PostgreSQL實例參考

 

陳景峰(netkiller)

前言

經過三個月的努力《PostgreSQL 實用實例參考》正式版終於推出了。因為最近換了工作,新公司的工作也很忙所以文檔進展很慢,從最初幾十頁寫到現在200頁的文檔,每天寫文檔的時間越來越少,有時一周也就只寫2頁,甚至一週一字未對。

正式版推出了,然後就是不斷的修正。可能這段時間《PostgreSQL 實用實例參考》更新會更慢些。因為我還有其他文檔要寫:《OpenLDAP 文檔》、《PHP + Corba + Python文檔》、《JBuilder + Weblogic + PostgreSQL 開發EJB》。。。。。

 

文檔中所有例子,都是在工作總結出來的,如有錯誤請指正。本人愛寫錯別字(哈哈)如果你發現了有錯字,請發郵糽ang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW'>netkiller(at)9812(dot)net修正文檔。

 

300頁之後不再推出HTML格式的文檔了,之後的文檔以PDFPSPostScript)格式為主,我是使用Microsoft Word寫文檔,處理300頁的文檔很困難,在保存文檔或將doc檔轉成其他格式的檔時經常會出現無回應。我也考慮過使用docbook / latex,或Page Maker。前者非所見即所得,要用戶使用XML撰寫,通過make一類的命令可以生成多種格式的文檔,docbook也是UNIX手冊的標準格式。後者Page Maker不用說了,Adobe出品,生成PDF更好些。

這是我第一次寫一篇如此長的文檔,沒有經驗,寫的不好,不敢稱為“書”,所以我叫它“文檔”。

1.1    本文檔的讀者對象

文檔面向有一定資料庫基礎用戶。在這裏我假設你對資料有一定認識,能夠使用create創建資料與表,能夠使用selectinsertupdate等語句操作資料庫記錄。

       不管是誰,我希望這本文檔都能對你有所幫助。

1.2    本文檔主要內容

第一章    主要介紹PostgreSQL

第二章    是開發中遇到的一些問題

 

附錄中一些SQL腳本文件,可供用戶參考。

1.3    怎樣使用本文檔

邊看、邊做、邊試驗,然後總結,多動腦。有問題先查查這本文檔,如果文檔中沒有提到,再考慮其他方式,或與我聯繫。

作者簡介

作者資訊:

陳景峰,昵稱:netkiller, UNIX like愛好者,研究方向群集系統、網路安全、資料倉庫與資料挖掘、LDAPJ2EECorba,企業解決方案。

主頁地址:

http://www.9812.net/

 

ICQ:101888222

Yahoo:snetkiller

AIM:xnetkiller

網易泡泡:openunix@163.com

E-Mail: openunix@163.com

 

有問題最好給我發Email或去下面的Newsgroup裏討論

news://news.cdut.edu.cn/cn.lang.java

news://news.cdut.edu.cn/cn.lang.python

 

Web Newsgroup:

http://202.103.190.130:8080/news

 

我常去的BBS

http://www.pgsqldb.org

http://www.chinaunix.com

http://www.linuxforum.net

 


