value+""; } public void put(Object key,Object value){ sqlHashField.put(key,value); } public void add(Object object){ sqlVectorField.add(object); } public String Select(){ sql = new StringBuffer(1024); sql.append("Select "); Enumeration enumer = sqlVectorField.elements(); while(enumer.hasMoreElements()){ sql.append(enumer.nextElement()); if(enumer.hasMoreElements()) sql.append(","); } sql.append(" From "+ getFrom()); if(sqlOrder != null) sql.append(" Where "+ getWhere()); if(sqlOrder != null) sql.append(" Order By "+ sqlOrder); if(sqlGroup != null) sql.append(" Group By "+ sqlGroup); if(sqlLimit != null) sql.append(" Limit "+ sqlLimit); if(sqlOffset!= null) sql.append(" Offset "+ sqlOffset); return isError?ERROR+sql.toString():sql.toString(); } public String Delete(){ sql = new StringBuffer(255); sql.append("Delete From "); sql.append(getFrom()); if(sqlOrder != null) sql.append(" Where "+ getWhere()); return isError?ERROR+sql.toString():sql.toString(); } /* public String Update(){ sql = new StringBuffer(1024); Iterator iterator = sqlHashField.entrySet().iterator(); sql.append("Update "); String key,value; if(sqlFrom != null) sql.append(sqlFrom+ " Set "); while(iterator.hasNext()){ Map.Entry map = (Map.Entry)iterator.next(); key = (String)map.getKey(); value = (String)map.getValue(); sql.append(key+"="+value); if(iterator.hasNext())sql.append(","); } if(sqlWhere != null) sql.append(" Where "+ sqlWhere); return sql.toString(); } */ public String Update(){ sql = new StringBuffer(1024); Iterator iterator = sqlHashField.entrySet().iterator(); sql.append("Update "); String key,value,swap = ""; sql.append(getFrom()+ " Set "); while(iterator.hasNext()){ Map.Entry map = (Map.Entry)iterator.next(); key = (String)map.getKey(); value = (String)map.getValue();
if(iterator.hasNext()){ swap = ","+key+"="+value + swap; }else{ swap = key+"="+value + swap; } } sql.append(swap); if(sqlOrder != null) sql.append(" Where "+ getWhere()); return isError?ERROR+sql.toString():sql.toString(); } public String Insert(){ sql = new StringBuffer(1024); Enumeration enumer = sqlHashField.keys(); sql.append("Insert Into "); String key = "", value = ""; sql.append(getFrom()+ "("); sqlHashField.size(); while(enumer.hasMoreElements()){ String tmp = (String)enumer.nextElement(); if(enumer.hasMoreElements()){ key = "," + tmp + key; value = ","+ sqlHashField.get(tmp) +value; }else{ key = tmp + key; value = sqlHashField.get(tmp) + value; }
} sql.append(key); sql.append(") value("); sql.append(value); sql.append(")");
return isError?ERROR+sql.toString():sql.toString(); } public static void main(String[] args) { // TODO: Add your code here Database db = new Database(); db.add("id"); db.add("name"); db.add("company"); db.add("pages"); db.put("id","1"); db.put("name","netkiller"); db.put("company","none"); db.put("number","10"); db.put("tel","0755-1234666"); db.put("fax","0755-2556888"); db.setFrom("ctoc.test"); db.setWhere("chen = chen"); db.setOrder("id"); db.setGroup("name"); db.setLimit(10); db.setOffset("0");
String sql = db.Select(); System.out.println(sql); System.out.println(db.Delete()); System.out.println(db.Update()); System.out.println(db.Insert());
}
} |
13.5.4 處理HTML表格
|
package netkiller.table; import java.sql.*; import java.util.*; import java.util.regex.*; import javax.servlet.jsp.*; import
javax.servlet.ServletRequest; import
javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import netkiller.util.*; import netkiller.database.*; public class BaseTable { //extends AnySQL //AnySQL oTable = new AnySQL(); private static String oDatabase = null; private static final String Auth = "cleartext"; //crypt public static final String DESC = "DESC"; public static final String ASC = "ASC"; public static final String RADIO = "radio"; public static final String CHECKBOX = "checkbox";
private DBConnect dbc = null; private ResultSet rs = null; private PageContext pageContext =
null; private Vector vError = new Vector();
private static boolean debug = false; private int nTableColumn = 0; private int nTableRow = 0; private int nColumnCount = 0; private int nRowCount = 0;
private boolean isChoose = false; private String strChooseStyle = ""; private boolean isDelete = false; // private String strDeleteLink = null; private boolean isEdit = false; private String strEditLink = null; private boolean isFilter = false;
private String[][] aTableData = null; private String[] strTableHeader = null; private String[] strTableField = null; private int nSqlLimit = 1; private int nSqlOffset = 0; private static String strSQL = null; private String strWhere = null; private int nPage =
0; private String sqlWhere = null; private String sqlOrder = ""; private String sqlLimit = ""; private String sqlOffset= "";
private Vector v = new Vector(); private Vector cursor = new Vector(); private Vector filter = new Vector();
// HTML // private String strTableName = null; // private String strCssClass = null; // private int nHeight = 0; // private int nWidth = 0;
public BaseTable() { }
public BaseTable(String odb) { this.setDatabaseHandle(odb); }
public void setDatabaseHandle(String odb){ this.oDatabase = odb; }
public String getDatabaseHandle(){ return this.oDatabase; } //功能 //javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext
pageContext public
void setPageContext(PageContext pc){ pageContext
= pc; try{ ServletRequest
request = pageContext.getRequest(); jspParameter jsppar = new jspParameter(request); int page = jsppar.getInt("page",0); String filter = jsppar.getString("filter"); String condition = jsppar.getString("condition"); String key = jsppar.getString("key");
this.setPage(page); this.setWhere(filter,condition,key); //this.setWhere("id","like","5"); //this.setWhere("id = 67"); this.MakeHtmlTable();
if(debug){ pageContext.getOut().print("SQL:"+this.getSQL()+"<br>"); pageContext.getOut().print("Table:"+this.sqlAnalyzer(this.getSQL())+"<br>"); pageContext.getOut().print("Where:"+this.getWhere()+"<br>"); pageContext.getOut().print("Order:"+this.getOrderBy()+"<br>"); pageContext.getOut().print("Limit:"+this.getLimit()+"<br>"); pageContext.getOut().print("Offset:"+this.getOffset()+"<br>"); pageContext.getOut().print("Count:"+this.getRowCount()+" sql = select count(*) from "+this.sqlAnalyzer(this.getSQL())+getWhere()+"<br>"); this.getException(); } }catch(Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); }
} // Debug public void setDebug(boolean debug){ System.out.println("SQL:"+this.getSQL()+"<br>"); this.debug = debug; }
// 批量選擇記錄 radio,checkbox public void setChoose(boolean bool,String style){ this.isChoose = bool; this.strChooseStyle = style; if(this.strChooseStyle.equals("radio")){ }else if(this.strChooseStyle.equals("checkbox")){ }else{ this.isChoose = false; }
} public String getChooseStyle(String id){ String tmp = null; if(this.strChooseStyle.equals("radio")){ tmp = "<input type=\"radio\" name=\"id\" value=\""+id+"\">"; }else if(this.strChooseStyle.equals("checkbox")){ tmp = "<input type='checkbox' name='id' value='"+id+"'>"; }else{ } return tmp; }
/* if(isEdit){ //v.add("<td><a href=\"javascript:OpenDialog('http://localhost:8080/autosite/member/"+strEditLink+aTableData[0][r]+"')\">編輯</a></td>"); v.add("<td "+this.getHtmlTd()+"><a href="+strEditLink+rs.getString(1)+">編輯</a></td>"); } if(isDelete){ //v.add("<td><input type=\"button\" name=\"Delete\" value=\"刪除\" onclick=\"javascript:mysubmit('del_selected')\"></td>"); //v.add("<td><a href="+strDeleteLink+aTableData[0][r]+">刪除</a></td>"); //onclick=\"javascript:mysubmit('del_selected')\" v.add("<td "+this.getHtmlTd()+" align='center'><a href="+this.getDeleteLink(strDeleteLink+rs.getString(1))+">刪除</a></td>"); //onclick=\"javascript:mysubmit('del_selected')\" } */ // 刪除記錄按鈕 public void setDelete(boolean bool){ this.isDelete = bool; } // 編輯記錄按鈕 public void setEdit(boolean bool,String url){ this.isEdit = bool; strEditLink = url; }
public void setFilter(boolean filter){ this.isFilter = filter; } public boolean getFilter(){ return this.isFilter; } //TableModel public void setTableModel(){} public void setSize(){} public void getSize(){}
public void setBorder(int border){ this.htmlTableBorder = " border="+border; } public String getBorder(){ return this.htmlTableBorder; } public void setFont(){} public void getFont(){} public void setGridground(){} public void getGridground(){} public void setForeground(){} public void getForeground(){} public void setBackground(){} public void getBackground(){} /** * 版面設置 **/ public void setLayout(String css){} public void getLayout(String css){} public void setMaximumSize(){} public void setMinimumSize(){}
public void setTableHeader(String[] sth){ strTableHeader = sth; } public String[] getTableHeader(){ return strTableHeader; }
public void setPage(int page){ this.nPage = page; } // 取得當前頁 public int getPage(){ return this.nPage; } /** * <table></table>,<tr></tr>,<td></td> **/ private String htmlTableCaption = null; private String htmlTable = ""; private String htmlTableBorder = ""; private String htmlTableHeight = ""; private String htmlTableWidth = ""; private String htmlTr = ""; private String htmlTd = "";
private String htmlRowHeight= ""; private String htmlRowWidth = "";
private String htmlHeaderTr = ""; private String htmlHeaderTd = "";
public void setHtmlTable(String html){ this.htmlTable = html; } public void setHtmlTableCaption(String html){ htmlTableCaption = "<caption>"; htmlTableCaption += html; htmlTableCaption += "</caption>"; } public String getHtmlTableCaption(){ if(htmlTableCaption == null)htmlTableCaption =""; return htmlTableCaption; } public void setHtmlTableHeaderTr(String html){ this.htmlHeaderTr= html; } public String getHtmlTableHeaderTr(){ return this.htmlHeaderTr; }
public void setHtmlTableHeaderTd(String html){ this.htmlHeaderTd = html; } public String getHtmlTableHeaderTd(){ return this.htmlHeaderTd; }
public void setHtmlTr(String html){ this.htmlTr = html; } public void setHtmlTd(String html){ this.htmlTd = html; } public String getHtmlTable(){ return this.htmlTable + getBorder(); } public String getHtmlTr(){ return this.htmlTr; } public String getHtmlTd(){ return this.htmlTd + getRowHeight() + getRowWidth(); } public void setRowHeight(int high){ this.htmlRowHeight = " height="+high; } public String getRowHeight(){ return this.htmlRowHeight; } public void setRowWidth(int width){ this.htmlRowWidth = " width="+width; } public String getRowWidth(){ return this.htmlRowWidth; }
private HashMap hashAddHtmlColumn = new HashMap(); private HashMap htmlTableRow= new HashMap(); private HashMap htmlColumn= new HashMap();
//HTML Row Operator //public void addRow(String html){} //public String getRow(){}
public void setHtmlTableRow(int col,String beginmarkup,String field,String endmarkup,String end){ String key = col + ""; String value = beginmarkup+"<table:row key='"+field+"' />"+endmarkup+"<table:row value />"+end; this.htmlTableRow.put(key,value); } public void setHtmlTableRow(int col,String begin,String end){ String key = col + ""; String value = begin+"<table:row value />"+end; this.htmlTableRow.put(key,value); }
//HTML Comlumn Operator /** * Hide Column **/ private int arrayHideColumn[] = null;
public void setHideColumn(int col){ arrayHideColumn = new int[1]; arrayHideColumn[0] = col; } public void setHideColumn(int col[]){ arrayHideColumn = col; } public boolean getHideColumn(int col){ boolean isHide = false; if(arrayHideColumn == null){ isHide = true; }else{ for(int hide=0;hide<arrayHideColumn.length;hide++){ if(arrayHideColumn[hide] == col){ isHide = false; break; }else{ isHide = true; } } } return isHide; }
public void addHtmlColumn(int key,String value){ this.hashAddHtmlColumn.put(key + "",value); } public void addRs2HtmlColumn(int key,String begin0,String field,String begin1,String value,String end){ value = begin0+"<!-- key='"+field+"' -->"+begin1+"<!-- value='"+value+"' -->"+end; this.hashAddHtmlColumn.put(key + "",value); } public void addHtmlColumn(int key,String begin0,String field,String begin1,String value,String end){ value = begin0+"<!-- key='"+field+"' -->"+begin1+value+end; this.hashAddHtmlColumn.put(key + "",value); }
public void addHtmlColumn(int key,String begin,String value,String end){ value = begin+value+end; this.hashAddHtmlColumn.put(key + "",value); }
public void setColumnWidth(){}
public void setColumnCount(int number){ nTableColumn = number; } public int getColumnCount(){ return nTableColumn; } public void getColumnName(){} public void getColumnValue(){}
public void setHtmlColumn(int col,String beginmarkup,String field,String endmarkup,String end){ String key = col + ""; String value = beginmarkup+"<!-- key="+field+" -->"+endmarkup+"<!-- value -->"+end; this.htmlColumn.put(key,value); } public void setHtmlColumn(int col,String begin,String end){ String key = col + ""; String value = begin+"<!-- value -->"+end; this.htmlColumn.put(key,value); } /** * 其它方法 **/ // private int nSequence = 0; private boolean isShowSequence = true; public void setSequence(boolean bool){ isShowSequence = bool; } /* public int getSequence(){ return nSequence; } */ /** * 返回表記錄 **/ public void setRowCount(int number){ nTableRow = number; } public int getRowCount(){ return nTableRow; } public int getCount(String strTable){ int nCount = 0; try{ dbc = new DBConnect(oDatabase); dbc.prepareStatement("select count(*) from "+strTable+getWhere()); rs = dbc.executeQuery(); if(rs != null){ while(rs.next()){ nCount = rs.getInt(1); } setRowCount(nCount); } } catch(Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } finally{ try{ if(rs != null)rs.close(); dbc.close(); }catch(Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } } return nCount; }
public void setValueAT(){} public void getCursor(){}
// public void setListData(Vector){} // public void setListData(String[]){}
public boolean setVisible(boolean bool){ return true; } public void visible(){ setVisible(true); } public void hide(){ setVisible(false); } public void enable(){}; public void disable(){};
public void setSQL(String sql){ this.strSQL = sql; } public String getSQL(){ return this.strSQL + getWhere() +" "+ sqlOrder +" "+ sqlLimit +" "+sqlOffset;
} public void setWhere(String field,String cond,String val){ if(val != null && field != null && cond != null){ if(cond.equals("like")){ this.strWhere = field+" "+cond+" '%"+val+"%'"; }else{ this.strWhere = field+" "+cond+" '"+val+"'"; } if(sqlWhere != null) sqlWhere +=" And "+strWhere; else sqlWhere = this.strWhere; this.isFilter = true; } }
public void setWhere(String where){ if(this.sqlWhere == null){ this.sqlWhere = where; }else{ this.sqlWhere = " and " + where; } }
public String getWhere(){ String tmp = null; if(sqlWhere == null){ tmp = ""; }else{ tmp = " Where "+sqlWhere;
} return tmp; } public void setOrderBy(String order,String sort){ if(order != null){ if(sort.equals(DESC)){ this.sqlOrder += " ORDER BY "+ order +" DESC"; }else{ this.sqlOrder += " ORDER BY "+ order +" ASC"; } }else sqlOrder = ""; }
public String getOrderBy(){ return sqlOrder; }
public void setSort(String order,String sort){ if(order != null){ if(sort.equals(DESC)){ this.sqlOrder += " ORDER BY "+ order +" DESC"; }else{ this.sqlOrder += " ORDER BY "+ order +" ASC"; } }else sqlOrder = ""; } public void setLimit(int limit){ this.nSqlLimit = limit; this.sqlLimit = " limit "+limit; } public int getLimit(){ return this.nSqlLimit; }
public void setOffset(int offset){ this.nSqlOffset = offset; if(this.isFilter == false){ sqlOffset = " offset "+offset; } } public int getOffset(){ return this.nSqlOffset; }
public String sqlAnalyzer(String sql){ String tmp= sql.substring(sql.toLowerCase().indexOf(" from ")+6); String value = ""; if(tmp.indexOf(" ") == -1){ value = tmp.substring(0,sql.length()); }else{ value = tmp.substring(0,tmp.indexOf(" ")); } return value; } public java.sql.ResultSet TableResultSet(){ //this.setOffset(this.nSqlLimit*this.nPage); this.getCount(sqlAnalyzer(this.getSQL())); try{ this.setOffset(this.nSqlLimit*this.nPage); dbc = new DBConnect(); dbc.prepareStatement(this.getSQL()); rs = dbc.executeQuery();
//while(rs.next()){ //System.out.println("test:" +rs.getString(1)); //} vError.add("TableResultSet()"); } catch(Exception e){ vError.add(e.toString()); } return rs; } public String getJavaScript(){ String script = ""; script += "<script language=\"JavaScript\" type=\"text/JavaScript\"> \n"; script += "<!-- \n"; script += "function Delete(url){ \n"; script += " if(confirm(\"您確定要刪除?\")){ \n"; script += " location.href=url; \n"; script += " } \n"; script += "} \n"; script += "//--> \n"; script += "</script> \n"; return script; } public Vector MakeHtmlTable(){ v.add("<!-- Html Table 組件 netkiller 陳景峰 netkillers@sohu.com --> \n"); v.add("<!-- Begin --> \n");