目錄

前言... 2

1.1          本文檔的讀者對象... 2

1.2          本文檔主要內容... 2

1.3          怎樣使用本文檔... 3

作者簡介... 3

目錄... 5

第一章 PostgreSQL. 10

1     簡介... 10

1.4          關於性能... 10

1.5          為什麼說postgresql是最先進的開源資料庫?... 10

1.6          PostgreSQLSQL99的支持... 11

2     PostgreSQL 資料庫... 12

2.1          PostgreSQL分區... 12

2.2          RPM包安裝... 13

2.3          APT 安裝... 17

2.4          PostgreSQL 8.0 beta for windows版本安裝... 19

2.4.1       運行pgAdmin III 20

2.4.2       psql控制臺:... 20

2.4.3       ODBC. 21

2.4.4       Unix/Linux 登錄到Windows. 23

2.4.5       Windows 登錄到 Unix/Linux. 24

2.5          資料庫備份方案... 24

2.5.1       備份資料庫腳本... 24

2.5.2       下載備份腳本... 25

2.5.3       保證備份資料的安全-PGP/GPG加密... 26

2.6          備份計畫... 41

2.6.1       伺服器端計畫... 41

2.6.2       用戶端計畫... 42

2.7          資料恢復... 42

2.8          性能提升... 43

2.8.1       共用記憶體... 43

2.8.2       最大連接... 44

2.8.3       vacuumdb. 50

2.8.4       資料庫操作與性能... 50

2.8.5       硬體方面... 51

2.8.6       磁片性能... 53

2.9          安全的TCP/IP聯接... 56

2.9.1       使用SSL進行安全的TCP/IP聯接... 56

2.9.2       使用SSH進行安全TCP/IP聯接... 69

2.10        連接ipv6主機... 71

3     資料定義(DDL... 74

3.1          日期時間常量... 74

3.1.1       當前日期... 74

3.1.2       當前時間... 74

3.1.3       當前日期時間... 75

3.1.4       除去時區... 75

3.1.5       計算時間差... 75

3.1.6       計算時間和... 76

3.1.7       date_part 76

3.2          漢字做欄位名... 77

3.3          ::資料轉換... 79

3.3.1       text to varchar 79

3.4          序列... 81

3.4.1       等差列... 81

3.4.2       “123456789…”. 82

3.4.3       “13579…”. 83

3.4.4       “246810…”. 84

3.4.5       n1+n2 85

3.5          約束... 85

3.6          檢查約束... 85

3.7          非空約束... 87

3.8          唯一約束... 87

3.8.1       單字段約束... 87

3.8.2       多個欄位組合約束... 87

3.8.3       唯一約束的注意事項... 89

3.9          主鍵/外鍵... 91

3.9.1       主鍵... 91

3.9.2       外鍵約束... 92

3.9.3       PostgreSQL 7.3.x 新增功能... 93

3.9.4       層次遞迴-分類目錄... 93

3.9.5       總結... 101

3.10        模式... 101

3.10.1     創建模式... 101

3.10.2     刪除模式... 101

3.10.3     模式搜索路徑... 102

4     實體關係(Entity-Relation... 104

4.1          E-R圖(Entity-Relation... 104

4.2          一對多關係... 105

4.3          多對多關係... 107

4.4          一對一關係... 109

4.5          引用完整性... 110

5     查詢SQLDML... 111

5.1          子查詢... 111

5.2          substring()函數截取部分漢字... 113

5.3          sum()使用技巧... 115

5.4          集合查詢 (合併n個表)... 116

6     視圖... 119

6.1          VIEW基本使用實例... 119

6.2          使用HTML格式化VIEW的實例... 120

6.3          view中使用漢字做欄位名... 124

6.4          取出字元如果超過20個在後尾加“…”. 125

6.5          視圖中使用子查詢... 126

7     過程與函數... 127

7.1          基本使用實例... 127

7.2          過程中使用Select Into. 128

7.3          返回integer 130

7.4          返回void. 130

7.5          返回結果集record. 131

7.6          例子... 132

7.7          shell 過程語言... 133

8     規則... 134

8.1          規則實例... 134

9     觸發器... 137

9.1          一般用法... 137

9.2          多個觸發器使用同一個過程... 137

9.3          時間調度觸發器... 140

9.3.1       定時觸發器... 141

9.3.2       週期觸發器... 141

9.4          其他例子... 142

10           游標... 145

10.1        游標結果集... 146

10.2        例子... 147

11           事務處理... 148

11.1        批量插入、更新、刪除... 148

11.1.1     批量插入操作-1. 148

11.2        保持資料完整-2. 149

12           用戶許可權... 150

12.1.1     ... 150

12.1.1.1    創建組... 150

12.1.1.2    刪除組... 151

12.1.2     用戶... 151

12.1.2.1    創建用戶... 151

12.1.2.2    刪除用戶... 152

12.1.2.3    修改密碼... 152

12.1.3     創建資料... 153

12.1.4     用戶認證... 153

12.1.4.1    本地連接... 153

12.1.4.2    允許任何IP連接主機... 154

12.1.5     腳本例子... 154

12.1.6     許可權... 155

13           其他技巧例子... 155

第二章 開發篇... 155

13.1        漢字編碼問題... 155

13.2        JDBC. 155

13.2.1     Jsp/Java. 156

13.2.2     toChinese() 方法... 156

13.2.3     Unicode (UTF-8) 完全解決方案... 156

13.2.3.1   setCharacterEncoding() 方案... 156

13.2.3.2   Web.xml Filter過濾方案:... 159

13.2.3.3   Jdbc url charSet方案... 165

13.3        Tomcat JNDI Datasource 配置... 165

13.4        JDBC通過SSL安全連接資料庫... 168

13.5        開發相關... 168

13.5.1     Create Java Entity Bean (not EJB CMP) 168

13.5.2     連接資料庫... 169

13.5.3     處理SQL 語句... 180

13.5.4     處理HTML表格... 185

13.5.5     什麼時候應該把檔存在資料庫中... 213

14           PHP. 215

14.1        PHP 連接PostgreSQL. 215

14.2        set CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'GB18030';方案... 215

14.3        convert()方案... 225

14.4        PHP iconv() 函數方案... 225

14.5        在標準I/O上使用 Linux iconv 命令方案... 226

15           開發工具/開發環境... 231

15.1        Macromedia Dreamweaver MX 2004 JSP開發環境的配置... 231

15.2        Jcreator 240

15.3        Eclipse. 241

15.4        JBuilder + Weblogic + PostgreSQL開發環境... 242

15.5        GUI資料庫管理與設計(建模)工具... 273

15.5.1     phpPgAdmin. 273

15.5.2     PgAdmin III 275

15.5.3     Case Studio 2. 276

15.5.4     PostgreSQL Manager 284

15.5.5     DeZign for Databases. 289

15.5.6     GUI工具比較... 291

16           FAQ.. 291

16.1        關於“null 291

16.2        Postgresql與其他資料庫... 291

16.3        Putty. 294

16.3.1     Putty密鑰認證... 294

16.3.2     中輸入漢字的問題... 299

16.4        控制臺下輸入漢字... 303

16.5        PostgreSQL RPM 包安裝後,為何沒有5432... 303

16.6        PostgreSQL 7.4.2 rhel3(高級伺服器版,俗稱AS3) 306

16.7        Pureftpd pgsql認證模組... 306

16.8        Vsftpd pgsql認證... 306

16.9        OpenLDAP-PostgreSQL HOWTO.. 307

16.10      PostgreSQL 成功案例與解決方案... 307

17           附錄... 307

17.1        實例... 307

17.2        實例... 315

17.3        安裝腳本... 337

17.3.1     setenv.sh. 337

17.3.2     install.sh. 338

17.4        附件... 342

17.5        其他... 342

18           參考資料... 343

19           版本、聲明... 343

 


 

第一章 PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL Wins Linux Journal Editors Choice Award
Posted on 2004-08-02
Posted by press at postgresql.org

PostgreSQL has won the 2004 Linux Journal Editors' Choice Award for the best DBMS!

Linux Journal's Editors' Choice Awards are well-known as the premiere forum recognizing outstanding product developments and achievements in the Linux market, and winners of the sixth annual awards are featured in the August 2004 issue of Linux Journal.

Check out the full article.

1       簡介

我接觸PostgreSQL2000年,但項目中使用PostgreSQL2003年,2000當時應該是5.x6.x版本我並沒有深入地研究這個資料庫,還是主要使用MS Sql Server 7/2000 Oracle 8

因為很多企業難以支付MS Sql Server 7/2000 Oracle 8這筆費用,所以Free Database是最佳選擇。但大多免費的資料庫,功能有限、性能也差,跟本不能滿足我們的需求。

1.4    關於性能

有一段時間裏我們使用MySQL,實在不好用,功能太少,它只實現了SQL92 中不到30%的功能。除了selectinsertupdatedelete還有什麼功能?一味強調速度快,真的是這樣嗎?MySQL資料量增加很大時,速度下劃很快。

幾萬條記錄時速度最快,幾十萬記錄時速度不同了,幾百萬時就開始慢了。PostgreSQL 隨著資料量增大時,速度變化差距不象MySQL那麼大。

有些朋友在網上說(觸發器、游標、外鍵、視圖)影響性能。這裏要說明一下如果適當的使用視圖、子查詢、觸發器、游標……會讓你開發更輕鬆。

注:關於游標,很多SQL書中這樣寫“游標就是指向一行的指標”在PostgreSQL有些不同,它是返回一個結果集,對結果集next 操作返回一行。

 

Phpbuilder上有一篇文章是寫PostgreSQL MySQL 大家可以去看看。

1.5    為什麼說postgresql是最先進的開源資料庫?