String field = ""; Pattern pattern = null; Matcher matcher = null; int begin,end = 0;
if(isDelete) v.add(this.getJavaScript()); this.setOffset(this.nSqlLimit*this.nPage); this.getCount(sqlAnalyzer(this.getSQL())); try{ dbc = new DBConnect(); dbc.prepareStatement(this.getSQL()); rs = dbc.executeQuery();
ResultSetMetaData rsmd = rs.getMetaData() ; this.setColumnCount(rsmd.getColumnCount()); //-------- Header Begin ------------- if(strTableHeader == null){ strTableHeader = new String[this.getColumnCount()]; strTableField = new String[this.getColumnCount()]; for(int col=1;col<=this.getColumnCount();col++){ strTableHeader[col-1] = rsmd.getColumnName(col); strTableField[col-1] = rsmd.getColumnName(col); } }else{ strTableField = new String[this.getColumnCount()]; for(int col=1;col<=this.getColumnCount();col++){ strTableField[col-1] = rsmd.getColumnName(col); } } //-------- Header End ------------- if(rs!=null) { v.add("<table "+this.getHtmlTable()+"> \n"); v.add(getHtmlTableCaption() +"\n"); if(strTableHeader != null){ v.add("<tr "+this.getHtmlTableHeaderTr()+"> \n"); if(isShowSequence){ v.add("\t<td "+this.getHtmlTableHeaderTd()+"> </td> \n"); } for(int i=0;i<this.getTableHeader().length;i++){ if(getHideColumn(i+1)){ if(htmlTableRow.containsKey("0")){
field = ((String)this.htmlTableRow.get("0")); if(field.indexOf("key=") != -1){ begin = field.indexOf("<table:row key='"); end = field.indexOf("' />",begin); String sql_field = field.substring(begin+16,end); pattern = Pattern.compile("<table:row key='(.*)' />"); matcher = pattern.matcher(field); field = matcher.replaceAll(sql_field); field = field.replaceAll("<table:row value />",this.getTableHeader()[i]); }else{ field = field.replaceAll("<table:row value />",this.getTableHeader()[i]); }
v.add(" <td "+this.getHtmlTableHeaderTd()+">"+field+"</td> \n"); }else{ v.add(" <td "+this.getHtmlTableHeaderTd()+">"+this.getTableHeader()[i]+"</td> \n"); }
} } v.add("</tr> \n"); }
if(isEdit){ //v.add("<td><a href=\"javascript:OpenDialog('http://localhost:8080/autosite/member/"+strEditLink+aTableData[0][r]+"')\">編輯</a></td>"); //v.add("<td "+this.getHtmlTd()+"><a href="+strEditLink+rs.getString(1)+">編輯</a></td>"); this.addHtmlColumn(-1,"<a href='"+strEditLink,"id","'>","修改","</a>"); } if(isDelete){ //v.add("<td><input type=\"button\" name=\"Delete\" value=\"刪除\" onclick=\"javascript:mysubmit('del_selected')\"></td>"); //v.add("<td><a href="+strDeleteLink+aTableData[0][r]+">刪除</a></td>"); //onclick=\"javascript:mysubmit('del_selected')\" //v.add("<td "+this.getHtmlTd()+" align='center'><a href="+this.getDeleteLink(strDeleteLink+rs.getString(1))+">刪除</a></td>"); //onclick=\"javascript:mysubmit('del_selected')\" this.addHtmlColumn(-2,"<a href=javascript:Delete('?op=delete&id=","id","')>","刪除","</a>"); }
boolean bool = false; int row = 1; while(rs.next()){ v.add(" <tr "+this.getHtmlTr()+"> \n"); if(isShowSequence){ v.add("\t<td "+this.getHtmlTd()+"><center>"+row+"</center></td> \n"); } for(int col=1;col<=this.getColumnCount();col++){ if(getHideColumn(col)){ //隱藏列 String key = col + ""; bool = htmlColumn.containsKey(key); if(bool){ //列設置 field = ((String)this.htmlColumn.get(key)); begin = field.indexOf("key="); if(begin != -1){ begin = field.indexOf("<!-- key="); end = field.indexOf(" -->",begin); String sql_field = field.substring(begin+9,end); field = field.replaceAll("<!-- key="+sql_field+" -->",rs.getString(sql_field)); } field = field.replaceAll("<!-- value -->",rs.getString(col)); v.add(" <td "+this.getHtmlTd()+">"+ field +"</td> \n"); }else if(htmlTableRow.containsKey(row+"")){ field = ((String)this.htmlTableRow.get(row+"")); if(field.indexOf("key=") != -1){ begin = field.indexOf("<table:row key='"); end = field.indexOf("' />",begin); String sql_field = field.substring(begin+16,end); pattern = Pattern.compile("<table:row key='(.*)' />"); matcher = pattern.matcher(field); field = matcher.replaceAll(rs.getString(sql_field)); } field = field.replaceAll("<table:row value />",rs.getString(col)); v.add(" <td "+this.getHtmlTd()+">"+ field +"</td> \n"); }else{ v.add(" <td "+this.getHtmlTd()+">"+ rs.getString(col) +" </td> \n"); } // add table column bool = hashAddHtmlColumn.containsKey(key); if(bool){ field = (String)this.hashAddHtmlColumn.get(key); begin = field.indexOf("key="); if(begin == -1){ v.add(" <td "+this.getHtmlTd()+">"+(String)this.hashAddHtmlColumn.get(key)+" </td> \n"); }else{ begin = field.indexOf("<!-- key='"); end = field.indexOf("' -->",begin); String sql_field = field.substring(begin+10,end); field = field.replaceAll("<!-- key='"+sql_field+"' -->",rs.getString(sql_field));
begin = field.indexOf("<!-- value='"); if(begin != -1){ end = field.indexOf("' -->",begin); sql_field = field.substring(begin+12,end); field = field.replaceAll("<!-- value='"+sql_field+"' -->",rs.getString(sql_field)); } v.add(" <td "+this.getHtmlTd()+">"+ field +"</td> \n"); } } if(col == this.getColumnCount()){ if(hashAddHtmlColumn.containsKey("-1")){ field = (String)this.hashAddHtmlColumn.get("-1"); begin = field.indexOf("key="); if(begin == -1){ v.add(" <td "+this.getHtmlTd()+">"+(String)this.hashAddHtmlColumn.get(key)+" </td> \n"); }else{ begin = field.indexOf("<!-- key='"); end = field.indexOf("' -->",begin); String sql_field = field.substring(begin+10,end); field = field.replaceAll("<!-- key='"+sql_field+"' -->",rs.getString(sql_field));
begin = field.indexOf("<!-- value='"); if(begin != -1){ end = field.indexOf("' -->",begin); sql_field = field.substring(begin+12,end); field = field.replaceAll("<!-- value='"+sql_field+"' -->",rs.getString(sql_field)); } v.add(" <td "+this.getHtmlTd()+">"+ field +"</td> \n"); } } if(hashAddHtmlColumn.containsKey("-2")){ field = (String)this.hashAddHtmlColumn.get("-2"); begin = field.indexOf("key="); if(begin == -1){ v.add(" <td "+this.getHtmlTd()+">"+(String)this.hashAddHtmlColumn.get(key)+" </td> \n"); }else{ begin = field.indexOf("<!-- key='"); end = field.indexOf("' -->",begin); String sql_field = field.substring(begin+10,end); field = field.replaceAll("<!-- key='"+sql_field+"' -->",rs.getString(sql_field));
begin = field.indexOf("<!-- value='"); if(begin != -1){ end = field.indexOf("' -->",begin); sql_field = field.substring(begin+12,end); field = field.replaceAll("<!-- value='"+sql_field+"' -->",rs.getString(sql_field)); } v.add(" <td "+this.getHtmlTd()+">"+ field +"</td> \n"); } }
} } }
row ++; v.add(" </tr> \n"); } v.add("</table> \n"); }else{ v.add("沒有數據"); }
//========================================= // 表格導航條 //========================================= int npage = this.getPage(); int pagecount = 0; if(this.getRowCount()%this.getLimit() == 0){ pagecount = this.getRowCount()/this.getLimit(); }else{ pagecount = this.getRowCount()/this.getLimit()+1; }
cursor.add("<!-- Begin 表格控制條 --> \n"); cursor.add("<table border=0 style='border-collapse: collapse' cellpadding='2'> \n"); //align=right cursor.add("<tr> \n"); cursor.add("<td>總計"+ this.getRowCount() +"條紀錄</td>"); cursor.add("<td>第"+ (npage+1) + "/" + pagecount +"頁</td>"); cursor.add("<td> </td>"); cursor.add("<td><a href='?page=0'>[首頁]</a></td>"); if(npage == 0){ cursor.add("<td>[上一頁]</td>"); }else{ cursor.add("<td><a href='?page="+ (npage-1) +"'>[上一頁]</a></td>"); }
cursor.add(" \n <td> \n"); cursor.add("<select name='page' id='page' size=0 onChange=window.location.href='?page='+this.options[this.selectedIndex].value> \n"); cursor.add("<option value='"+npage+"' selected>["+(npage+1)+"]</option> \n"); for(int i=0;i<pagecount;i++){ cursor.add("<option value='"+i+"'>"+(i+1)+"</option> \n"); } cursor.add("</select> \n"); cursor.add("</td> \n");
if(npage+1 == pagecount){ cursor.add("<td>[下一頁]</td>"); cursor.add("<td>[末頁]</td>"); }else{ cursor.add("<td><a href='?page="+ (npage+1) +"'>[下一頁]</a></td>"); cursor.add("<td><a href='?page="+ (pagecount-1) +"'>[末頁]</a></td>"); } cursor.add("\n </tr> \n"); cursor.add("</table> \n"); cursor.add("<!-- End 表格控制條 --> \n");
filter.add("<!-- --------------------- Begin Filter ------------------ --> \n"); filter.add("<table boder=0>"); filter.add("<form method='post' action=''>"); //filter.add("<td>篩選</td>"); filter.add("<td>"); filter.add("<select name='filter' id='filter'> \n"); filter.add("<option value='id' selected>選擇篩選列</option> \n"); for(int i=0;i<this.strTableField.length;i++){ if(i>=getTableHeader().length)break; if(getHideColumn(i+1)) //continue; filter.add("<option value='"+this.strTableField[i]+"'>"+this.getTableHeader()[i]+"</option> \n"); }
filter.add("</select> \n"); filter.add("</td>"); filter.add("<td>"); filter.add("<select name='condition' id='condition'> \n"); filter.add("<option value='like' selected>模糊</option> \n"); filter.add("<option value='='>=</option> \n"); filter.add("<option value='!='>≠</option> \n"); filter.add("<option value='>'>></option> \n"); filter.add("<option value='>='>>=</option> \n"); filter.add("<option value='<'><</option> \n"); filter.add("<option value='<='><=</option> \n"); filter.add("</select> \n"); filter.add("</td>"); filter.add("<td>"); filter.add("<input name='key' type='text' id='key'>"); filter.add("</td>"); filter.add("<td>"); filter.add("<input type='submit' name='Submit' value=' 查詢 '>"); filter.add("</td>"); filter.add("</form>"); filter.add("</table> \n"); filter.add("<!-- --------------------- End Filter -------------------- --> \n"); } catch(Exception e){ v.add("沒有數據或類型不匹配"); e.printStackTrace(); } finally{ try{ if(rs != null)rs.close(); dbc.close(); }catch(Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } } v.add("<!-- End --> \n"); return v; } public boolean getHtmlStyleTable(){ boolean isSuccess = false; Vector html = this.v; try{ Enumeration enumer = html.elements(); while(enumer.hasMoreElements()){ String strHtml = (String) enumer.nextElement(); pageContext.getOut().print(strHtml); } isSuccess = true; }catch(Exception e){ System.out.print(e.toString()); } return isSuccess; }
public boolean getCursorControlKeys(){ boolean isSuccess = false; try{ Enumeration enumer = this.cursor.elements(); while(enumer.hasMoreElements()){ String strHtml = (String) enumer.nextElement(); pageContext.getOut().print(strHtml); } isSuccess = true; }catch(Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } return isSuccess; } public void getFilterControl(){ try{ Enumeration enumer = this.filter.elements(); while(enumer.hasMoreElements()){ String strHtml = (String) enumer.nextElement(); pageContext.getOut().print(strHtml); } }catch(Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } }
public String[][] getTableData(){ int row = 0; String[][] data = null; this.setOffset(this.nSqlLimit*this.nPage); //this.setRowCount(); this.getCount(sqlAnalyzer(this.getSQL())); try{ dbc = new DBConnect(oDatabase); dbc.prepareStatement(this.getSQL()); //System.out.println(this.getSQL()); rs = dbc.executeQuery();
ResultSetMetaData rsmd = rs.getMetaData() ; this.setColumnCount(rsmd.getColumnCount()); //data = new String[this.getColumnCount()][this.getRowCount()]; data = new String[this.getColumnCount()][this.nSqlLimit]; strTableHeader = new String[this.getColumnCount()]; for(int col=1;col<=this.getColumnCount();col++){ strTableHeader[col-1] = rsmd.getColumnName(col); } if(rs!=null) { while(rs.next()){ for(int col=1;col<=this.getColumnCount();col++){ data[col-1][row]=rs.getString(col); } row++; } } if(row != this.getLimit()){ String[][] tmp = new String[this.getColumnCount()][row]; //tmp = data; for(int r=0;r<row;r++){ for(int col=0;col<this.getColumnCount();col++){ tmp[col][r] = data[col][r]; } } data = tmp; /* for(int r=row;r<=this.getLimit();r++){ for(int col=1;col<=this.getColumnCount();col++){ data[col-1][r]=""; } } */ } rs.close(); } catch(Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } finally{ try{ if(rs != null)rs.close(); dbc.close(); }catch(Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } } return data; } public Vector MakeHtmlTable(int page,int limit,String order,String seq){ Vector v = new Vector(); String script = null; //String script_edit = "window.showModelessDialog("http://www.9812.net","dialogwin","scroll:0;status:0;help:1;resizable:1;dialogWidth:480px;dialogHeight:320px");" String old_seq = seq; //this.getCount(this.sqlAnalyzer(this.getSQL()));
if(seq.equals("ASC")){ this.setSort(order,ASC); seq = "DESC"; }else{ this.setSort(order,DESC); //排序，DESC，ASC seq = "ASC"; } this.setLimit(limit); //設置每頁記錄條數 this.setOffset(this.nSqlLimit*page); //翻頁操作 this.setPage(page); //v.add(this.strSQL); //測試輸出SQL try{ aTableData = getTableData();
script = "<script language=\"JavaScript\"> \n"; script += "<!-- \n"; script += "function CheckAll(form){ \n"; script += " for(var i=0;i<form.elements.length;i++) { \n"; script += " var e = form.elements[i]; \n"; script += " if(e.name != 'chkall') \n"; script += " e.checked = form.chkall.checked; \n"; script += " } \n"; script += "} \n";
script += "function OpenDialog(url){ \n"; script += " window.showModelessDialog(url,'dialogwin','scroll:0;status:0;help:1;resizable:1;dialogWidth:480px;dialogHeight:320px'); \n"; script += "} \n";
script += "function Delete(url){ \n"; script += " if(confirm(\"您確定要刪除?\")){ \n"; script += " location.href=url; \n"; script += " } \n"; script += "} \n";
script += "function allChecked(radio){ \n"; script += " for(i=0; i<radio.length; i++) \n"; script += " if(radio[i].checked) \n"; script += " return (true); \n"; script += " return(false); \n"; script += "} \n";
script += "//--> \n"; script += "</script> \n";
v.add(script);
v.add("<table border='1' cellpadding='1' cellspacing='0' style='border-collapse: collapse' bordercolor='#111111' width='100%' id='AutoNumber1'>"); v.add("<tr align=middle>"); if(isChoose && this.strChooseStyle.equals("checkbox")){ v.add("<td><input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"chkall\" value=\"on\" onclick=\"CheckAll(this.form)\"></td>"); }else if(this.strChooseStyle.equals("radio")){ v.add("<td></td>"); } v.add("<td>序號</td>"); for(int i=0;i<this.getTableHeader().length;i++){ v.add("<td><a href='?order="+this.getTableHeader()[i]+"&seq="+seq+"&page="+this.getPage()+"'>"+(this.getTableHeader()[i].equals(order)?this.getTableHeader()[i]+(old_seq.equals("ASC")?"↓":"↑"):this.getTableHeader()[i])+"</a></td>"); } // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- v.add("</tr> \n"); //System.out.println(aTableData[0].length);
for(int r=0;r<aTableData[0].length;r++){ v.add("<tr
onmouseover=\"this.style.backgroundColor='#f if(isChoose){
v.add("<td>"+getChooseStyle(aTableData[0][r])+"</td>"); }
v.add("<td>"+ (r+1) +"</td>"); //序列 for(int c=0;c<aTableData.length;c++){ v.add("<td>"+ aTableData[c][r] +"</td>"); } /* if(isEdit){ //v.add("<td><a href=\"javascript:OpenDialog('http://localhost:8080/autosite/member/"+strEditLink+aTableData[0][r]+"')\">編輯</a></td>"); v.add("<td><a href="+strEditLink+aTableData[0][r]+">編輯</a></td>"); } if(isDelete){ //v.add("<td><input type=\"button\" name=\"Delete\" value=\"刪除\" onclick=\"javascript:mysubmit('del_selected')\"></td>"); //v.add("<td><a href="+strDeleteLink+aTableData[0][r]+">刪除</a></td>"); //onclick=\"javascript:mysubmit('del_selected')\" v.add("<td><a href="+this.getDeleteLink(strDeleteLink+aTableData[0][r])+">刪除</a></td>"); //onclick=\"javascript:mysubmit('del_selected')\" } */ v.add("</tr> \n"); } v.add("</table> \n"); v.add("<BR>"); //==================================================================================== v.add("<table border=1 style='border-collapse: collapse' bordercolor='#111111' cellpadding='2' align=right> \n"); v.add("<tr>"); v.add("<td>共"+ this.getRowCount() +"條</td>");
if(page == 0){ v.add("<td><font face='Webdings' size='4'>7</font></td>"); v.add("<td><font face='Webdings' size='4'>3</font></td>"); }else{ v.add("<td><a href='?page=0'><font face='Webdings' size='4'>7</font></a></td>"); v.add("<td><a href='?order="+order+"&seq="+old_seq+"&page="+ (page-1) +"'><font face='Webdings' size='4'>3</font></a></td>"); } int pagecount = 0; if(this.getRowCount()%this.getLimit() == 0){ pagecount = this.getRowCount()/this.getLimit(); }else{ pagecount = this.getRowCount()/this.getLimit()+1; }
v.add("<td>"); v.add("<select name='page' id='page' size=0 onChange=window.location.href='?page='+this.options[this.selectedIndex].value> \n"); v.add("<option value='"+page+"' selected>["+(page+1)+"]</option>"); for(int i=0;i<pagecount;i++){ v.add("<option value='"+i+"'>"+(i+1)+"</option>"); } v.add("</select> \n"); v.add("</td>");
if(page+1 == pagecount){ v.add("<td><font face='Webdings' size='4'>4</font></td>"); v.add("<td><font face='Webdings' size='4'>8</font></td>"); }else{ v.add("<td><a href='?order="+order+"&seq="+old_seq+"&page="+ (page+1) +"'><font face='Webdings' size='4'>4</font></a></td>"); v.add("<td><a href='?page="+ (pagecount-1) +"'><font face='Webdings' size='4'>8</font></a></td>"); }