1.         技術領先:
很多新技術都是它提出的
如:pl過程語言.在其他資料系統中都有自己的專用PL語言。而PostgreSQL中支援很多種PL語言(pl/tcl,pl/python,pl/perl,pl/php,pl/shell/pl/pgsql,pl/java.......
還有面象物件(ORDBMS)他實現的也很早.
他的資料類型支援很全.如幾何型,陣列...在其他RDBMS中是沒有的.
總是有新的技術、思想加入其中

2.         在開源ORDBMSPostgreSQL功能最強.也最完善

1.6    PostgreSQLSQL99的支持

SQL-3/SQL99

PRIMARY KEY主鍵

FOREIGN KEY外鍵

Schema 模式

TOAST大對象

View視圖

正則運算式

subquery子查詢

TRIGGER觸發器

RULE規則

FUNCTION過程/函數

CURSOR游標

PLSQL 過程語言

PL/pgSQL,PL/Tcl,PL/Perl,PL/Python,plPHP等等)

OLTP表的鎖定、事務隔離

許可權

√(用戶、組)

Object對象支援

ORDBMS

 

 

其他:

連接

進程方式

SSL

群集(HA,資料同步複製。。。)

ODBC

JDBC

裸設備

目前不支持

下面是一些限制:

一行,一個表,一個庫的最大尺寸是多少?

一個資料庫最大尺寸?

無限制(存在 32TB 的資料庫)

一個表的最大尺寸?

32TB

一行的最大尺寸?

1.6TB

一個欄位的最大尺寸?

1GB

一個表裏最大行數?

無限制

一個表裏最大列數?

跟列類型有關,250-1600

一個表裏的最大索引數量?

無限制

      

當然,實際上沒有真正的無限制,還是要受可用磁碟空間、可用記憶體/交換區的制約。表的最大尺寸 32 TB 不需要作業系統對大檔的支援。大表用多個 1 GB 的檔存儲,因此檔系統尺寸的限制是不重要的。如果缺省的塊大小增長到 32K ,最大的表尺寸和最大列數可以增加。

這裏引用http://www.pgsqldb.org/postgres-faq.html4.5詳細請登錄網站查看。

2       PostgreSQL 資料庫

2.1    PostgreSQL分區

PostgreSQL 最好自己單獨一個分區,如果你有兩塊硬碟建議你給它單獨一塊硬碟。

[chen@linux chen]$ df

Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda9              1004024     99892    853128  11% /

/dev/sda1               101089      9498     86372  10% /boot

/dev/sda2            120952116   7648124 107159936   7% /home

none                    515400         0    515400   0% /dev/shm

/dev/sda10             2522048     33260   2360672   2% /tmp

/dev/sda7              5036284   2238244   2542208  47% /usr

/dev/sda6              5036284   1919140   2861312  41% /var

/dev/sda5             40313964     99444  38166636   1% /var/lib/pgsql

/dev/sda3             60476068    212532  57191508   1% /cvsroot

[chen@linux chen]$

 

[chen@linux chen]$ df -m

Filesystem           1M-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda9                  980        98       833  11% /

/dev/sda1                   99        10        84  10% /boot

/dev/sda2               118117      7469    104648   7% /home

none                       503         0       503   0% /dev/shm

/dev/sda10                2463        33      2305   2% /tmp

/dev/sda7                 4918      2186      2482  47% /usr

/dev/sda6                 4918      1875      2794  41% /var

/dev/sda5                39369        98     37272   1% /var/lib/pgsql

/dev/sda3                59059       208     55851   1% /cvsroot

[chen@linux chen]$

2.2    RPM包安裝

[root@linux software]# ls -1

postgresql-7.3.4-1PGDG.i386.rpm

postgresql-contrib-7.3.4-1PGDG.i386.rpm

postgresql-debuginfo-7.3.4-1PGDG.i386.rpm

postgresql-devel-7.3.4-1PGDG.i386.rpm

postgresql-docs-7.3.4-1PGDG.i386.rpm

postgresql-jdbc-7.3.4-1PGDG.i386.rpm

postgresql-libs-7.3.4-1PGDG.i386.rpm

postgresql-pl-7.3.4-1PGDG.i386.rpm

postgresql-python-7.3.4-1PGDG.i386.rpm

postgresql-server-7.3.4-1PGDG.i386.rpm

postgresql-tcl-7.3.4-1PGDG.i386.rpm

postgresql-test-7.3.4-1PGDG.i386.rpm

[root@linux software]# rpm -Uvh --nodeps `ls -1`

Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]

   1:postgresql-test        ########################################### [  8%]

   2:postgresql             ########################################### [ 17%]