v.add("<td>第"+ (page+1) + "/" + pagecount +"頁</td>"); /* --------------------- Begin Filter ------------------ */ if(this.getFilter()){ v.add("<td> </td>"); v.add("<td>篩選</td>"); v.add("<td>"); v.add("<select name='field' id='field'> \n"); v.add("<option value='"+this.getTableHeader()[0]+"' selected>"+this.getTableHeader()[0]+"</option> \n"); for(int i=1;i<this.getTableHeader().length;i++){ v.add("<option value='"+this.getTableHeader()[i]+"'>"+this.getTableHeader()[i]+"</option> \n"); } v.add("</select> \n"); v.add("</td>"); v.add("<td>"); v.add("<select name='condition' id='condition'> \n"); v.add("<option value='like' selected>模糊</option> \n"); v.add("<option value='='>=</option> \n"); v.add("<option value='!='>≠</option> \n"); v.add("<option value='>'>></option> \n"); v.add("<option value='>='>>=</option> \n"); v.add("<option value='<'><</option> \n"); v.add("<option value='<='><=</option> \n"); v.add("</select> \n"); v.add("</td>"); v.add("<td>"); v.add("<input name='val' type='text' id='val'>"); v.add("</td>"); v.add("<td>"); v.add("<input type='submit' name='Submit' value=' 查詢 '>"); v.add("</td>"); } /* --------------------- End Filter ------------------ */ v.add("</tr>"); v.add("</table> \n"); } catch(Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } finally{ try{ }catch(Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } } return v; }
public Vector getHtmlTables(int page,int limit,String order,String seq,String sql){ this.setSQL(sql); this.setChoose(true,RADIO); // this.setEdit(true,"?op=edit&id="); // this.setDelete(true,"?op=delete&id="); return MakeHtmlTable(page,limit,order,seq); }
//public void close() throws Exception {} public void clear(){} public void close(){ try{ if(rs != null)rs.close(); dbc.close(); vError.add("close()"); }catch(Exception e){ vError.add(e.toString()); } } public void getException(){ AnalyseException ae = new AnalyseException(this.vError); try{ pageContext.getOut().print(ae.getException()); }catch(Exception e){} System.out.println(ae.getException()); }
public static void main(String[] args) { BaseTable t = new BaseTable(); //System.out.println(t.getCount("oa.away")); String sql = "select * from btob.supply_demand"; //System.out.println(t.sqlAnalyzer("select id,subject,docfrom,created,type From oa.vdocument Where pid=38 limit 10 offset 0"));
//t.getHtmlTable() t.setSQL(sql); try{ ResultSet rs = t.TableResultSet(); while(rs.next()){ System.out.println(rs.getString(1)); } }catch(SQLException e){ System.out.println(e.toString()); } /* t.setWhere("id like '%4%'"); t.setLimit(2); t.setPage(0); t.setHtmlTable("border=0"); t.setHtmlTr("bgcolor=#FF0000"); t.setHtmlTd("bordercolor=#0000FF"); t.setRowHeight(50); t.setRowWidth(100); t.setBorder(10); String head[]={"序號","aaa","bbb","ccc","ddd"}; t.setTableHeader(head); t.setEdit(true,"?op=edit&id="); t.setDelete(true,"?op=delete&id="); t.setHideColumn(1); t.setHtmlColumn(2,"<font color=blue>","</font>"); //t.setHtmlColumn(3,"<font color=blue>","</font>"); t.setHtmlColumn(5,"<font color=blue>","</font>"); t.addHtmlColumn(3,"<a target=meeting href='details.jsp?id=","id","'>","subject","</a>"); t.setHtmlColumn(4,"<a href='?id=","id","'>","</a>"); Vector v = t.MakeHtmlTable(); for(int i=0;i<v.size();i++){ //System.out.print(v.get(i)); } */ // v = t.getFilterControl(); // for(int i=0;i<v.size();i++){ // System.out.print(v.get(i)); // } //t.getFilterControl(); t.getException();
} } |
13.5.5 什麼時候應該把檔案存在資料庫中
關於這個問題網上討論的貼子很多……
將檔案存在數據中優勢：
n 至少要比放在磁碟上安全一些
用戶如果想出得資料庫存儲的檔案，第一關就是連接資料庫。這要提供用戶，密碼。
可以通過SSL訪問資料庫，這樣更加安全。
n 數據完整
當記錄刪除時，檔案也同時被刪除，通過事務處理，可以完好的保持數據的完整，而磁碟檔案系統不行。磁碟檔案系統也不支持事務。
n 不會被病毒感染
關於性能：
n 不用說就應該知道比檔案系統要慢
但只要何理使用，可能效率更高一些。不要在頻繁讀寫操作的環境使用。
n 存放檔案大小要看你的需求
你的資料庫用戶很多，如果檔案很大。就需要長時間讀取，這會站用寶貴資料庫連接。
下面是一個將圖片存入資料庫的例子：
資料庫結構
|
DROP TABLE images; CREATE TABLE images ( id Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE, filename varchar(255) NOT NULL Default 'unknown', img bytea, size Integer NOT NULL Default '0', created Timestamp Default current_timestamp::timestamp (0) without time zone, modified Timestamp Default current_timestamp::timestamp (0) without time zone, PRIMARY KEY ("id") ); |
JSP程序
|
<%@
page contentType="text/html; charset=utf-8"
language="java" import="java.sql.*"
errorPage="" %> <%@
page import="java.util.*"%> <%@
page import="java.io.*"%> <jsp:useBean id="test" scope="page" class="netkiller.database.DBConnect"/> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W <html> <head> <title>Untitled Document</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> </head> <body> <% try{
File file = new File("/tmp/1078215958235.jpg"); FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file); test.prepareStatement("insert into images(filename,img) values(?,?)"); test.setString(1,file.getName()); test.setBinaryStream(2,fis,fis.available()); System.out.println(test.executeUpdate()); fis.close();
test.prepareStatement("select * from images"); ResultSet rs = test.executeQuery(); if(rs!=null) { while(rs.next()){ String filename = rs.getString("filename"); FileOutputStream file1 = new FileOutputStream("/var/www/html/webapps/tmp/"+filename); byte[] imgBytes = rs.getBytes("img"); file1.write(imgBytes); file1.close(); out.print("<img src="+filename+">"); } } test.close(); }catch(Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } %> </body> </html> |
14 PHP
14.1 PHP 連接PostgreSQL
編譯PHP時請加 --with-pgsql 選項：
|
tar zxf php-?.?.?.tar.gz cd php-?.?.? ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php --with-apxs=/usr/local/apache/bin/apxs \ --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/etc --enable-track-vars --with-xml \ --with-pgsql --with-mysql \ --with-ldap --enable-ftp --with-openssl --with-iconv --with-kerberos \ --with-java=/usr/local/java make make install cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/etc/php.ini |
RPM安裝，請確認是否已經安裝了php-pgsql包。
|
[root@linux root]# rpm -qa |grep php php-imap- php- php-snmp- php-devel- php-mysql- php-xmlrpc- php-domxml- php-odbc- php-pgsql- php-ldap- [root@linux root]# |
14.2 set CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'GB18030';方案
PHP 連接PostgreSQL資料庫，我是使用PHPBB提供的Class，只要稍加改造就可很好支持UNICODE。注意下面的紅色代碼！
|
<?php
/*************************************************************************** *
postgres7.php *
------------------- * begin : Saturday, Feb 13, 2001 * copyright : (C) 2001 The phpBB Group * email : supportphpbb.com * * $Id: postgres7.php,v 1.19 2002/03/05 02:19:38 psotfx Exp $ * ***************************************************************************/ /*************************************************************************** * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * ***************************************************************************/ if(!defined("SQL_LAYER")) { define("SQL_LAYER","postgresql"); class sql_db { var $db_connect_id; var $query_result; var $in_transaction = 0; var $row = array(); var $rowset = array(); var $rownum = array(); var $num_queries = 0; // // Constructor // function sql_db($sqlserver, $sqluser, $sqlpassword, $database, $persistency = true) { $this->connect_string = ""; if( $sqluser ) { $this->connect_string .= "user=$sqluser "; } if( $sqlpassword ) { $this->connect_string .= "password=$sqlpassword "; } if( $sqlserver ) { if( ereg(":", $sqlserver) ) { list($sqlserver, $sqlport) = split(":", $sqlserver); $this->connect_string .= "host=$sqlserver port=$sqlport "; } else { if( $sqlserver != "localhost" ) { $this->connect_string .= "host=$sqlserver "; } } } if( $database ) { $this->dbname = $database; $this->connect_string .= "dbname=$database"; } $this->persistency = $persistency; $this->db_connect_id = ( $this->persistency ) ? pg_pconnect($this->connect_string) : pg_connect($this->connect_string); return ( $this->db_connect_id ) ? $this->db_connect_id : false; } // // Other base methods // function sql_close() { if( $this->db_connect_id ) { // // Commit any remaining transactions // if( $this->in_transaction ) { @pg_exec($this->db_connect_id, "COMMIT"); } if( $this->query_result ) { @pg_freeresult($this->query_result); } return @pg_close($this->db_connect_id); } else { return false; } } // // Query method // function sql_query($query = "", $transaction = false) { // // Remove any pre-existing queries // unset($this->query_result); if( $query != "" ) { $this->num_queries++; $query = preg_replace("/LIMIT ([0-9]+),([ 0-9]+)/", "LIMIT \\2 OFFSET \\1", $query); $encoding
= " set
CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'GB18030';"; //$encoding
= "SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'GBK'"; 也可以 $this->query_result
= @pg_exec($this->db_connect_id, $encoding); if( $transaction == BEGIN_TRANSACTION && !$this->in_transaction ) { $this->in_transaction = TRUE; if( !@pg_exec($this->db_connect_id, "BEGIN") ) { return false; } } $this->query_result = @pg_exec($this->db_connect_id, $query); if( $this->query_result ) { if( $transaction == END_TRANSACTION ) { $this->in_transaction = FALSE; if( !@pg_exec($this->db_connect_id, "COMMIT") ) { @pg_exec($this->db_connect_id, "ROLLBACK"); return false; } } $this->last_query_text[$this->query_result] = $query; $this->rownum[$this->query_result] = 0; unset($this->row[$this->query_result]); unset($this->rowset[$this->query_result]); return $this->query_result; } else { if( $this->in_transaction ) { @pg_exec($this->db_connect_id, "ROLLBACK"); } $this->in_transaction = FALSE; return false; } } else { if( $transaction == END_TRANSACTION && $this->in_transaction ) { $this->in_transaction = FALSE; if( !@pg_exec($this->db_connect_id, "COMMIT") ) { @pg_exec($this->db_connect_id, "ROLLBACK"); return false; } } return true; } } // // Other query methods // function sql_numrows($query_id = 0) { if( !$query_id ) { $query_id = $this->query_result; } return ( $query_id ) ? @pg_numrows($query_id) : false; } function sql_numfields($query_id = 0) { if( !$query_id ) { $query_id = $this->query_result; } return ( $query_id ) ? @pg_numfields($query_id) : false; } function sql_fieldname($offset, $query_id = 0) { if( !$query_id ) { $query_id = $this->query_result; } return ( $query_id ) ? @pg_fieldname($query_id, $offset) : false; } function sql_fieldtype($offset, $query_id = 0) { if( !$query_id ) { $query_id = $this->query_result; } return ( $query_id ) ? @pg_fieldtype($query_id, $offset) : false; } function sql_fetchrow($query_id = 0) { if( !$query_id ) { $query_id = $this->query_result; } if($query_id) { $this->row = @pg_fetch_array($query_id, $this->rownum[$query_id]); if( $this->row ) { $this->rownum[$query_id]++; return $this->row; } } return false; } function sql_fetchrowset($query_id = 0) { if( !$query_id ) { $query_id = $this->query_result; } if( $query_id ) { unset($this->rowset[$query_id]); unset($this->row[$query_id]); $this->rownum[$query_id] = 0; while( $this->rowset = @pg_fetch_array($query_id, $this->rownum[$query_id], PGSQL_ASSOC) ) { $result[] = $this->rowset; $this->rownum[$query_id]++; } return $result; } return false; } function sql_fetchfield($field, $row_offset=-1, $query_id = 0) { if( !$query_id ) { $query_id = $this->query_result; } if( $query_id ) { if( $row_offset != -1 ) { $this->row = @pg_fetch_array($query_id, $row_offset, PGSQL_ASSOC); } else { if( $this->rownum[$query_id] ) { $this->row = @pg_fetch_array($query_id, $this->rownum[$query_id]-1, PGSQL_ASSOC); } else { $this->row = @pg_fetch_array($query_id, $this->rownum[$query_id], PGSQL_ASSOC); if( $this->row ) { $this->rownum[$query_id]++; } } } return $this->row[$field]; } return false; } function sql_rowseek($offset, $query_id = 0) { if(!$query_id) { $query_id = $this->query_result; } if( $query_id ) { if( $offset > -1 ) { $this->rownum[$query_id] = $offset; return true; } else { return false; } } return false; } function sql_nextid() { $query_id = $this->query_result; if($query_id && $this->last_query_text[$query_id] != "") { if( preg_match("/^INSERT[\t\n ]+INTO[\t\n ]+([a-z0-9\_\-]+)/is", $this->last_query_text[$query_id], $tablename) ) { $query = "SELECT currval('" . $tablename[1] . "_id_seq') AS last_value"; $temp_q_id = @pg_exec($this->db_connect_id, $query); if( !$temp_q_id ) { return false; } $temp_result = @pg_fetch_array($temp_q_id, 0, PGSQL_ASSOC); return ( $temp_result ) ? $temp_result['last_value'] : false; } } return false; } function sql_affectedrows($query_id = 0) { if( !$query_id ) { $query_id = $this->query_result; } return ( $query_id ) ? @pg_cmdtuples($query_id) : false; } function sql_freeresult($query_id = 0) { if( !$query_id ) { $query_id = $this->query_result; } return ( $query_id ) ? @pg_freeresult($query_id) : false; } function sql_error($query_id = 0) { if( !$query_id ) { $query_id = $this->query_result; } $result['message'] = @pg_errormessage($this->db_connect_id); $result['code'] = -1; return $result; } } // class ... db_sql } // if ... defined ?> |
註：SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'value'; ，value是：
EUC_JP, SJIS, EUC_KR, UHC, JOHAB, EUC_CN, GBK, EUC_TW, BIG5, LATIN1 to LATIN10, ISO_8859_5, ISO_8859_6, ISO_8859_7, ISO_8859_8, WIN, ALT, KOI8, WIN1256, TCVN, WIN874, GB18030, WIN1250
例表中沒有GB2312，SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO
'GB2312'這樣操作不會返回錯誤：
|
member=> SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'GB2312'; ERROR: invalid value for option 'client_encoding': 'GB2312' member=> |
$encoding = " set CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'GB18030';"; ，set CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'GB18030'尾部的“;”符號加不加都可以。
14.3 convert()方案
另一種方法是使用convert()函數：
select convert(描述,'UNICODE','GBK')as desc from 組;
select convert(組名 using utf_8_to_gb18030) from 組;
14.4 PHP iconv() 函數方案
在數據外部轉碼，使用PHP提供的iconv()函數來完成。
注！安裝編譯PHP時要加入--with-iconv模組。
function addUser($user,$passwd,$name,$nickname,$active="false",$email){
global $db;
$name = iconv( 'GB2312','UTF-8', $name );
$sql = "insert into \"user\"(userid,passwd,name,nickname,active,email,question,answer) values('$user','$passwd','$name','$nickname','$active','$email','question','answer')";
if ( !($result = $db->sql_query($sql)) ){
message_die(GENERAL_ERROR, 'Error in obtaining userdata', '', __LINE__, __FILE__, $sql);
}
};
function getUserInfo($uid){
global $db;
$sql = "select * from \"user\" where userid='$uid'";
// $codesql = "set CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'EUC_CN';";
// $codesql = "set CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'BIG5';";
// $codesql = "set CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'GB18030';";
$db->sql_query($codesql);
if ( !($result = $db->sql_query($sql)) ){
message_die(GENERAL_ERROR, 'Could not \'select\' userdata', '', __LINE__, __FILE__, $sql);
}
$count=$db->sql_numrows();
for ($i=0;$i<$count;$i++){
if( $row = $db->sql_fetchrow($result) ){
$tmp[0] = $row[0];
$tmp[1] = $row[1];
$tmp[2] = $row[2];
$tmp[3] = iconv( 'UTF-8', 'GBK', $row[3] );
// $tmp[3] = $row[3];
$tmp[4] = $row[4];
$tmp[5] = $row[5];
$tmp[6] = $row[6];
$tmp[7] = $row[7];
$tmp[8] = $row[8];
$tmp[9] = $row[9];
$tmp[10] = $row[10];
}
}
return $tmp;
};
14.5 在標準I/O上使用 Linux iconv 命令方案
Iconv也是一個Linux提供的命令：
|
[root@linux script]# iconv --help Usage: iconv [OPTION...] [FILE...] Convert encoding of given files from one encoding to another. Input/Output format specification: -f, --from-code=NAME encoding of original text -t, --to-code=NAME encoding for output Information: -l, --list list all known coded character sets Output control: -c omit invalid characters from output -o, --output=FILE output file -s, --silent suppress warnings --verbose
print progress information -?, --help Give this help list --usage Give a short usage message -V, --version Print program version Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional for any corresponding short options. Report bugs using the `glibcbug' script to <bugs@gnu.org>. |
使用方法
|
[root@linux script]# iconv -f gb2312 -t big5 /tmp/gb.txt -o /tmp/big5.txt |
如果你的PHP編譯安裝時沒有加入--with-iconv模組。你又不想重新編譯它，可以通過管道來調用LINUX iconv 命令，從標準I/O上（輸入/輸出）的返回數據。
function iconvs($from,$to,$gb){
$fp = popen( "echo \"$gb\" | iconv -f $from -t $to", "r" );
while (!feof($fp)) {
$buffer .= fgets($fp, 4096);
}
pclose($fp);
return $buffer;
}
function gb18030_utf8($gb){
$encode = $this->iconvs("GB18030","UTF-8",$gb);
return $encode;
}
function utf8_gb18030($gb){
$encode = $this->iconvs("UTF-8","GB18030",$gb);
return $encode;
}
iconv 支持字符集列表：
|
[root@linux
script]# iconv -l The following list contain all the coded character sets known. This does not necessarily mean that all combinations of these names can be used for the FROM and TO command line parameters. One coded character set can be listed with several different names (aliases).
437, 500,
500V1, 850, 851, 852, 855, 856, 857, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 869, 874, 904, 1026, 1046, 1047,
8859_1, 8859_2, 8859_3, 8859_4, 8859_5, 8859_6, 8859_7, 8859_8, 8859_9,
10646-1:1993, 10646-1:1993/UCS4, ANSI_X3.4-1968, ANSI_X3.4-1986,
ANSI_X3.4, ANSI_X3.110-1983, ANSI_X3.110, ARABIC, ARABIC7, ARMSCII-8, ASCII, ASMO-708, ASMO_449, BALTIC, BIG-5, BIG-FIVE, BIG5-HKSCS, BIG5, BIG5HKSCS, BIGFIVE, BS_4730, CA, CN-BIG5, CN-GB, CN, CP-AR, CP-GR, CP-HU, CP037, CP038, CP273, CP274, CP275, CP278, CP280, CP281, CP282, CP284, CP285, CP290, CP297, CP367, CP420, CP423, CP424, CP437, CP500, CP737, CP775, CP813, CP819, CP850, CP851, CP852, CP855, CP856, CP857, CP860, CP861, CP862, CP863, CP864, CP865, CP866, CP868, CP869, CP870, CP871, CP874, CP875, CP880, CP891, CP903, CP904, CP905, CP912, CP915, CP916, CP918, CP920, CP922, CP930, CP932, CP933, CP935, CP936, CP937, CP939, CP949, CP950, CP1004, CP1026, CP1046, CP1047, CP1070, CP1079, CP1081, CP1084, CP1089, CP1124, CP1129, CP1132, CP1133, CP1160, CP1161, CP1162, CP1163, CP1164, CP1250, CP1251, CP1252, CP1253, CP1254, CP1255, CP1256, CP1257, CP1258,
CP1361,
CP10007, CPIBM861, CSA7-1, CSA7-2, CSASCII, CSA_T500-1983, CSA_T500, CSA_Z243.4-1985-1, CSA_Z243.4-1985-2,
CSA_Z243.419851, CSA_Z243.419852, CSDECMCS, CSEBCDICATDE, CSEBCDICATDEA,
CSEBCDICCAFR, CSEBCDICDKNO, CSEBCDICDKNOA, CSEBCDICES,
CSEBCDICESA, CSEBCDICESS, CSEBCDICFISE, CSEBCDICFISEA, CSEBCDICFR, CSEBCDICIT,
CSEBCDICPT, CSEBCDICUK, CSEBCDICUS, CSEUCKR, CSEUCPKDFMTJAPANESE,
CSGB2312, CSHPROMAN8, CSIBM037, CSIBM038, CSIBM273, CSIBM274, CSIBM275,
CSIBM277, CSIBM278, CSIBM280, CSIBM281, CSIBM284, CSIBM285, CSIBM290,
CSIBM297, CSIBM420, CSIBM423, CSIBM424, CSIBM500, CSIBM851, CSIBM855,
CSIBM856, CSIBM857, CSIBM860, CSIBM863, CSIBM864, CSIBM865, CSIBM866,
CSIBM868, CSIBM869, CSIBM870, CSIBM871, CSIBM880, CSIBM891, CSIBM903,
CSIBM904, CSIBM905, CSIBM918, CSIBM922, CSIBM930, CSIBM932, CSIBM933,
CSIBM935, CSIBM937, CSIBM939, CSIBM943, CSIBM1026, CSIBM1124, CSIBM1129,
CSIBM1132, CSIBM1133, CSIBM1160, CSIBM1161, CSIBM1163, CSIBM1164, CSIBM11621162, CSISO4UNITEDKINGDOM, CSISO10SWEDISH, CSISO11SWEDISHFORNAMES, CSISO14JISC6220RO, CSISO15ITALIAN, CSISO16PORTUGESE, CSISO17SPANISH, CSISO18GREEK7OLD, CSISO19LATINGREEK, CSISO21GERMAN, CSISO25FRENCH, CSISO27LATINGREEK1, CSISO49INIS, CSISO50INIS8, CSISO51INISCYRILLIC, CSISO58GB1988, CSISO60DANISHNORWEGIAN, CSISO60NORWEGIAN1, CSISO61NORWEGIAN2, CSISO69FRENCH, CSISO84PORTUGUESE2, CSISO85SPANISH2, CSISO86HUNGARIAN, CSISO88GREEK7, CSISO89ASMO449, CSISO90, CSISO92JISC62991984B, CSISO99NAPLPS, CSISO103T618BIT, CSISO111ECMACYRILLIC, CSISO121CANADIAN1, CSISO122CANADIAN2, CSISO139CSN369103, CSISO141JUSIB1002, CSISO143IECP271, CSISO150, CSISO150GREEKCCITT, CSISO151CUBA, CSISO153GOST1976874, CSISO646DANISH, CSISO2022CN, CSISO2022JP, CSISO2022JP2, CSISO2022KR, CSISO2033, CSISO5427CYRILLIC, CSISO5427CYRILLIC1981,
CSISO5428GREEK,
CSISO10367BOX, CSISOLATIN1, CSISOLATIN2, CSISOLATIN3, CSISOLATIN4, CSISOLATIN5, CSISOLATIN6,
CSISOLATINARABIC, CSISOLATINCYRILLIC, CSISOLATINGREEK, CSISOLATINHEBREW,
CSKOI8R, CSKSC5636, CSMACINTOSH, CSNATSDANO, CSNATSSEFI, CSN_369103,
CSPC8CODEPAGE437, CSPC775BALTIC, CSPC850MULTILINGUAL,
CSPC862LATINHEBREW, CSPCP852, CSSHIFTJIS, CSUCS4, CSUNICODE, CUBA, CWI-2, CWI, CYRILLIC,
DE, DEC-MCS, DEC, DECMCS, DIN_66003, DK, DS2089, DS_2089, E13B, EBCDIC-AT-DE-A, EBCDIC-AT-DE, EBCDIC-BE, EBCDIC-BR, EBCDIC-CA-FR, EBCDIC-CP-AR1, EBCDIC-CP-AR2, EBCDIC-CP-BE, EBCDIC-CP-CA, EBCDIC-CP-CH, EBCDIC-CP-DK, EBCDIC-CP-ES, EBCDIC-CP-FI, EBCDIC-CP-FR, EBCDIC-CP-GB, EBCDIC-CP-GR, EBCDIC-CP-HE, EBCDIC-CP-IS, EBCDIC-CP-IT, EBCDIC-CP-NL, EBCDIC-CP-NO, EBCDIC-CP-ROECE, EBCDIC-CP-SE, EBCDIC-CP-TR, EBCDIC-CP-US, EBCDIC-CP-WT, EBCDIC-CP-YU, EBCDIC-CYRILLIC, EBCDIC-DK-NO-A, EBCDIC-DK-NO, EBCDIC-ES-A, EBCDIC-ES-S, EBCDIC-ES, EBCDIC-FI-SE-A, EBCDIC-FI-SE, EBCDIC-FR, EBCDIC-GREEK, EBCDIC-INT, EBCDIC-INT1, EBCDIC-IS-FRISS, EBCDIC-IT, EBCDIC-JP-E, EBCDIC-JP-KANA, EBCDIC-PT, EBCDIC-UK, EBCDIC-US, EBCDICATDE, EBCDICATDEA, EBCDICCAFR, EBCDICDKNO, EBCDICDKNOA, EBCDICES, EBCDICESA, EBCDICESS, EBCDICFISE, EBCDICFISEA, EBCDICFR, EBCDICISFRISS, EBCDICIT, EBCDICPT, EBCDICUK, EBCDICUS, ECMA-114, ECMA-118, ECMA-128, ECMA-CYRILLIC, ECMACYRILLIC, ELOT_928, ES, ES2, EUC-CN, EUC-JISX0213, EUC-JP, EUC-KR, EUC-TW, EUCCN, EUCJP, EUCKR, EUCTW, FI, FR, GB, GB2312, GB13000, GB18030, GBK, GB_1988-80, GB_198880, GEORGIAN-ACADEMY, GEORGIAN-PS, GOST_19768-74, GOST_19768, GOST_1976874, GREEK-CCITT, GREEK, GREEK7-OLD, GREEK7, GREEK7OLD, GREEK8, GREEKCCITT, HEBREW, HP-ROMAN8, HPROMAN8, HU, IBM-856, IBM-922, IBM-930, IBM-932, IBM-933, IBM-935, IBM-937, IBM-939, IBM-943, IBM-1046, IBM-1124, IBM-1129, IBM-1132, IBM-1133, IBM-1160, IBM-1161, IBM-1162, IBM-1163, IBM-1164, IBM037, IBM038, IBM256, IBM273, IBM274, IBM275, IBM277, IBM278, IBM280, IBM281, IBM284, IBM285, IBM290, IBM297, IBM367, IBM420, IBM423, IBM424, IBM437, IBM500, IBM775, IBM813, IBM819, IBM850, IBM851, IBM852, IBM855, IBM856, IBM857, IBM860, IBM861, IBM862, IBM863, IBM864, IBM865, IBM866, IBM868, IBM869, IBM870, IBM871, IBM874, IBM875, IBM880, IBM891, IBM903, IBM904, IBM905, IBM912, IBM915, IBM916, IBM918, IBM920, IBM922, IBM930, IBM932, IBM933, IBM935, IBM937, IBM939, IBM943, IBM1004, IBM1026, IBM1046, IBM1047, IBM1089, IBM1124, IBM1129, IBM1132, IBM1133, IBM1160, IBM1161, IBM1162, IBM1163, IBM1164, IEC_P27-1, IEC_P271, INIS-8, INIS-CYRILLIC, INIS, INIS8, INISCYRILLIC, ISIRI-3342, ISIRI3342, ISO-2022-CN-EXT, ISO-2022-CN, ISO-2022-JP-2, ISO-2022-JP-3, ISO-2022-JP, ISO-2022-KR, ISO-8859-1, ISO-8859-2, ISO-8859-3, ISO-8859-4, ISO-8859-5, ISO-8859-6, ISO-8859-7, ISO-8859-8, ISO-8859-9, ISO-8859-10, ISO-8859-11, ISO-8859-13, ISO-8859-14, ISO-8859-15, ISO-8859-16, ISO-10646, ISO-10646/UCS2, ISO-10646/UCS4, ISO-10646/UTF-8, ISO-10646/UTF8, ISO-CELTIC, ISO-IR-4, ISO-IR-6, ISO-IR-8-1, ISO-IR-9-1, ISO-IR-10, ISO-IR-11, ISO-IR-14, ISO-IR-15, ISO-IR-16, ISO-IR-17, ISO-IR-18, ISO-IR-19, ISO-IR-21, ISO-IR-25, ISO-IR-27, ISO-IR-37, ISO-IR-49, ISO-IR-50, ISO-IR-51, ISO-IR-54, ISO-IR-55, ISO-IR-57, ISO-IR-60, ISO-IR-61, ISO-IR-69, ISO-IR-84, ISO-IR-85, ISO-IR-86, ISO-IR-88, ISO-IR-89, ISO-IR-90, ISO-IR-92, ISO-IR-98, ISO-IR-99, ISO-IR-100, ISO-IR-101, ISO-IR-103, ISO-IR-109, ISO-IR-110, ISO-IR-111, ISO-IR-121, ISO-IR-122, ISO-IR-126, ISO-IR-127, ISO-IR-138, ISO-IR-139, ISO-IR-141, ISO-IR-143, ISO-IR-144, ISO-IR-148, ISO-IR-150, ISO-IR-151, ISO-IR-153, ISO-IR-155, ISO-IR-156, ISO-IR-157, ISO-IR-166, ISO-IR-179, ISO-IR-193, ISO-IR-197, ISO-IR-199, ISO-IR-203, ISO-IR-209, ISO-IR-226, ISO646-CA, ISO646-CA2, ISO646-CN, ISO646-CU, ISO646-DE, ISO646-DK, ISO646-ES, ISO646-ES2, ISO646-FI, ISO646-FR, ISO646-FR1, ISO646-GB, ISO646-HU, ISO646-IT, ISO646-JP-OCR-B, ISO646-JP, ISO646-KR, ISO646-NO, ISO646-NO2, ISO646-PT, ISO646-PT2, ISO646-SE, ISO646-SE2, ISO646-US, ISO646-YU, ISO2022CN, ISO2022CNEXT, ISO2022JP, ISO2022JP2, ISO2022KR, ISO6937, ISO8859-1, ISO8859-2, ISO8859-3, ISO8859-4, ISO8859-5, ISO8859-6, ISO8859-7, ISO8859-8, ISO8859-9, ISO8859-10, ISO8859-11, ISO8859-13, ISO8859-14, ISO8859-15, ISO8859-16, ISO88591, ISO88592, ISO88593, ISO88594, ISO88595, ISO88596, ISO88597, ISO88598, ISO88599, ISO885910, ISO885911, ISO885913, ISO885914, ISO885915, ISO885916, ISO_646.IRV:1991, ISO_2033-1983, ISO_2033, ISO_5427-EXT, ISO_5427, ISO_5427:1981, ISO_5427EXT, ISO_5428, ISO_5428:1980, ISO_6937-2, ISO_6937-2:1983, ISO_6937, ISO_6937:1992, ISO_8859-1, ISO_8859-1:1987, ISO_8859-2, ISO_8859-2:1987, ISO_8859-3, ISO_8859-3:1988, ISO_8859-4, ISO_8859-4:1988, ISO_8859-5, ISO_8859-5:1988, ISO_8859-6, ISO_8859-6:1987, ISO_8859-7, ISO_8859-7:1987, ISO_8859-8, ISO_8859-8:1988, ISO_8859-9, ISO_8859-9:1989, ISO_8859-10, ISO_8859-10:1992, ISO_8859-14, ISO_8859-14:1998, ISO_8859-15:1998, ISO_9036, ISO_10367-BOX, ISO_10367BOX, ISO_69372, IT, JIS_C6220-1969-RO, JIS_C6229-1984-B, JIS_C62201969RO, JIS_C62291984B, JOHAB, JP-OCR-B, JP, JS, JUS_I.B1.002, KOI-7, KOI-8, KOI8-R,
KOI8-T,
KOI8-U, KOI8, KOI8R, KOI8U, KSC5636, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, L8, L10, LATIN-GREEK-1, LATIN-GREEK, LATIN1, LATIN2, LATIN3, LATIN4, LATIN5, LATIN6, LATIN7, LATIN8, LATIN10, LATINGREEK, LATINGREEK1, MAC-CYRILLIC, MAC-IS, MAC-SAMI, MAC-UK, MAC, MACCYRILLIC, MACINTOSH, MACIS, MACUK, MACUKRAINIAN, MS-ANSI, MS-ARAB, MS-CYRL, MS-EE, MS-GREEK, MS-HEBR, MS-MAC-CYRILLIC, MS-TURK, MSCP949, MSCP1361, MSMACCYRILLIC, MSZ_7795.3,
MS_KANJI,
NAPLPS, NATS-DANO, NATS-SEFI, NATSDANO, NATSSEFI, NC_NC0010, NC_NC00-10, NC_NC00-10:81,
NF_Z_62-010, NF_Z_62-010_(1973), NF_Z_62-010_1973, NF_Z_62010, NF_Z_62010_1973, NO, NO2,
NS_4551-1, NS_4551-2, NS_45511, NS_45512, OS2LATIN1, OSF00010001,
OSF00010002, OSF00010003, OSF00010004, OSF00010005, OSF00010006, OSF00010007,
OSF00010008, OSF00010009, OSF OSF00010020, OSF00010100, OSF00010101,
OSF00010102, OSF00010104, OSF00010105, OSF00010106,
OSF00030010, OSF
OSF
OSF1002035D, OSF1002035E, OSF OSF10020025, OSF10020111, OSF10020115, OSF10020116, OSF10020118, OSF10020122, OSF10020129, OSF10020352, OSF10020354, OSF10020357, OSF10020359, OSF10020360, OSF10020364, OSF10020365, OSF10020366, OSF10020367, OSF10020370, OSF10020387,
OSF10020388,
OSF10020396, OSF10020402, OSF10020417, PT, PT2, R8, ROMAN8, SE, SE2, SEN_850200_B, SEN_850200_C, SHIFT-JIS, SHIFT_JIS, SHIFT_JISX0213, SJIS, SS636127, ST_SEV_358-88, T.61-8BIT, T.61, T.618BIT, TCVN-5712, TCVN,
TCVN5712-1,
TCVN5712-1:1993, TIS-620, TIS620-0, TIS620.2529-1, TIS620.2533-0, TIS620, TS-5881, UCS-2, UCS-2BE,
UCS-2LE, UCS-4, UCS-4BE, UCS-4LE, UCS2, UCS4, UHC, UJIS, UK, UNICODE, UNICODEBIG,
UNICODELITTLE, US-ASCII, US, UTF-7, UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-16BE, UTF-16LE, UTF-32, UTF-32BE, UTF-32LE, UTF7, UTF8, UTF16, UTF16BE, UTF16LE, UTF32, UTF32BE, UTF32LE, VISCII, WCHAR_T, WIN-SAMI-2, WINBALTRIM, WINDOWS-1250, WINDOWS-1251, WINDOWS-1252, WINDOWS-1253, WINDOWS-1254, WINDOWS-1255, WINDOWS-1256, WINDOWS-1257, WINDOWS-1258, WINSAMI2, WS2, YU [root@linux script]# |
強大的iconv 是由C語言中的iconv()函數實現的
15 開發工具/開發環境
15.1 Macromedia Dreamweaver MX 2004 JSP開發環境的配置
新建站點：
1 選擇Manage Sites…
2 單擊New…，然後選擇Site
3 輸入站點名稱：mySite，下一步
4 選擇我想使用伺服器技術，在列表中選擇“JSP”，下一步
5 選擇，編輯、測試一台計算機上。選擇一個站點目錄。下一步
註：我的z:是使用net use z: \\192.168.0.1\web 映射的。\\192.168.0.1\web是linux伺服器，web是Samba 共享/var/www/html/webapps，而/var/www/html/webapps是netkiller.xml <Context path="/netkiller" docBase="/var/www/html/webapps" reloadable="true" debug="0" privileged="true">
|
[root@linux root]# cat /etc/samba/smb.conf [web]
comment = PC
Directories path = /var/www/html/webapps public = yes writable = yes [root@linux root]# cat /usr/local/jakarta-tomcat/webapps/netkiller.xml <!-- Context configuration file for the Tomcat Administration Web App $Id: admin.xml,v 1.3 2002/07/23 12:12:15 remm Exp $ --> <Context path="/netkiller" docBase="/var/www/html/webapps" reloadable="true" debug="0" privileged="true"> <!-- Uncomment this Valve to limit access to the Admin app to localhost for obvious security reasons. Allow may be a comma-separated list of hosts (or even regular expressions). <Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.RemoteAddrValve" allow="127.0.0.1"/> --> <Logger className="org.apache.catalina.logger.FileLogger" prefix="localhost_netkiller_log." suffix=".txt" timestamp="true"/> </Context> |
6 URL輸入: http://192.168.0.1:8080/netkiller，單擊“Test User”
7 下一步
8 選擇：No ，下一步
9 單擊“Done”
10 單擊“Done”
Dreamweaver站點如何操作這裡就不講了，請看相關教材
11 Ctrl+u 調出Dreamweaver控製麵版，做如下設置。
11.1 Fonts 字型設置：
11.2 New Document 新建文檔設置：
11.3 單擊 OK 按鈕。
15.2 Jcreator
|
JCreator is written entirely in C++, which makes it fast and efficient compared to the Java based editors/IDEs. |
JCreator 的功能簡單，特點速度快。筆者就用它來寫Bean，在Dreamweaver中寫JSP。
單擊“Tools”菜單à選擇“Options…”
點擊“JDK Profiles”à彈出下面對話框
15.3 Eclipse
關於Eclipse 的配置方法這裡就不談了。網上文檔很多
15.4 JBuilder + Weblogic + PostgreSQL開發環境
JBuilder9+Weblogic8+PostgreSQL7 How to
BEA Weblogic platform811 安裝
1. 雙擊下載的platform811_win32.exe檔案
2. 開始解壓
3. 單擊Next
4. 單擊Next
5. 選擇安裝BEA目錄
6. 預設完全安裝，單擊下一步Next
7. 選擇安裝bea weblogic8.1產品目錄，下一步Next
8. 開始安裝。需要幾分鐘
9. 單擊Done完成安裝
配置嚮導
1. 啟動bea weblogic 的Configuration Wizard工具
1. 顯示Configuration Wizard界面
2. 單擊Next
3. 單擊Next
4. 輸入用戶、密碼（密碼需要8位）
5.