   3:postgresql-contrib     ########################################### [ 25%]

   4:postgresql-debuginfo   ########################################### [ 33%]

   5:postgresql-devel       ########################################### [ 42%]

   6:postgresql-docs        ########################################### [ 50%]

   7:postgresql-jdbc        ########################################### [ 58%]

   8:postgresql-libs        ########################################### [ 67%]

   9:postgresql-pl          ########################################### [ 75%]

  10:postgresql-python      ########################################### [ 83%]

  11:postgresql-server      ########################################### [ 92%]

  12:postgresql-tcl         ########################################### [100%]

[root@linux software]# rpm -qa|grep postgre

postgresql-devel-7.3.4-1PGDG

postgresql-7.3.4-1PGDG

postgresql-python-7.3.4-1PGDG

postgresql-contrib-7.3.4-1PGDG

postgresql-jdbc-7.3.4-1PGDG

postgresql-server-7.3.4-1PGDG

postgresql-debuginfo-7.3.4-1PGDG

postgresql-libs-7.3.4-1PGDG

postgresql-tcl-7.3.4-1PGDG

postgresql-test-7.3.4-1PGDG

postgresql-pl-7.3.4-1PGDG

postgresql-docs-7.3.4-1PGDG

[root@linux software]#

[root@linux software]# service postgresql start

Starting postgresql service:                               [  OK  ]

[root@linux software]# su postgres

bash-2.05b$ createdb

CREATE DATABASE

bash-2.05b$ psql

Welcome to psql 7.3.4, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.

 

Type:  \copyright for distribution terms

       \h for help with SQL commands

       \? for help on internal slash commands

       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query

       \q to quit

 

postgres=# \q

bash-2.05b$

bash-2.05b$ vi /var/lib/pgsql/data/postgresql.conf

#========================================================================

 

 

#

#       Connection Parameters

#

#tcpip_socket = false

tcpip_socket = true

#ssl = false

 

#max_connections = 32

max_connections = 128

#superuser_reserved_connections = 2

 

#port = 5432

#hostname_lookup = false

#show_source_port = false

 

#unix_socket_directory = ''

#unix_socket_group = ''

#unix_socket_permissions = 0777 # octal

 

#virtual_host = ''

 

#krb_server_keyfile = ''

 

 

#

#       Shared Memory Size

#

#shared_buffers = 64            # min max_connections*2 or 16, 8KB each

shared_buffers = 256            # min max_connections*2 or 16, 8KB each

#max_fsm_relations = 1000       # min 10, fsm is free space map, ~40 bytes

#max_fsm_pages = 10000          # min 1000, fsm is free space map, ~6 bytes

#max_locks_per_transaction = 64 # min 10

#wal_buffers = 8                # min 4, typically 8KB each

 

bash-2.05b$ vi /var/lib/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf

host   all      all         127.0.0.1         255.255.255.255   md5

 

bash-2.05b$ psql

Welcome to psql 7.3.4, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.

 

Type:  \copyright for distribution terms

       \h for help with SQL commands

       \? for help on internal slash commands

       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query

       \q to quit

 

postgres=# CREATE USER netkiller WITH PASSWORD 'chen';

CREATE USER

postgres=# CREATE DATABASE netkiller WITH OWNER = netkiller TEMPLATE = template0 ENCODING = 'UNICODE';

CREATE DATABASE

postgres=# \du

              List of database users

 User name | User ID |         Attributes

-----------+---------+----------------------------

 netkiller |     100 |

 postgres  |       1 | superuser, create database

(2 rows)

 

postgres=# \l

         List of databases

   Name    |   Owner   | Encoding

-----------+-----------+-----------

 netkiller | netkiller | UNICODE

 postgres  | postgres  | SQL_ASCII

 template0 | postgres  | SQL_ASCII

 template1 | postgres  | SQL_ASCII

(4 rows)

 

postgres=# \q

bash-2.05b$

bash-2.05b$ createlang plpgsql netkiller

bash-2.05b$

 

bash-2.05b$ exit

exit

[root@linux software]#  service postgresql restart

                                                           [  OK  ]

Starting postgresql service:                               [  OK  ]

[root@linux software]#

[root@linux software]# psql -h127.0.0.1 -Unetkiller netkiller

Password:

Welcome to psql 7.3.4, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.