bae weblogic預設安裝了JDK
選擇Other Java SDK
6. 單擊Next
7. Configuration Name : netkiller
8. 選擇Start Admin Server ，單擊Done
資料庫連接池
9. 在IE地址欄中輸入：http://localhost:7001/console
10. 關閉weblogic
11. 配置PostgreSQL JDBC 驅動
將PostgreSQL JDBC 驅動pg73jdbc3.jar 複製到D:\bea\weblogic81\server\lib目錄下
編輯檔案D:\bea\user_projects\domains\netkiller\startWebLogic.cmd
在set CLASSPATH下面加入
set CLASSPATH=%CLASSPATH%;%WL_HOME%\server\lib\pg73jdbc3.jar
12. 然後啟動weblogic ànetkiller
注意：d:\bea\WEBLOG~1\server\lib\pg73jdbc3.jar
|
d:\bea\user_projects\domains\netkiller>ECHO OFF . CLASSPATH=C:\J2SDK1~1.2_0\lib\tools.jar;d:\bea\WEBLOG~1\server\lib\weblogic_sp.j ar;d:\bea\WEBLOG~1\server\lib\weblogic.jar;d:\bea\WEBLOG~1\server\lib\ojdbc14.ja r;d:\bea\WEBLOG~1\common\eval\pointbase\lib\pbserver44.jar;d:\bea\WEBLOG~1\commo n\eval\pointbase\lib\pbclient44.jar;C:\J2SDK1~1.2_0\jre\lib\rt.jar;d:\bea\WEBLOG ~1\server\lib\webservices.jar;;d:\bea\WEBLOG~1\server\lib\pg73jdbc3.jar . PATH=d:\bea\WEBLOG~1\server\bin;C:\J2SDK1~1.2_0\jre\bin;C:\J2SDK1~1.2_0\bin;C:\W INDOWS\system32;C:\WINDOWS;C:\WINDOWS\System32\Wbem;d:\bea\WEBLOG~1\server\bin\o ci920_8 . *************************************************** * To start WebLogic Server, use a username and * * password assigned to an admin-level user. For * * server administration, use the WebLogic Server * * console at http:\\[hostname]:[port]\console * *************************************************** |
13. 登錄
14. 登陸後顯示
15. 選擇netkiller-->Service-->JDBC-->Connection Pools
16. 單擊Configure a new JDBC Connection Pool...
17. 選擇Database Type: 選擇PostgreSQL，然後單擊Continue
18. 輸入數據
Ｎame：連接池名
Database Name：資料庫名
Host Name：主機名
Port：連接埠號
Database User Name：資料庫用戶名
Password：資料庫密碼
Confirm Password：確認密碼
然後單擊Continue
19. 測試資料庫連接
1. 單擊Test Driver Configuation，輸入綠色Connection successful 測試成功。如果是紅色表示出錯。
2. 單擊Create and deploy
3. 連接池配置完成
數據源配置
1. 選擇netkiller-->Service-->JDBC--> Data Source
2. 單擊Configure a new JDBC Data Source
3. JNDI Name：輸入MyJDBCDataSource
4. 單擊Continue
5. 選擇一個連接池，然後單擊Continue
6. 單擊Create
7. 數據源配置完成
查看ＪＮＤＩ樹
1. 展開netkilleràServersàmyserver
2. 在myserver 上單擊滑鼠右鍵，選擇View JNDI tree
myserver 下可以看到myJDBCDataSource
3. 數據源配置完成
JBuilder 9.0 Weblogic 配置
1. ToolsàConfigure JDKs
2. 單擊New
3. 選擇JDK安裝目錄
4. 單擊OK，完成
5. Tools à Configure Servers
6. 選擇Weblogic Platform Server 8.x
7. REnable Server
8. Home directory：選擇D:/bea/weblogic81/server
9. 切換到Custom
10. 設置
BEA home directory：d:/bea
JDK Installation directory：你的JDK安裝目錄
Domain directory：D:/bea/user_projects/domains/netkiller
輸入密碼：********
勾去Add an Console item to the Tools menu
單擊OK完成
新建項目
單擊OK
新建
OK
OK
15.5 GUI資料庫管理與設計（建模）工具
15.5.1 phpPgAdmin
這是一個PHP寫的WEB資料庫管理工具。
主頁：http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/
下載：同上
安裝：我是使用系統預設的apache，
n 通過samba 將phpPgAdmin-3.3.tar.gz 複製到/var/www/html目錄下
n 解包
n 進入phpPgAdmin目錄
|
[root@linux root]# cd /var/www/html [root@linux html]# tar zxvf phpPgAdmin-3.3.tar.gz [root@linux html]# cd phpPgAdmin [root@linux conf]# cd conf/ [root@linux conf]# vi config.inc.php |
加入主機$conf['servers'][0]['host'] = '127.0.0.1';
修改預設資料庫$conf['servers'][0]['defaultdb'] = 'netkiller';
|
// Display name for the server on the login screen $conf['servers'][0]['desc'] = 'PostgreSQL'; // Hostname or IP address for server. Use '' for UNIX domain socket. $conf['servers'][0]['host'] = '127.0.0.1'; // Database port on server (5432 is the PostgreSQL default) $conf['servers'][0]['port'] = 5432; // Change the default database only if you cannot connect to template1 $conf['servers'][0]['defaultdb'] = 'netkiller'; |
n 在IE地址欄中輸入：http://192.168.0.1/phpPgAdmin/
n 出現下面登陸界面
n 輸入用戶名，密碼，選擇語言
n 登陸
關於如何使用phpPgAdmin這裡就贅述了。phpPgAdmin只提供了一些基本功能，不過在WEB上遠程管理，還是比較方便的。
下面你會看到更高級，複雜的管理工具。
15.5.2 PgAdmin III
下載：http://www.pgadmin.org/pgadmin3/download.php
中文：http://www.pgadmin.org/pgadmin3/download.php?locale=zh_CN
15.5.3 Case Studio 2
下載：http://www.casestudio.com/enu/download.aspx
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CASE Studio 2 -
Feature |
LITE |
FULL |
|
Entity relationship diagrams |
|
|
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Clipper (older version) |
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DBISAM 3 |
|
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IBM DB2 UDB ver. 8.1 |
|
|
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IBM DB2 UDB ver. 7.1 |
|
|
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Informix (older version) |
|
|
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Informix 9 |
|
|
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Ingres (older version) |
|
|
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InterBase 7 |
|
|
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InterBase 6 SQL 3 |
|
|
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InterBase 6 SQL 1 |
|
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InterBase 5 |
|
|
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InterBase 4 |
|
|
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MS Access 2000 |
|
|
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MS Access 97 |
|
|
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MS SQL 2000 |
|
|
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MS SQL 7 |
|
|
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MS SQL 6.5 |
|
|
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MySQL 4 (incl. innoDB) |
|
|
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MySQL 3.23 |
|
|
|
Oracle 9 |
|
|
|
Oracle 8 |
|
|
|
Oracle 7 |
|
|
|
Paradox (older version) |
|
|
|
Pervasive |
|
|
|
PostgreSQL 7.3 BETA |
|
|
|
PostgreSQL 7 |
|
|
|
Sybase 12.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Data flow diagram |
|
|
|
Data flows |
|
|
|
Data stores |
|
|
|
Processes |
|
|
|
Terminators |
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|
|
|
|
|
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Reverse engineering |
|
|
|
Clipper (older version) |
|
|
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DBISAM 3 |
|
|
|
IBM DB2 UDB ver. 7 |
|
|
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IBM DB2 UDB ver. 8 |
|
|
|
Informix (older version) |
|
|
|
Informix 9 |
|
|
|
Ingres (older version) |
|
|
|
InterBase 7 |
|
|
|
InterBase 6 SQL 3, InterBase 6
SQL 1 |
|
|
|
InterBase 5 |
|
|
|
InterBase 4 |
|
|
|
MS Access 2000 |
|
|
|
MS Access 97 |
|
|
|
MS SQL 2000 |
|
|
|
MS SQL 7 |
|
|
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MS SQL 6.5 |
|
|
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MySQL 4 (incl. innoDB) |
|
|
|
MySQL 3.23 |
|
|
|
Oracle 9 |
|
|
|
Oracle 8 |
|
|
|
Oracle 7 |
|
|
|
Paradox (older version) |
|
|
|
Pervasive |
|
|
|
PostgreSQL 7.3 BETA |
|
|
|
PostgreSQL 7 |
|
|
|
Sybase 12.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reports & export possibilities |
|
|
|
RTF reports |
|
|
|
HTML reports |
|
|
|
Export into JPG, BMP or PNG |
|
|
|
Export into XML |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Features |
|
|
|
After script items |
|
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|
Alternate keys |
|
|
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Alter scripts |
|
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Autolayout |
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|
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Before script items |
|
|
|
Cardinality |
|
|
|
Data dictionary (domains) |
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|
|
Descriptions |
|
|
|
Drops generation |
|
|
|
Foreign keys definition |
|
|
|
Functions |
|
|
|
Indexes |
|
|
|
Informative relationships |
|
|
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Internal clipboard |
|
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M:N relationships |
|
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Network features |
|
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|
New user defined data types |
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Non-identifying relationships |
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Notes |
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Object type bodies* |
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Object types* |
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Package bodies* |
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Packages* |
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Patterns for views, procedures and triggers |
|
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Primary keys definition |
|
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Referential integrity |
|
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Rough uppercase/lowercase selection |
|
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Self relationships |
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Sequences* |
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SQL script generation |
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Storages |
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Stored procedures |
|
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Support of compound foreign keys |
|
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Synonyms* |
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Triggers |
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User permissions (in models) |
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Users (in models) |
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Users group (in models) |
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Views |
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Model maintenance |
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Database/Model conversion** |
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Gallery |
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Model check |
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Submodels |
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To-Do list |
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Version comparsion |
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Version manager |
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Scripting and user defined templates |
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OLE Automation objects |
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Large COM interface |
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MS Scripting |
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Jscript support |
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VB script support |
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Templates editor |
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Templates export |
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Templates import |
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User defined variables editor |
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Displaying |
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Visual creation of DFD |
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Visual creation of ERD |
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Alignment in columns |
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Attributes syntax highlighting |
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Entity background color selection |
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Font selection |
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Logical model |
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Physical model |
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Logical view / physical view |
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Model background color selection |
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Shadows |
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Stamp |
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Straight relationship lines |
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Text descriptions |
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Variable display level |
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Support |
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Free email support |
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Free updates of CASE Studio 2 |
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15.5.4 PostgreSQL Manager
主頁：http://ems-hitech.com/pgmanager/
下載：http://ems-hitech.com/pgmanager/download.phtml
圖1 主界面
圖2 數據管理
圖3 強大的E-R 圖功能
圖4 這是我用逆向工程導入已經存在的資料庫
EMS PostgreSQL Manager is a powerful graphical tool for PostgreSQL administration and development. It makes creating and editing PostgreSQL database objects easy and fast, and allows you to run SQL scripts, manage users and their privileges, build SQL queries visually, extract, print and search metadata, export data to 14 available formats and import them from most popular formats, view and edit BLOB fields, and many more...
Version
2.0 Features
Full
PostgreSQL 7.4 support!
Visual
Database Designer - to design your database intuitively!
Plpgsql
Function Debugger - to fix the errors in the function code and to optimize the
function work!
HTML
Report Generator - to generate detailed reports about your database in HTML
format!
Internal
SSH Client - to connect to your database using Secure SHell!
Highly
improved Data Export and Data Import wizards!
And much more...
Find the list of all program features as well as the Professional/Lite and Windows/Linux differences in the Feature Matrix.
Easy
management of all PostgreSQL objects:
Creating/Dropping
databases;
Creating/Dropping/Altering
tables, views, functions, sequences
Creating/Dropping
types, aggregates, operators, languages
Creating/Dropping/Altering
tables subobjects: foreign keys, checks, indices, triggers
Creating/Altering
table fields
Creating/Dropping/Altering
table/view rules
Duplicating
tables, table fields, views, functions, rules, triggers, sequences, types,
aggregates, operators, languages
Support
of all field types
Viewing/Editing
data in tables
Adding/Editing/Deleting
users, groups and their privileges
Powerful
tools to work with PostgreSQL server
• Database Explorer featuring
Multiple
database connections
Registering/Unregistering
databases allows working only with the databases required
Grouping/Ungrouping
registered databases by host name
Project
View allows combining database object with user items
Powerful
User Manager, Group Manager and Grant Manager
• SQL processing and watching
tools, including:
Powerful
SQL Editor
Script
Executing (SQL Script)
Visual
Query Builder
SQL
Monitor
Powerful
metadata printing module with the opportunity of customizing reports(fonts,
colors, etc.)
Extracting
metadata into text files or SQL Script editor
• Powerful data manipulation
tools, including:
Powerful
BLOB Viewer/Editor with several types of viewing BLOB data:
Export
data to Excel, RTF (Word), HTML, XML, DBF, TXT, CSV, SYLK, DIF, LaTeX and
Windows Clipboard.
Import
Data Wizard
Copy
Data to/from file wizards
And
some other useful features, including:
Customizable
program options: windows, fonts, grid colors, etc
Customizable
editors: custom colors, fonts etc.
Customizable
toolbars for all program windows
Keyboard
templates
Powerful
Visual Options Module
Possibility
of saving all the program settings
Detailed
Help System
PostgreSQL
Manager Direct
And
other useful tools, including TO-DO list for each database, External Tool
Manager, etc.
15.5.5 DeZign for Databases
下載：http://www.datanamic.com/download/index.html
Feature highlights:
n
Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) editor.
n
Template driven schema generation (DDL).
n
One project cabn contain multiple subdiagrams.
n
Powerful report generator (HTML, Text, HTML
with image map).
n
Creation of domains is supported. Usage of
domains is supported even for a database that does not support domains.
n
Supports the ER modeling techniques including
some advanced techniques like sub categories.
n
Fast, facile graphics
manipulation.
n
Automatic resolution of many-to-many
relationships.
n
Object browser for entities, relationships,
attributes and domains.
n
Creation of triggers, procedures and sequences
is supported.
n
Multiple display levels.
n
Export diagram to an image file (Bitmap, Gif,
JPeg or Windows Metafile).
n
Object naming tool.
n
Automatic foreign key migration at design
time.
n
Version control.
n
Full cardinality and connectivity support.
15.5.6 GUI工具比較
|
|
數據管理 |
維護 |
設計（建模） |
逆向工程 |
最好得分 |
|
phpPgAdmin |
ñ |
ò |
|
|
ò |
|
PgAdmin III |
ñ |
ò |
|
|
õ |
|
Case Studio 2 |
|
|
ó |
ô |
õõ |
|
DeZign for Databases |
|
|
ó |
ô |
õõõ |
|
PostgreSQL Manager |
ñ |
ò |
ó |
ô |
õõõõ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
我個人對PostgreSQL Manager的評價是，它完全可以與Oracle DBA Studio，MS SQL Server 2000的圖形界面管理工具相媲美。
16 FAQ
16.1 關於“”與null
'' = \0
這麼說吧.
一個杯子,杯是空的嗎???
NO,裡面還有空氣呢.這就是""
讓他中空就是null
16.2 Postgresql與其它資料庫
關於測試大家去看一下TPC-C，TPC-W，TPC-H，TPC-R
網上有很多文章評論PostgreSQL ，MySQL ，Oracle , Sybase , MS Sql Server……而且還做了測試。結果當然是MySQL快了。還有一些無聊人醜化PostgreSQL，說它不穩定，愛宕機……
我要問測試過程得出的結果是否公平？
n 做測試的人是做什麼的。是數據方面高手嗎？或DBA嗎？
n 他對數據優化了嗎？
n 記錄多少？
n 存儲大小？
n 測試結果是應用於什麼領域？
n 使用什麼API（jdbc,odbc,c++ api……）
如果你看過這類文章你會發現他們基本上是如下套路：
1. 創建數據
2. 創建表
3. 取當前時間，開始時間
4. 使用程序循環對test表分別插入、刪除、更新數據
5. 取當前時間，結束時間
6. 兩次時間差，得出結果
7. 這樣可以得出三個結果，插入、刪除、更新
這樣的測試結果一點也不公平。
我這裡有幾種測試資料庫性能方法。只供參考，不一定正確、準確。
測試環境和件條：
n 相同配置的計算機
n 相同操作系統
n 使用同一種語言和資料庫介面（最公平的是使用C++ API連接資料庫）
n 注意索引
n 在win平測試結果不准
測試實例：
1. 首先進行單表的插入、刪除、更新測試。得出結果（流程同上）
2. 進行事務處理單表的插入、刪除、更新測試，每100，1000，5000等為一個組做事務，得出結果 圖 （一）
3.
多表測試
創建一個實表，有11欄位，id欄位為PK主鍵，在表中插入10條記錄
然後創建維表，有11欄位，id欄位為FK外建，參考實表id欄位（一對多），插入10條記錄，
以此類推。見 圖（二）使用join測試分別在不同維度時的結果，更高級測試請參看《數據倉庫》
4.
對於大型資料庫是不能光看記錄多少，還要看資料庫容量。從
5. 子查詢性能測試
6.
壓力測試 要自己寫一個小程序，多綫程連接數據。
然後幾台機上運行這個程序5幾進程，每個進程中有10個綫程
圖 （一）
圖（二）
16.3 Putty
主頁：http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/
16.3.1 Putty密鑰認證
1. 運行puttygen.exe
2. 選擇SSH2 RSA 或者 SSH2 DSA
3. 點擊“Generate”按鈕
SSH1 RSA 產生速度快些。SSH2 可能要等一回。
4. 成功
5. 分別保存公鑰public和私鑰private
6. 將公鑰上傳到linux上，我產生密鑰是給chen用戶使用的。
7. chen登錄linux安裝密鑰
|
[chen@linux chen]$ mkdir .ssh [chen@linux chen]$ chmod 700 .ssh [chen@linux chen]$ cat public > .ssh/authorized_keys2 [chen@linux chen]$ chmod 600 .ssh/authorized_keys2 |
Linux 的密鑰安裝好了，我們來測試一下。
運行putty
輸入Host Name
選擇SSH下的Auth菜單。
Private key file for authentication:
選擇你的私鑰。
然後單擊“Open”按鈕
|
login as: chen Sent username "chen" Trying public key authentication. Passphrase for key "rsa-key-20040315": [chen@linux chen]$ |
可能出現的幾種問題：
1、Server refused our key
公匙和私匙不匹配，或者沒有 authorized_keys 檔案
2、Unable to use key file (SSH1 private key)
私匙檔案的格式不正確，你可以分別試一下ssh，ssh2
16.3.2 中輸入漢字的問題
1. 運行Putty登陸到伺服器
2. 在標題欄上單擊右鍵
3. 選擇“Change Settings…”菜單
4. 彈出下面對話框
5. 選擇Category:列表下Window項中的Translation
6. 彈出下面對話框
7. 在Character set translation on received data區域Received data assumed tobe in which character set:下拉列表中選擇“UTF-8”編碼
8. 彈出下面對話框
9. 單擊應用按鈕“Apply”
10. 在putty中輸入中文。任何輸入法都可以。
16.4 控制台下輸入漢字
zhcon是工作在Linux控制台下的高效雙位元組中/日/韓(CJK)虛擬終端，就像DOS環境中的UCDOS一樣，為控制台(console)環境提供完整的雙位元組語言環境。
主頁：http://zhcon.sourceforge.net/
項目網頁：http://sourceforge.net/projects/zhcon/
下載zhcon：
wget http://keihanna.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/zhcon/zhcon-0.2.3.tar.gz
截圖：
http://zhcon.sourceforge.net/images/scr_vim61.png
http://zhcon.sourceforge.net/images/scr_mc.gif
http://zhcon.sourceforge.net/images/scr_lynx.gif
http://zhcon.sourceforge.net/images/scr_emac.gif
http://zhcon.sourceforge.net/images/scr_bbs.gif
http://zhcon.sourceforge.net/images/scr_vi.gif
http://zhcon.sourceforge.net/images/scr_overspot.gif
安裝：
|
[root@linux
zhcon- [root@linux zhcon- [root@linux zhcon- |
運行：
|
[root@linux root]#zhcon |
16.5 PostgreSQL RPM 包安裝後，為何沒有5432連接埠
安裝：
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-libs-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-devel-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-server-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-contrib-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-docs-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-jdbc-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-pl-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-python-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-tcl-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-test-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -qa|grep post
查看：
|
[root@linux script]# rpm -qa|grep post postgresql-contrib- postgresql- postgresql-tcl- postgresql-devel- postgresql-jdbc- postgresql-test- postgresql-server- postgresql-pl- postgresql-libs- postgresql-python- postfix- postgresql-docs- |
啟動、初始化：
|
[root@linux root]# service postgresql start [root@linux
root]# su postgres bash-2.05b$ createdb bash-2.05b$ psql Welcome to psql Type: \copyright for distribution terms \h for help with SQL commands \? for help on internal slash commands \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query \q to quit postgres=# |
使用“\q”退出資料庫。
配置：
PostgreSQL配置預設沒有啟用TCP/IP連接，開啟tcpip_socket編輯postgresql.conf檔案
|
[root@linux root]# cd /var/lib/pgsql/data/ [root@linux data]# vi postgresql.conf # # Connection Parameters # tcpip_socket = true #ssl = false #max_connections = 32 #superuser_reserved_connections = 2 #port = 5432 #hostname_lookup = false #show_source_port = false :wq (保存) |
tcpip_socket = false改為tcpip_socket = true 即可，連接埠預設5432。如果你想使用其它連接埠配置port = 5432 即可。
運行：
|
[root@linux root]# service postgresql restart [ OK ] Starting postgresql service: [ OK ] |
查看：
使用連接埠掃瞄工具NAMP查看PostgreSQL tcpip_socket功能是否啟用，
輸出5432/tcp open postgre 配置成功。
|
[root@linux root]# nmap localhost Starting nmap V. 3.00 ( www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) Interesting ports on localhost.localdomain (127.0.0.1): (The 1592 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: closed) Port State Service 22/tcp open ssh 25/tcp open smtp 80/tcp open http 111/tcp open sunrpc 139/tcp open netbios-ssn 389/tcp open ldap 2401/tcp open cvspserver 3306/tcp open mysql 5432/tcp open postgres Nmap run completed -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 2 seconds [root@linux root]# |
測試：
|
[root@linux root]# psql -h127.0.0.1 -Upostgres Welcome to psql Type: \copyright for distribution terms \h for help with SQL commands \? for help on internal slash commands \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query \q to quit postgres=# |
16.6
PostgreSQL 7.4.2 rhel3(高級伺服器版,俗稱AS3)
|
[root@linuxas3 postgres]# wget
ftp://ftp.tw.postgresql.org/pub/postgresql/binary/v [root@linuxas3 postgres]# rpm --nodeps -Uvh *.rpm 1:postgresql-test ########################################### [ 8%] 2:postgresql ########################################### [ 17%] 3:postgresql-contrib ########################################### [ 25%] 4:postgresql-debuginfo ########################################### [ 33%] 5:postgresql-devel ########################################### [ 42%] 6:postgresql-docs ########################################### [ 50%] 7:postgresql-jdbc ########################################### [ 58%] 8:postgresql-libs ########################################### [ 67%] 9:postgresql-pl ########################################### [ 75%]
10:postgresql-python
########################################### [ 83%] 11:postgresql-server
########################################### [ 92%] 12:postgresql-tcl
########################################### [100%] [root@linuxas3
postgres]# rpm -qa | grep postgres postgresql-libs- postgresql-devel- postgresql- postgresql-docs- postgresql-python- postgresql-contrib- postgresql-jdbc- postgresql-server- postgresql-debuginfo- postgresql-tcl- postgresql-test- postgresql-pl- [root@linuxas3 postgres]# |
16.7 Pureftpd pgsql認證模組
Pure-FTPd + LDAP + MySQL + PGSQL + Virtual-Users + Quota How To
http://home.9812.net/linux/article/pureftpd/
16.8 Vsftpd pgsql認證
vsftpd的虛擬用戶配置：PAM + PgSQL + FreeBSD-4
連接：http://www.freebsdchina.org/forum/digest_4589.html
16.9 OpenLDAP-PostgreSQL HOWTO
http://www.samse.fr/GPL/ldap_pg/HOWTO/
16.10
PostgreSQL
成功案例與解決方案
http://www.isc.org/products/OpenReg/
OpenReg is an implementation of a domain registry, such as
might be used by top-level domain operators to manage the delegation of domains
in a "shared registry" environment. OpenReg:
- supports
the Extensible
Provisioning Protocol (EPP), the IETF standards-track protocol for
interaction between registries and registrars;
- is
designed and debugged as a distributed multi-process system;
- supports
PostgreSQL and is designed to
accommodate to very large registries;
- publishes
zone files to be served using BIND;
- gathers
comprehensive profiling and load statistics;
- is
published as free software, under a BSD-style licence.
17 附錄
17.1 實例
/*
#########################################################
Created
Modified
Project XXXXXXXXXXXXX
Model XXXXXXXXXX
Company XXXXXXXX
Author 陳景峰
Version 1.0
Database PostgreSQL
#########################################################
*/
-- ======================================================
-- 'CREATE DATABASE'
-- ======================================================
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- CREATE USER netkiller WITH PASSWORD 'chen';
-- CREATE DATABASE netkiller WITH OWNER = netkiller TEMPLATE = template0 ENCODING = 'EUC_CN';
-- postgres=# CREATE DATABASE member WITH OWNER = netkiller TEMPLATE = template0 ENCODING = 'UNICODE';
-- createlang plpgsql netkiller
-- createlang plpgsql member
-- ------------------------------------------------------
Drop index "group_index";
Drop table "group" CASCADE;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
Drop index "role_index";
Drop table "role" CASCADE;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
Drop table "rolemember" Restrict;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
Drop table "groupmember" CASCADE;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
Drop table "trust" Restrict;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
Drop table userinfo CASCADE;
DROP TABLE system_log CASCADE;
DROP TABLE user_log CASCADE;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
Drop table "user" CASCADE;
-- ======================================================
-- 'user'
-- ======================================================
Create table "user"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL,
"userid" Varchar(50) NOT NULL,
"passwd" Varchar(50),
"name" Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,
"nickname" Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,
"active" Boolean Default 'F',
"email" Varchar(50) NOT NULL,
"question" Varchar(255) NOT NULL,
"answer" Varchar(255) NOT NULL,
"begin_date" Timestamp Default now(),
"end_date" Timestamp Default now(),
UNIQUE (userid,email),
primary key ("id")
);
Create index "user_index" on "user" using btree ("id","userid");
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'vuser'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
drop view vuser;
CREATE VIEW vuser AS
SELECT u.id,u.userid,u."name",u.nickname,
CASE WHEN u.active=true THEN 'Y' ELSE 'N' END as "active",
u.email,u.question,u.answer,
to_char(u.begin_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as begin_date,
to_char(u.end_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as end_date
FROM "user" u
Order By u.id;
-- DROP FUNCTION user_tri_func() CASCADE ;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION user_tri_func () RETURNS TRIGGER AS '
DECLARE
-- old_id ALIAS FOR OLD.id;
-- new_id CONSTANT INTEGER := New.id;
BEGIN
IF TG_OP = ''DELETE'' THEN
Delete from groupmember where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from rolemember where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from userinfo where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from trust where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from system_log where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from user_log where uid = OLD.id;
END IF;
IF TG_OP = ''INSERT'' THEN
-- INSERT INTO company(uid) values(NEW.id);
END IF;
RETURN OLD;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
-- DROP TRIGGER user_delete_tri on user;
-- DROP TRIGGER user_insert_tri on user;
CREATE TRIGGER users_delete_tri
BEFORE Delete ON "user" FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE user_tri_func ();
CREATE TRIGGER users_insert_tri
AFTER INSERT ON "user" FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE user_tri_func ();
/*
-- ======================================================
-- 'privileges'
-- ======================================================
--Drop table "privileges" Restrict;
Create table "privileges"
(
"id" integer NOT NULL UNIQUE ,
"read" integer,
"update" integer,
"write" integer,
primary key ("id")
);
*/
-- ======================================================
-- 'group'
-- ======================================================
Create table "group"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
"groupname" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,
"description"
Varchar(255),
UNIQUE (groupname),
PRIMARY KEY ("id")
);
Create index "group_index" on "group" using btree ("id","groupname");
-- ======================================================
-- 'groupmember'
-- ======================================================
Create table "groupmember"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
"gid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,
"uid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,
UNIQUE (gid,uid),
primary key ("id")
);
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'vgroupmember'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- DROP VIEW vgroupmember;
CREATE VIEW vgroupmember AS
SELECT gm.id,gm.gid,g.groupname,gm.uid,u.userid,u.name
FROM "group" g,"user" u,groupmember gm
Where u.id = gm.uid and g.id = gm.gid
ORDER BY gm.id;
/*
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'vgroup'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- PHP Interface View
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vgroup AS
SELECT gm.id,gm.uid,gm.gid,g.groupname
FROM "group" g,groupmember gm
Where g.id = gm.gid
ORDER BY gm.id;
*/
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'RULE'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
CREATE RULE group_rule AS ON Delete TO "group"
DO Delete From groupmember where gid = OLD.id;
-- ======================================================
-- 'role'
-- ======================================================
-- drop table role CASCADE;
Create table "role"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
"rolename" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,
"description"
Varchar(255),
UNIQUE (rolename),
PRIMARY KEY ("id")
);
Create index "role_index" on "role" using btree ("id","rolename");
-- ======================================================
-- 'rolemember'
-- ======================================================
-- drop table rolemember CASCADE ;
Create table "rolemember"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
"rid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,
"uid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,
UNIQUE (rid,uid),
primary key ("id")
);
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'vrolemember'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
CREATE VIEW vrolemember AS
SELECT rm.id,rm.rid,r.rolename,rm.uid,u.userid,u.name
FROM "role" r,"user" u,rolemember rm
Where u.id = rm.uid and r.id = rm.rid
ORDER BY rm.id;
/*
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'vrole'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vrole AS
SELECT rm.id,rm.uid,rm.rid,r.rolename
FROM "user" u,role r,rolemember rm
Where u.id = rm.uid and r.id = rm.rid
ORDER BY rm.id;
*/
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'RULE'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
CREATE RULE role_rule AS ON Delete TO role
DO Delete From rolemember where rid = OLD.id;
-- ======================================================
-- 'Foreign Key'
-- ======================================================
Alter table "groupmember" add foreign key ("uid") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;
Alter table "groupmember" add foreign key ("gid") references "group" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;
Alter table "rolemember" add foreign key ("uid") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;
Alter table "rolemember" add foreign key ("rid") references "role" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;
-- ======================================================
-- 'trust'
-- ======================================================
Create table "trust"
(
"id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
"uid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,
"rate" Varchar(20) Default '0' Check (rate in ('0','1','2','3','4','5')),
primary key ("uid")
);
Alter table "trust" add foreign key ("uid") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;
-- ======================================================
-- 'userinfo'
-- ======================================================
-- Drop table userinfo CASCADE;
Create table "userinfo"
(
id Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
uid integer NOT NULL Default 0,
tel Varchar (20) NOT NULL,
fax varchar(20),
email
varchar(60),
province varchar(8),
city varchar(10),
address varchar(255) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
postalcode varchar(6) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- post office code
bank varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- bank
bankaccount varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- Back Account
"rate" Varchar(20) Default '0' Check (rate in ('0','1','2','3','4','5')),
PRIMARY KEY(id),
FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES "user" (id)
);
-- ======================================================
-- 'log system'
-- ======================================================
Create table user_log
(
id Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
uid integer NOT NULL Default 0,
ip inet,
status varchar(255),
PRIMARY KEY("id"),
FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES "user" (id)
);
-- drop table system_log CASCADE;
Create table system_log
(
id Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,
uid integer NOT NULL Default 0,
ip inet ,
status varchar(255),
description varchar(255),
login_date Timestamp Default now(),
PRIMARY KEY("id"),
FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES "user" (id)
);
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'system_log'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
drop view vsystem_log ;
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vsystem_log AS
SELECT u.userid,u.name,log.ip,log.status,log.description,
to_char(log.login_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as login_date
FROM "user" u,system_log log
Where log.uid = u.id
ORDER BY log.id;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'Function'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- DROP FUNCTION add_system_log(integer,inet,varchar);
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION add_system_log(integer,inet,varchar,varchar) RETURNS boolean AS '
DECLARE
vUID ALIAS FOR $1;
vIP ALIAS FOR $2;
vSTATUS ALIAS FOR $3;
vDESC ALIAS FOR $4;
BEGIN
insert into system_log(uid,ip,status,description) values(vUID,vIP,vSTATUS,vDESC);
RETURN true;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
select add_system_log(1,'127.0.0.1','Create Database','Initialization Database');
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'Insert Data'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
insert into "user"(userid,passwd,name,nickname,email,question,answer) values('sysop','chen','chen','chen','chen@chen.com','xxxxxxx','xxxx');
insert into "user"(userid,passwd,name,nickname,email,question,answer) values('admin','chen','chen','chen','chen@chen.com','xxxxxxx','xxxx');
insert into "user"(userid,passwd,name,nickname,email,question,answer) values('netkiller','chen','陳景峰','Netkiller','chen@chen.com','xxxxxxx','xxxx');
update "user" set active='true' where userid='sysop';
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'Insert Data'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('System','系統管理員');
Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Administrator','站點管理員');
Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('gold','gold diamond');
Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('silver','silver diamond');
Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('advance','高級會員');
Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('free','免費會員');
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'Insert Data'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
Insert into "role"(rolename,description) values('System','系統管理員');
Insert into "role"(rolename,description) values('Administrator','站點管理員');
Insert into "role"(rolename,description) values('gold','gold diamond');
Insert into "role"(rolename,description) values('silver','silver diamond');
Insert into "role"(rolename,description) values('advance','高級會員');
Insert into "role"(rolename,description) values('free','免費會員');
insert into groupmember(gid,uid) values((select id from "group" where groupname ='System'),(select id from vuser where userid='sysop'));
insert into rolemember(rid,uid) values((select id from role where rolename ='System'),(select id from vuser where userid='sysop'));
17.2 實例
-- 主機: localhost 資料庫 : XXXX
-- Create Database XXXX;
-- DROP DATABASE XXXX;
-- createdb -E EUC_CN XXXX
-- createlang plpgsql XXXX
-- CREATE USER XXXX WITH PASSWORD ''XXXXXX'';
--
------------------------------------------------------
-- 'siteuser'
--
------------------------------------------------------
--DROP
TABLE IF EXISTS siteuser;
DROP TABLE
siteuser CASCADE;
DROP
SEQUENCE siteuser_id_seq;
DROP INDEX siteuser_id_index;
CREATE TABLE siteuser (
id integer DEFAULT nextval('siteuser_id_seq') NOT NULL,
username varchar(20) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
Password varchar(50) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
realname varchar(10) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
email varchar(50) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
create_date timestamp DEFAULT now(),
modify_date timestamp DEFAULT now(),
UNIQUE (id,username),
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
CREATE SEQUENCE siteuser_id_seq;
CREATE INDEX siteuser_id_index ON siteuser (id);
DROP FUNCTION siteuser_tri_func() CASCADE ;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION siteuser_tri_func () RETURNS opaque AS '
-- DECLARE
-- user_id CONSTANT INTEGER := OLD.id;
BEGIN
IF TG_OP = ''DELETE'' THEN
Delete from company where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from link where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from product_sort where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from news where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from count where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from guestbook where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from clientinfo where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from column_bar where uid = OLD.id;
Delete from drumbeating where uid = OLD.id;
END IF;
IF TG_OP = ''INSERT'' THEN
INSERT INTO company(uid) values(NEW.id);
INSERT INTO count(uid,number,fontcolor,backgroundcolor) values(NEW.id,0,''ffffff'',''000000'');
INSERT INTO drumbeating(uid,logourl,bannerurl) values(NEW.id,''default_logo.jpg'',''default_banner.jpg'');
END IF;
RETURN OLD;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
DROP
TRIGGER siteuser_delete_tri on siteuser;
CREATE TRIGGER siteuser_delete_tri
BEFORE Delete ON siteuser FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE siteuser_tri_func
();
DROP
TRIGGER siteuser_insert_tri on siteuser;
CREATE TRIGGER siteuser_insert_tri
AFTER INSERT ON siteuser FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE siteuser_tri_func ();
DROP FUNCTION adduser(varchar,varchar);
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION adduser(varchar,varchar) RETURNS boolean AS '
DECLARE
bool boolean := false;
name text;
uid integer;
user ALIAS FOR $1;
pass ALIAS FOR $2;
su
siteuser%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT INTO name username FROM siteuser WHERE username = user;
IF NOT FOUND then
insert into siteuser(username,password) values(user,pass);
SELECT INTO uid id FROM siteuser WHERE username = user;
bool := true;
ELSE
bool := false;
RAISE NOTICE ''Calling adduser() return %'',bool;
END IF;
RETURN bool;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
--select adduser('ccscc','eeee');
--select * from siteuser ;
-- record
DROP FUNCTION deluser(integer);
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION deluser(integer) RETURNS boolean AS '
DECLARE
bool boolean := false;
userid text;
BEGIN
SELECT INTO userid id FROM siteuser WHERE id = $1;
IF FOUND then
delete from siteuser where id = $1;
bool := true;
ELSE
END IF;
RETURN bool;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
--select deluser(28);
DROP VIEW vsiteuser;
CREATE VIEW vsiteuser AS
SELECT su.id,su.username,
to_char(su.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date
FROM siteuser su
ORDER BY su.id;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'style'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
DROP TABLE style;
DROP SEQUENCE style_id_seq;
DROP INDEX style_id_index;
DROP VIEW vstyle;
CREATE TABLE style (
id integer DEFAULT nextval('style_id_seq') NOT NULL,
-- uid integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL, -- with foreign key
number varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- sytle number
stylename varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
miniature varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- mini image
url varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- link url eg. /usr/local/apache/htdocs/autosite/style/n0001
description text DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
create_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
modify_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE (id)
-- FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES siteuser (id)
);
CREATE SEQUENCE style_id_seq;
CREATE INDEX style_id_index ON style (id);
CREATE VIEW vstyle AS
SELECT st.id,st.number,st.stylename,st.miniature,st.url,st.description,
to_char(st.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date
FROM style st
ORDER BY st.id;
insert into style(number,stylename,miniature,url) values('0001','pink','../style/images/style0001.png','');
insert into style(number,stylename,miniature,url) values('0002','green','../style/images/style0002.png','');
insert into style(number,stylename,miniature,url) values('0003','cyan','../style/images/style0003.png','');
insert into style(number,stylename,miniature,url) values('0004','orange','../style/images/style0004.png','');
insert into style(number,stylename,miniature,url) values('0005','offwhite','../style/images/style0005.png','');
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'company'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
DROP TABLE company;
DROP SEQUENCE company_id_seq;
DROP INDEX company_id_index;
DROP VIEW vcompany;
CREATE TABLE company (
id integer DEFAULT nextval('company_id_seq') NOT NULL,
uid integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL, -- with foreign key
linkman varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
cncname varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- Chinese Companyname
encname varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- English Companyname
email varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
telephone varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- telephone number
fax varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- company fax
Province_id integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL, -- with foreign key
state varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- company state
city varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- company city
address varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- company address
postalcode varchar(6) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- post office code
range text DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
details text DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- company details
other text , -- company other
bank varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- bank
bankaccount varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- Back Account
Category_id integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,
style_id integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,
create_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
modify_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
UNIQUE (id,uid),
PRIMARY KEY (id),
FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES siteuser (id),
FOREIGN KEY (style_id) REFERENCES style (id),
FOREIGN KEY (Province_id) REFERENCES Region (id),
FOREIGN KEY (Category_id) REFERENCES Category (id)
);
CREATE SEQUENCE company_id_seq;
CREATE INDEX company_id_index ON company (id);
CREATE VIEW vcompany AS
SELECT cp.id,cp.uid,su.username,cp.linkman,cp.cncname,cp.encname,cp.email,cp.telephone,cp.fax,
vpv.province,cp.city,cp.address,cp.postalcode,cp.bank,cp.bankaccount,cg.category,
to_char(cp.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date
FROM siteuser su,company cp,vProvince vpv,category cg
where su.id = cp.uid and cp.province_id = vpv.id and cp.category_id = cg.id
ORDER BY cp.id;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'link'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
DROP TABLE link;
DROP SEQUENCE link_id_seq;
DROP INDEX link_id_index;
DROP VIEW vlink;
CREATE TABLE link (
id integer DEFAULT nextval('link_id_seq') NOT NULL,
uid integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL, -- with foreign key
linkname varchar(30) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- link name
url varchar(100) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- link url
image varchar(100) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- image(jpg,png,gif....)