 

Type:  \copyright for distribution terms

       \h for help with SQL commands

       \? for help on internal slash commands

       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query

       \q to quit

 

netkiller=>

 

注意:

1.         程式安裝我使用了一個小技巧。(我懶哈哈)rpm -Uvh --nodeps `ls -1`
安裝一定要加—nodepsls -1 這裏是減號,阿拉伯數字1,不是英文字母“l (L)

2.         postgres只能用於UNIX Domain Socket方式登陸(/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432),不能在TCP/IP Socket模式下登陸。

[root@linux software]# ls -la /tmp

total 68

drwxrwxrwt   11 root     root         4096 Nov 11 16:29 .

drwxr-xr-x   22 root     root         4096 Nov  5 14:49 ..

srwx------    1 root     nobody          0 Nov  5 11:34 .fam_socket

drwxrwxrwt    2 xfs      xfs          4096 Nov  5 14:49 .font-unix

drwx------    2 root     root         4096 Nov  5 19:06 .gconfd

srw-rw-rw-    1 root     root            0 Nov  5 14:49 .gdm_socket

drwxrwxrwx    2 bin      bin          4096 Nov  5 14:49 .iroha_unix

drwx------    2 root     root         4096 Nov  5 19:14 kde-root

drwx------    2 root     root        16384 Nov  5 18:46 lost+found

drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4096 Nov  5 18:55 .mozilla

drwx------    2 root     root         4096 Nov  5 11:38 orbit-root

drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4096 Nov  5 19:14 .qt

-rw-------    1 root     root         1024 Nov  5 18:52 .rnd

srwxrwxrwx    1 postgres postgres        0 Nov 11 16:29 .s.PGSQL.5432

-rw-------    1 postgres postgres       26 Nov 11 16:29 .s.PGSQL.5432.lock

-r--r--r--    1 root     root           11 Nov  5 14:49 .X0-lock

drwxrwxrwt    2 root     root         4096 Nov  5 14:49 .X11-unix

[root@linux software]# file /tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432

/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432: socket

使用file命令可以查看檔類型,所以/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432顯示類型為/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432: socket

[root@linux software]# psql -h127.0.0.1 –Upostgres db會提示

Password:

psql: FATAL:  Password authentication failed for user "postgres"

[root@linux software]# psql -h127.0.0.1 -Upostgres netkiller

Password:

Password:

Password:

Password:

Password:

Password:

Password:

psql: FATAL:  Password authentication failed for user "postgres"

              解決方法是創建一個用戶。

3.         登陸提示
[root@linux software]# psql -h127.0.0.1 -Unetkiller netkiller

psql: FATAL:  No pg_hba.conf entry for host 127.0.0.1, user netkiller, database netkiller

編輯/var/lib/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf文件加入

host   all      all         127.0.0.1         255.255.255.255   md5

 

2.3    APT 安裝

Apt Debian Linux安裝風格

去下而網站可以找到APT套裝軟體

http://www.rpmfind.net/

輸入:apt 搜索即可

 

http://www.rpmfind.net/linux/rpm2html/search.php?query=apt

 

[root@linux root]# cd /usr/local/src/

[root@linux src]# wget ftp://194.199.20.114/linux/freshrpms/redhat/9/apt/apt-0.5.5cnc6-fr1.i386.rpm

[root@linux src]# rpm -ivh apt-0.5.5cnc6-fr1.i386.rpm

warning: apt-0.5.5cnc6-fr1.i386.rpm: V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID e42d547b

Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]

   1:apt                    ########################################### [100%]

[root@linux src]# apt-get update

Get:1 http://ayo.freshrpms.net redhat/9/i386 release [1171B]

Fetched 1171B in 6s (170B/s)

Get:1 http://ayo.freshrpms.net redhat/9/i386/os pkglist [1357kB]

Get:2 http://ayo.freshrpms.net redhat/9/i386/os release [140B]

Get:3 http://ayo.freshrpms.net redhat/9/i386/updates pkglist [487kB]

Get:4 http://ayo.freshrpms.net redhat/9/i386/updates release [153B]

Get:5 http://ayo.freshrpms.net redhat/9/i386/freshrpms pkglist [151kB]

Get:6 http://ayo.freshrpms.net redhat/9/i386/freshrpms release [157B]

Fetched 1995kB in 2m41s (12.3kB/s)

Reading Package Lists... Done

Building Dependency Tree... Done

[root@linux src]#                                 

[root@linux src]# apt-get check

Reading Package Lists... Done

Building Dependency Tree... Done

You might want to run `apt-get -f install' to correct these.