create_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
modify_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
UNIQUE (id,uid),
PRIMARY KEY (id),
FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES siteuser (id)
);
CREATE SEQUENCE link_id_seq;
CREATE INDEX link_id_index ON company (id);
CREATE VIEW vlink AS
SELECT l.id,l.uid,su.username,l.linkname,l.url,l.image,to_char(l.create_date,'YYYY/MM/DD HH:MI:SS') as date
FROM siteuser su, link l
WHERE su.id = l.uid
ORDER BY l.id;
-- ORDER BY commit_log.commit_date LIMIT 100;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'product_sort'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
DROP TABLE product_sort;
DROP SEQUENCE product_sort_id_seq;
DROP INDEX product_sort_id_index;
DROP VIEW vproduct_sort;
CREATE TABLE product_sort (
id integer DEFAULT nextval('product_sort_id_seq') NOT NULL,
uid integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL, -- with foreign key
plist varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, --
create_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
modify_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE (id,uid),
FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES siteuser (id)
);
CREATE SEQUENCE product_sort_id_seq;
CREATE INDEX product_sort_id_index ON style (id);
CREATE VIEW vproduct_sort AS
SELECT ps.id,ps.uid,su.username,ps.plist,to_char(ps.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date
FROM siteuser su, product_sort ps
WHERE su.id = ps.uid
ORDER BY ps.id;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION product_sort_id_del_func () RETURNS opaque AS '
-- DECLARE
BEGIN
Delete from product where pid = OLD.id;
RETURN OLD;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
DROP TRIGGER product_sort_tri on product_sort;
CREATE TRIGGER product_sort_tri
BEFORE Delete
--AFTER Delete
ON product_sort FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE product_sort_id_del_func ();
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'product'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
DROP TABLE product;
DROP SEQUENCE product_id_seq;
DROP INDEX product_id_index;
DROP VIEW vproduct;
CREATE TABLE product (
id integer DEFAULT nextval('product_id_seq') NOT NULL,
pid integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL, -- with foreign key
pname varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- product name
price numeric(8,2) DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL,
newprice numeric(8,2) DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL,
amount integer DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
image varchar(100) DEFAULT 'default_product.jpg' NOT NULL, -- image(jpg,png,gif....)
height integer DEFAULT '320' NOT NULL,
width integer DEFAULT '320' NOT NULL,
description text ,
isonline boolean DEFAULT 'false' NOT NULL,
create_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
modify_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE (id,pid),
FOREIGN KEY (pid) REFERENCES product_sort (id)
);
CREATE SEQUENCE product_id_seq;
CREATE INDEX product_id_index ON style (id);
CREATE VIEW vproduct AS
SELECT p.id,ps.id as
pid,ps.plist,p.pname,to_char(p.price,'
CASE WHEN p.isonline=true THEN 'Y' ELSE 'N' END as isonline,
to_char(p.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD') as date
FROM product_sort ps, product p
WHERE ps.id = p.pid
order by p.id;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'clientinfo'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
DROP TABLE clientinfo;
DROP SEQUENCE clientinfo_id_seq;
DROP INDEX clientinfo_id_index;
DROP VIEW vclientinfo;
CREATE TABLE clientinfo (
id integer DEFAULT nextval('clientinfo_id_seq') NOT NULL,
uid integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL, -- with foreign key
cname varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- link of friends
telephone varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
fax varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
email varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
address varchar(50) DEFAULT '320' NOT NULL,
postalcode varchar(50) DEFAULT '320' NOT NULL,
note text DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
create_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
modify_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE (id),
FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES siteuser (id)
);
CREATE SEQUENCE clientinfo_id_seq;
CREATE INDEX clientinfo_id_index ON style (id);
CREATE VIEW vclientinfo AS
SELECT ci.id,ci.uid,su.username,ci.cname,ci.telephone as tel,ci.fax,ci.email,ci.address,ci.postalcode,ci.note,
to_char(ci.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date
FROM siteuser su, clientinfo ci
WHERE su.id = ci.uid;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION clientinfo_tri_func () RETURNS opaque AS '
-- DECLARE
-- user_id CONSTANT INTEGER := OLD.id;
BEGIN
IF TG_OP = ''DELETE'' THEN
Delete from prodorder where clientinfo_id = OLD.id;
END IF;
RETURN OLD;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
DROP TRIGGER clientinfo_tri on clientinfo;
CREATE TRIGGER clientinfo_tri
BEFORE Delete ON clientinfo FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE clientinfo_tri_func ();
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'production order'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
DROP TABLE prodorder;
DROP SEQUENCE prodorder_id_seq;
DROP INDEX prodorder_id_index;
CREATE TABLE prodorder (
id integer DEFAULT nextval('prodorder_id_seq') NOT NULL,
pid integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL, -- foreign key
amount integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,
clientinfo_id integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL, -- foreign key
create_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
modify_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE (id),
FOREIGN KEY (pid) REFERENCES product (id),
FOREIGN KEY (clientinfo_id) REFERENCES clientinfo (id)
);
CREATE SEQUENCE prodorder_id_seq;
CREATE INDEX prodorder_id_index ON style (id);
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'drumbeating'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
DROP TABLE drumbeating;
DROP SEQUENCE drumbeating_id_seq;
DROP INDEX drumbeating_id_index;
DROP VIEW vdrumbeating;
CREATE TABLE drumbeating (
id integer DEFAULT nextval('drumbeating_id_seq') NOT NULL,
uid integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL, -- with foreign key
logourl varchar(100) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- image(jpg,png,gif....)
bannerurl varchar(100) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
lheight integer DEFAULT '60' NOT NULL,
lwidth integer DEFAULT '120' NOT NULL,
bheight integer DEFAULT '60' NOT NULL,
bwidth integer DEFAULT '468' NOT NULL,
description text ,
create_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
modify_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE (id,uid),
FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES siteuser (id)
);
CREATE SEQUENCE drumbeating_id_seq;
CREATE INDEX drumbeating_id_index ON style (id);
CREATE VIEW vdrumbeating AS
SELECT dr.id,su.username,dr.logourl,dr.bannerurl
FROM siteuser su, drumbeating dr
WHERE su.id = dr.uid;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'news'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
DROP TABLE news;
DROP SEQUENCE news_id_seq;
DROP INDEX news_id_index;
DROP VIEW vnews;
CREATE TABLE news (
id integer DEFAULT nextval('news_id_seq') NOT NULL,
uid integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL, -- with foreign key
title varchar(100) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- link of friends
image varchar(100) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
content text DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
create_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
modify_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE (id),
FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES siteuser (id)
);
CREATE SEQUENCE news_id_seq;
CREATE INDEX news_id_index ON news (id);
CREATE VIEW vnews AS
SELECT ns.id,ns.uid,su.username,ns.title,ns.image,ns.content,to_char(ns.create_date,'YYYY/MM/DD HH:MI:SS') as date
FROM siteuser su, news ns
WHERE su.id = ns.uid
order by ns.id;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'count'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
DROP TABLE count;
DROP SEQUENCE count_id_seq;
DROP INDEX count_id_index;
DROP VIEW vcount;
CREATE TABLE count (
id integer DEFAULT nextval('count_id_seq') NOT NULL,
uid integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL, -- with foreign key
number varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
fontcolor varchar(10) DEFAULT 'FFFFFF' NOT NULL,
backgroundcolor varchar(10) DEFAULT '000000' NOT NULL,
create_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
modify_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE (id,uid),
FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES siteuser (id)
);
CREATE SEQUENCE count_id_seq;
CREATE INDEX count_id_index ON count (id);
CREATE VIEW vcount AS
SELECT c.id,su.username,c.number,c.fontcolor,c.backgroundcolor
FROM siteuser su, count c
WHERE su.id = c.uid;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'column_bar'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
DROP TABLE column_bar;
DROP SEQUENCE column_bar_id_seq;
DROP INDEX column_bar_id_index;
DROP VIEW vcolumn_bar;
CREATE TABLE column_bar (
id integer DEFAULT nextval('column_bar_id_seq') NOT NULL,
uid integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL, -- with foreign key
colname varchar(10) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- link of friends
url varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
title varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
image varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
height varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
width varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
content text DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
create_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
modify_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE (id),
FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES siteuser (id)
);
CREATE SEQUENCE column_bar_id_seq;
CREATE INDEX column_bar_id_index ON column_bar (id);
CREATE VIEW vcolumn_bar AS
SELECT cb.id,cb.uid,su.username,cb.colname,cb.url,cb.title,cb.image,cb.content,to_char(cb.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date
FROM siteuser su, column_bar cb
WHERE su.id = cb.uid
ORDER BY cb.id;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'guestbook'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
DROP TABLE guestbook;
DROP SEQUENCE guestbook_id_seq;
DROP INDEX guestbook_id_index;
DROP VIEW vguestbook;
CREATE TABLE guestbook (
id integer DEFAULT nextval('guestbook_id_seq') NOT NULL,
uid integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL, -- with foreign key
name varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, -- link of friends
email varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
telephone varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
fax
varchar(20) ,
homepage
varchar(50) ,
title varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
content text ,
style_id integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,
create_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
modify_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE (id),
FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES siteuser (id),
FOREIGN KEY (style_id) REFERENCES style (id)
);
CREATE SEQUENCE guestbook_id_seq;
CREATE INDEX guestbook_id_index ON guestbook (id);
CREATE VIEW vguestbook AS
SELECT gb.id,gb.uid,su.username,gb.name,gb.email,gb.telephone as tel,gb.fax,gb.homepage,gb.title,gb.content,to_char(gb.create_date,'YYYY/MM/DD HH:MI:SS') as date
FROM siteuser su, guestbook gb
WHERE su.id = gb.uid
ORDER BY gb.id;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'Category'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
DROP TABLE Category;
DROP SEQUENCE Category_id_seq;
DROP INDEX Category_id_index;
DROP VIEW vCategory;
CREATE TABLE Category (
id integer DEFAULT nextval('Category_id_seq') NOT NULL,
Category varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
description text ,
note text ,
remark text ,
create_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
modify_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE (id,Category)
);
CREATE SEQUENCE Category_id_seq;
CREATE INDEX Category_id_index ON Category (id);
CREATE VIEW vCategory AS
SELECT c.id,c.Category,c.description,c.note,c.remark,to_char(c.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date
FROM Category c
ORDER BY c.id;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'Region'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
DROP TABLE region;
DROP SEQUENCE region_id_seq;
DROP INDEX region_id_index;
DROP VIEW vregion;
CREATE TABLE region (
id integer DEFAULT nextval('region_id_seq') NOT NULL,
region varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
description text ,
note text ,
remark text ,
create_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
modify_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE (id,region)
);
CREATE SEQUENCE region_id_seq;
CREATE INDEX region_id_index ON region (id);
CREATE VIEW vregion AS
SELECT pv.id,pv.region,pv.description,pv.note,pv.remark,to_char(pv.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date
FROM region pv
ORDER BY pv.id;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'province' VIEW
-- ------------------------------------------------------
DROP VIEW vprovince;
CREATE VIEW vprovince AS
SELECT pv.id,pv.region as province,pv.description,pv.note,pv.remark,to_char(pv.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date
FROM region pv
ORDER BY pv.id;
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- 'Country'
-- ------------------------------------------------------
DROP TABLE country;
DROP SEQUENCE country_id_seq;
DROP INDEX country_id_index;
DROP VIEW vcountry;
CREATE TABLE country (
id integer DEFAULT nextval('country_id_seq') NOT NULL,
country varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
domain varchar(2) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
Language varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
description text ,
note text ,
remark text ,
create_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
modify_date timestamp DEFAULT now() ,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE (id,country)
);
CREATE SEQUENCE country_id_seq;
CREATE INDEX country_id_index ON country (id);
CREATE VIEW vcountry AS
SELECT pv.id,pv.country,pv.domain,pv.description,pv.note,pv.remark,to_char(pv.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date
FROM country pv
ORDER BY pv.id;
begin;
insert into category(category) values('農業');
insert into category(category) values('交通運輸');
insert into category(category) values('包裝、印刷');
insert into category(category) values('食品');
insert into category(category) values('建築與裝飾');
insert into category(category) values('廣告、策劃');
insert into category(category) values('服裝');
insert into category(category) values('工業設備');
insert into category(category) values('紡織');
insert into category(category) values('家居用品');
insert into category(category) values('信息諮詢');
insert into category(category) values('電子');
insert into category(category) values('醫藥保健');
insert into category(category) values('商業代理');
insert into category(category) values('家用電器');
insert into category(category) values('藝術、工藝');
insert into category(category) values('服務業');
insert into category(category) values('電腦、軟件');
insert into category(category) values('娛樂、休閒');
insert into category(category) values('經濟技術合作');
insert into category(category) values('化工');
insert into category(category) values('攝影攝像');
insert into category(category) values('安全、保安');
insert into category(category) values('冶金礦產');
insert into category(category) values('體育用品');
insert into category(category) values('不動產');
insert into category(category) values('能源');
insert into category(category) values('辦公、教育');
insert into category(category) values('庫存積壓');
insert into category(category) values('環保');
insert into category(category) values('媒體、傳播');
insert into category(category) values('綜合');
insert into category(category) values('域名註冊');
insert into region(region) values('安徽');
insert into region(region) values('北京');
insert into region(region) values('重慶');
insert into region(region) values('福建');
insert into region(region) values('甘肅');
insert into region(region) values('廣東');
insert into region(region) values('廣西');
insert into region(region) values('貴州');
insert into region(region) values('海南');
insert into region(region) values('河北');
insert into region(region) values('河南');
insert into region(region) values('黑龍江');
insert into region(region) values('湖北');
insert into region(region) values('湖南');
insert into region(region) values('江蘇');
insert into region(region) values('江西');
insert into region(region) values('吉林');
insert into region(region) values('遼寧');
insert into region(region) values('內蒙古');
insert into region(region) values('寧夏');
insert into region(region) values('青海');
insert into region(region) values('山東');
insert into region(region) values('山西');
insert into region(region) values('陝西');
insert into region(region) values('上海');
insert into region(region) values('四川');
insert into region(region) values('天津');
insert into region(region) values('西藏');
insert into region(region) values('新疆');
insert into region(region) values('雲南');
insert into region(region) values('浙江');
--insert into country(domain,country) values('','');
insert into country(domain,country) values('AL','阿爾巴尼亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('DZ','阿爾及利亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('AF','阿富汗');
insert into country(domain,country) values('AR','阿根廷');
insert into country(domain,country) values('AE','阿拉伯聯合酋長國');
insert into country(domain,country) values('AW','阿魯巴');
insert into country(domain,country) values('OM','阿曼');
insert into country(domain,country) values('AZ','阿塞拜疆');
insert into country(domain,country) values('EG','埃及');
insert into country(domain,country) values('ET','埃塞俄比亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('IE','愛爾蘭');
insert into country(domain,country) values('EE','愛沙尼亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('AD','安道爾');
insert into country(domain,country) values('AO','安哥拉');
insert into country(domain,country) values('AI','安圭拉島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('AG','安提瓜和巴佈達');
insert into country(domain,country) values('AT','奧地利');
insert into country(domain,country) values('AU','澳大利亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('MO','澳門特別行政區');
insert into country(domain,country) values('BB','巴巴多斯');
insert into country(domain,country) values('PG','巴布亞新幾內亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('BS','巴哈馬');
insert into country(domain,country) values('PK','巴基斯坦');
insert into country(domain,country) values('PY','巴拉圭');
insert into country(domain,country) values('BH','巴林');
insert into country(domain,country) values('PA','巴拿馬');
insert into country(domain,country) values('BR','巴西');
insert into country(domain,country) values('BY','白俄羅斯');
insert into country(domain,country) values('BM','百慕達群島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('BG','保加利亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('MP','北馬里亞納群島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('BJ','貝寧');
insert into country(domain,country) values('BE','比利時');
insert into country(domain,country) values('IS','冰島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('PR','波多黎各');
insert into country(domain,country) values('PL','波蘭');
insert into country(domain,country) values('BA','波士尼亞赫塞哥維納');
insert into country(domain,country) values('BO','玻利維亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('BZ','伯利茲');
insert into country(domain,country) values('BW','博茨瓦納');
insert into country(domain,country) values('BT','不丹');
insert into country(domain,country) values('IO','不列顛印度洋屬土');
insert into country(domain,country) values('BF','布基納法索');
insert into country(domain,country) values('BI','布隆迪');
insert into country(domain,country) values('BV','布韋島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('KP','朝鮮');
insert into country(domain,country) values('GQ','赤道幾內亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('DK','丹麥');
insert into country(domain,country) values('DE','德國');
insert into country(domain,country) values('TP','東帝汶');
insert into country(domain,country) values('TG','多哥');
insert into country(domain,country) values('DM','多米尼克');
insert into country(domain,country) values('DO','多米尼克共和國');
insert into country(domain,country) values('RU','俄羅斯');
insert into country(domain,country) values('EC','厄瓜多爾');
insert into country(domain,country) values('ER','厄立特里亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('FR','法國');
insert into country(domain,country) values('TF','法國南部和南極州');
insert into country(domain,country) values('FO','法羅群島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('PF','法屬玻里尼西亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('GF','法屬圭亞那');
insert into country(domain,country) values('VA','梵蒂岡');
insert into country(domain,country) values('PH','菲律賓');
insert into country(domain,country) values('FJ','斐濟群島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('FI','芬蘭');
insert into country(domain,country) values('CV','佛得角群島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('FK','福克蘭群島（馬爾維納斯群島）');
insert into country(domain,country) values('GM','岡比亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('CG','剛果');
insert into country(domain,country) values('CD','剛果民主共和國');
insert into country(domain,country) values('CO','哥倫比亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('CR','哥斯達黎加');
insert into country(domain,country) values('GD','格瑞那達');
insert into country(domain,country) values('GL','格陵蘭');
insert into country(domain,country) values('GE','格魯吉亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('CU','古巴');
insert into country(domain,country) values('GP','瓜德羅普島（法屬）');
insert into country(domain,country) values('GU','關島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('GY','圭亞那');
insert into country(domain,country) values('KZ','哈薩克');
insert into country(domain,country) values('HT','海地');
insert into country(domain,country) values('KR','韓國');
insert into country(domain,country) values('NL','荷蘭');
insert into country(domain,country) values('AN','荷屬安地列斯群島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('HM','赫德和麥克唐納群島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('HN','洪都拉斯');
insert into country(domain,country) values('KI','基裡巴斯');
insert into country(domain,country) values('DJ','吉布提');
insert into country(domain,country) values('KG','吉爾吉斯');
insert into country(domain,country) values('GN','幾內亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('GW','幾內亞比紹');
insert into country(domain,country) values('CA','加拿大');
insert into country(domain,country) values('GH','加納');
insert into country(domain,country) values('GA','加蓬');
insert into country(domain,country) values('KH','柬埔寨');
insert into country(domain,country) values('CZ','捷克共和國');
insert into country(domain,country) values('ZW','津巴布韋');
insert into country(domain,country) values('CM','喀麥隆');
insert into country(domain,country) values('QA','卡塔爾');
insert into country(domain,country) values('KY','開曼群島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('CC','可可斯群島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('KM','科摩羅');
insert into country(domain,country) values('CI','科特迪瓦');
insert into country(domain,country) values('KW','科威特');
insert into country(domain,country) values('HR','克羅地亞（赫爾瓦次卡）');
insert into country(domain,country) values('KE','肯尼亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('CK','庫克群島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('LV','拉脫維亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('LS','萊索托');
insert into country(domain,country) values('LA','寮國');
insert into country(domain,country) values('LB','黎巴嫩');
insert into country(domain,country) values('LT','立陶宛');
insert into country(domain,country) values('LR','利比里亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('LY','利比亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('LI','列支敦士登');
insert into country(domain,country) values('RE','留尼汪島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('LU','盧森堡');
insert into country(domain,country) values('RW','盧旺達');
insert into country(domain,country) values('RO','羅馬尼亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('MG','馬達加斯加島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('MV','馬爾代夫');
insert into country(domain,country) values('MT','馬爾他');
insert into country(domain,country) values('MW','馬拉維');
insert into country(domain,country) values('MY','馬來西亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('ML','馬裡');
insert into country(domain,country) values('MK','馬其頓共和國');
insert into country(domain,country) values('MH','馬紹爾群島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('MQ','馬提尼克島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('YT','美亞特島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('MU','毛裡求斯');
insert into country(domain,country) values('MR','毛裡塔尼亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('US','美國');
insert into country(domain,country) values('AS','美屬薩摩亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('VI','美屬維爾京群島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('UM','美屬小奧特蘭群島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('MN','蒙古');
insert into country(domain,country) values('MS','蒙特塞拉特(英)');
insert into country(domain,country) values('BD','孟加拉國國');
insert into country(domain,country) values('PE','秘魯');
insert into country(domain,country) values('FM','密克羅尼西亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('MM','緬甸');
insert into country(domain,country) values('MD','摩爾多瓦');
insert into country(domain,country) values('MA','摩洛哥');
insert into country(domain,country) values('MC','摩納哥');
insert into country(domain,country) values('MZ','莫桑比克');
insert into country(domain,country) values('MX','墨西哥');
insert into country(domain,country) values('NA','納米比亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('ZA','南非');
insert into country(domain,country) values('AQ','南極洲');
insert into country(domain,country) values('GS','南喬治亞和南桑德威奇群島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('YU','南斯拉夫');
insert into country(domain,country) values('NR','瑙魯');
insert into country(domain,country) values('NP','尼泊爾');
insert into country(domain,country) values('NI','尼加拉瓜');
insert into country(domain,country) values('NE','尼日爾');
insert into country(domain,country) values('NG','尼日利亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('NU','紐埃');
insert into country(domain,country) values('NO','挪威');
insert into country(domain,country) values('NF','諾福克島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('PW','帕勞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('PN','皮特克恩群島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('PT','葡萄牙');
insert into country(domain,country) values('JP','日本');
insert into country(domain,country) values('SE','瑞典');
insert into country(domain,country) values('CH','瑞士');
insert into country(domain,country) values('SV','薩爾瓦多');
insert into country(domain,country) values('WS','薩摩亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('SL','塞拉利昂');
insert into country(domain,country) values('SN','塞內加爾');
insert into country(domain,country) values('CY','塞浦路斯');
insert into country(domain,country) values('SC','塞舌爾群島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('SA','沙地阿拉伯');
insert into country(domain,country) values('CX','聖誕島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('ST','聖多美和普林西比');
insert into country(domain,country) values('SH','聖赫勒拿島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('KN','聖基茨和尼維斯');
insert into country(domain,country) values('LC','聖盧西亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('SM','聖馬利諾');
insert into country(domain,country) values('PM','聖皮埃爾島和密克隆島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('VC','聖文森特和格林納丁斯');
insert into country(domain,country) values('LK','斯里蘭卡');
insert into country(domain,country) values('SK','斯洛伐克');
insert into country(domain,country) values('SI','斯洛文尼亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('SJ','斯瓦爾巴群島和揚馬延');
insert into country(domain,country) values('SZ','斯威士蘭');
insert into country(domain,country) values('SD','蘇丹');
insert into country(domain,country) values('SR','蘇里南');
insert into country(domain,country) values('SB','所羅門群島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('SO','索馬裡');
insert into country(domain,country) values('TJ','塔吉克');
insert into country(domain,country) values('TH','泰國');
insert into country(domain,country) values('TZ','坦桑尼亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('TO','湯加');
insert into country(domain,country) values('TC','特克斯群島和凱科斯群島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('TT','特立尼達和多巴哥');
insert into country(domain,country) values('TN','突尼斯');
insert into country(domain,country) values('TV','圖瓦盧');
insert into country(domain,country) values('TR','土耳其');
insert into country(domain,country) values('TM','土庫曼');
insert into country(domain,country) values('TK','托克勞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('WF','瓦利斯群島和富圖納群島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('VU','瓦努阿圖');
insert into country(domain,country) values('GT','危地馬拉');
insert into country(domain,country) values('VE','委內瑞拉');
insert into country(domain,country) values('BN','文萊');
insert into country(domain,country) values('UG','烏干達');
insert into country(domain,country) values('UA','烏克蘭');
insert into country(domain,country) values('UY','烏拉圭');
insert into country(domain,country) values('UZ','烏茲別克斯坦');
insert into country(domain,country) values('ES','西班牙');
insert into country(domain,country) values('GR','希臘');
insert into country(domain,country) values('HK','香港特別行政區');
insert into country(domain,country) values('SG','新加坡');
insert into country(domain,country) values('NC','新喀裡多尼亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('NZ','新西蘭');
insert into country(domain,country) values('HU','匈牙利');
insert into country(domain,country) values('SY','敘利亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('JM','牙買加');
insert into country(domain,country) values('AM','亞美尼亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('YE','也門');
insert into country(domain,country) values('IQ','伊拉克');
insert into country(domain,country) values('IR','伊朗');
insert into country(domain,country) values('IL','以色列');
insert into country(domain,country) values('IT','意大利');
insert into country(domain,country) values('IN','印度');
insert into country(domain,country) values('ID','印度尼西亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('UK','英國');
insert into country(domain,country) values('VG','英屬維爾京群島');
insert into country(domain,country) values('JO','約旦');
insert into country(domain,country) values('VN','越南');
insert into country(domain,country) values('ZM','贊比亞');
insert into country(domain,country) values('TD','乍得');
insert into country(domain,country) values('GI','直布羅陀');
insert into country(domain,country) values('CL','智利');
insert into country(domain,country) values('CF','中非共和國');
insert into country(domain,country) values('CN','中國');
insert into country(domain,country) values('TW','中國台灣');
commit;
ROLLBACK;
17.3 安裝腳本
17.3.1 setenv.sh
#=======================================================
# Author:Netkiller
# Script: setenv.sh
#=======================================================
SRCHOME=../src
BINARYHOME=../binary
RPMSHOME=../rpms
CONFHOME=../conf
# Install Portable Threads
PThreads=pth-
# Shared Memory Allocation
SMemory=mm-
APACHE_HOME=/usr/local/apache
APACHE=apache_
MOD_SSL=mod_ssl-
MOD_PERL=mod_perl-1.0-current.tar.tar
MOD_FASTCGI=mod_fastcgi-
PHP=php-
17.3.2 install.sh
#=======================================================
# Author:Netkiller
# Script:install.sh
#=======================================================
if [ -f setenv.sh ]; then
. setenv.sh
fi
#rpms_location="$base_dir/"
POSTGRESQL=${RPMSHOME}
Install_PostgreSQL(){
cd $POSTGRESQL
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-libs-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-devel-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-server-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-contrib-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-docs-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-jdbc-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-pl-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-python-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-tcl-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-test-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm
cd ..
rpm -qa|grep post
}
Uninstall_PostgreSQL(){
rpm -e --nodeps `rpm -qa |grep postgresql`
}
Status_PostgreSQL(){
rpm -qa|grep postgresql
}
Install_Apache(){
cd ${SRCHOME}
tar zxf apache_?.?.??.tar.gz >/dev/null
cd apache_?.?.??
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache --enable-module=so
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf apache_?.?.??
echo "/usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl start" >> /etc/rc.d/rc.local
}
Install_PHP(){
cd ${SRCHOME}
tar zxf php-?.?.?.tar.gz
cd php-?.?.?
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php --with-apxs=/usr/local/apache/bin/apxs \
--with-config-file-path=/usr/local/etc --enable-track-vars --with-xml \
--with-pgsql --with-mysql \
--with-ldap --enable-ftp --with-openssl --with-iconv --with-kerberos \
--with-java=/usr/local/java
make
make install
cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/etc/php.ini
#LoadModule php4_module modules/libphp4.so
#AddType application/x-httpd-php .php .php4 .php3 .phtml
}
Install_MySQL(){
if ! rpm -qa|grep -q "mysql" ; then
tar
zxvf mysql-standard-
mv
mysql-standard-
cp /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
chkconfig mysqld reset
chown mysql.mysql -R /usr/local/mysql
else
echo "mysql package is already installed"
fi
# echo "su mysql -c"cd /usr/local/mysql/ ;./configure">/dev/null">> /etc/rc.d/rc.local
}
Install_MySQL(){
cd ${RPMSHOME}
rpm -Uvh MySQL-server-
rpm -Uvh MySQL-client-
rpm -Uvh MySQL-devel-
rpm -Uvh MySQL-shared-
rpm -Uvh MySQL-shared-compat-
}
Install_Sun_J2sdk(){
cd ${BINHOME}
chmod 700 j2sdk-1_4_1_02-linux-i586.bin
./j2sdk-1_4_1_02-linux-i586.bin
mv j2sdk
cp ../conf/profile.sh /etc/profile.d/java.sh
chmod 755 /etc/profile.d/java.sh
}
Install_Tomcat(){
cd ${BINARYHOME}
tar zxvf tomcat-
mv jakarta-tomcat-
# echo "/usr/local/jakarta-tomcat/bin/startup.sh" >> /etc/rc.d/rc.local
}
Install_Ant(){
cd ${BINARYHOME}
tar zxvf apache-ant-
mv
apache-ant-
}
Install_Zhcon(){
tar zxvf zhcon-?.?.?.tar.gz
./configure
make
make install
}
usage()
{
echo "Usage: $0
{install|uninstall|status|reinstall|config|} [base_dir]"
echo "Usage: $0
{apache|php|mysql} [base_dir]"
echo "Usage: $0
{j2sdk|tomcat|ant|jdbc|postgresql} [base_dir]"
# echo "base_dir the location of install disk, optional"
}
# --- main process starts ---
case "$1" in
install)
banner
install
;;
uninstall)
banner
# uninstall
#Uninstall_PostgreSQL
;;
status)
banner
status
;;
reinstall)
banner
uninstall
install
;;
config)
banner
config
;;
apache)
Install_Apache
;;
php)
Install_PHP
;;
mysql)
Install_MySQL
;;
j2sdk)
Install_Sun_J2sdk
;;
tomcat)
Install_Tomcat
;;
ant)
Install_Ant
;;
postgresql)
Install_PostgreSQL
;;
*)
usage
exit
1
esac
# --- main
process ends ---
17.4
附件
文檔中用到的一些相關的檔案可以去主頁上下載
17.5 其它
Mailing Lists：
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/pgsql/
Post message: pgsql@yahoogroups.com
Subscribe: pgsql-subscribe@yahoogroups.com
Unsubscribe: pgsql-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com
List owner: pgsql-owner@yahoogroups.com
國產資料庫：
latex
http://learn.tsinghua.edu.cn/homepage/2001315450/tex_frame.html
18 參考資料
http://www.pgsqldb.org/pgsqldoc-cvs/index.html
http://www.opendocspublishing.com/
http://www.casestudio.com/ 一個數據設計工具
http://www.datanamic.com/ 一個數據設計工具
http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/
19 版本、聲明
聲明：您可以隨意轉載，但請保持文檔完整。
轉載請註明作者的主頁地址，因為文檔經常更新，這樣讀者可以看到最新內容。
|
檔案狀態 |
檔案標識 |
《PostgreSQL 實用實例參考》 |
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o草稿 |
當前版本 |
2.0 |
|
þ正式發佈 |
作 者 |
Netkiller(陳景峰) |
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þ正在修改 |
開始日期 |
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版本歷史
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版本/狀態 |
作者 |
參與者 |
起止日期 |
備註 |
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陳景峰 |
符乃晴 尚麗娜 |
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校對 |
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PostgreSQL RPM 包安裝 附件中安裝腳本 |
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查詢, 多個欄位組合約束 |
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substring()函數截取部分漢字 PHP 字元編碼問題 |
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共享內存 最大連接 |
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SSL,SSH |
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朱陪江 |
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校對 |
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序列 約束 |
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RPM 安裝 |
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例子-分類目錄 |
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函數，過程實例 |
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日期時間 |
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用戶，組，認證 |
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DW的JSP開發環境 |
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正式/修正 |
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Jbuilder+weblogic+postgresql |
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取出字元如果超過20個在後尾加“…” |
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資料庫性能測試 |
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硬碟性能 |
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開發篇 |
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Vvlinux（會游泳的魚） |
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校對 |
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檔案存入資料庫中 |
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函數返回結果集 |
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修改漢字編碼 |
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非常感謝qzhou9887校對文檔 |
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Tomcat 連接池的配置方法 |
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修改視圖小節 |
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APT安裝 |