The following packages have unmet dependencies:

  postgresql-python: Depends: mx but it is not installed

E: Unmet dependencies. Try using -f.

[root@linux src]#

[root@linux src]# apt-get -f install

Reading Package Lists... Done

Building Dependency Tree... Done

Correcting dependencies... Done

The following extra packages will be installed:

  mx

The following NEW packages will be installed:

  mx

0 packages upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 removed and 146 not upgraded.

Need to get 609kB of archives.

After unpacking 2266kB of additional disk space will be used.

Do you want to continue? [Y/n]

Get:1 http://ayo.freshrpms.net redhat/9/i386/os mx 2.0.3-8 [609kB]

Fetched 609kB in 2m49s (3596B/s)

Executing RPM (-Uvh)...

Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]

   1:mx                     ########################################### [100%]

[root@linux src]#

[root@linux src]# apt-get install postgresql-server

 

如果是Debian Linux 系統直接

[root@linux src]# apt-get install postgresql-server

 

2.4    PostgreSQL 8.0 beta for windows版本安裝

PostgreSQL 8.0 betawindows版本安裝包下載地址:

http://laser.dyndns.zhengmai.net.cn/download/postgresql-8.0-beta1.msi

下載後雙擊postgresql開始安裝,只下一步,下一步,即可。

 

配置D:\PostgreSQL\8.0-beta1\data\pg_hba.conf 檔,建議使用UltraEdit工具。

host    all         all         192.168.0.1       255.255.255.255   md5

 

 

注:我的環境是Windows XP SP2

啟動PostgreSQL 8.0伺服器:

Ø         開始à所有程式àPostgreSQL 8.0-beta1à Start service

停止PostgreSQL 8.0伺服器:

Ø         開始à所有程式àPostgreSQL 8.0-beta1à Stop service

進入psql控制臺:

Ø         開始à所有程式àPostgreSQL 8.0-beta1à psql to template1

2.4.1   運行pgAdmin III

Ø         開始à所有程式àPostgreSQL 8.0-beta1àpgAdmin III

 

pgAdmin III的一般操作順序是:

1.         新建一個用戶(用於tcp/ip socketPostgreSQL帳號,而非系統用戶postgres是一個系統帳號,不能用於tcp/ip連接,它是用來管理資料的用戶)

2.         新建一個表空間,用於存放資料

3.         新建一個資料庫實例

4.         新建一個PL過程語言(一般是pl/pgsql

5.         新建一個模式(Schema)

6.         創建表,視圖,觸發器等等

 

2.4.2   psql控制臺:

網上有很多朋友問我,PostgreSQL 8.0psql在那,他默認打開template1資料庫,如何打開其他資料等等問題。

步驟,開始à所有程式àPostgreSQL 8.0-beta1à psql to template1進入PostgreSQL 8.0 psql控制臺,輸入postgres用戶的密碼登錄。

使用“\l”列出資料

使用“\c”連接到其他資料庫。
\c 資料庫 資料庫所有者,接提示輸入密碼即可。

 

Password:

Welcome to psql.exe 8.0.0beta1, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.

 

Type:  \copyright for distribution terms

       \h for help with SQL commands

       \? for help with psql commands

       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query

       \q to quit

 

template1=# \l

        List of databases

   Name    |  Owner   | Encoding

-----------+----------+----------

 netkiller | chen     | UNICODE

 template0 | postgres | UNICODE

 template1 | postgres | UNICODE

(3 rows)

 

template1=# \c netkiller chen

Password:

You are now connected to database "netkiller" as user "chen".

netkiller=#

 

2.4.3   ODBC

1.         開始à控制面板à管理工具à數據源 (ODBC)

2.         單擊“添加”按鈕

3.         列表中選擇PostgreSQLà單擊“完成”按鈕

4.         單擊Save保存

5.         單擊“確定”按鈕

2.4.4   Unix/Linux 登錄到Windows

[root@linux root]# psql -h 192.168.0.254 -U chen netkiller

Password:

Welcome to psql 7.3.4, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.

 

Type:  \copyright for distribution terms

       \h for help with SQL commands

       \? for help on internal slash commands

       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query

       \q to quit

 

netkiller=#

2.4.5   Windows 登錄到 Unix/Linux

D:\PostgreSQL\8.0-beta1\bin>psql.exe -h 192.168.0.1 -U netkiller netkiller

Password:

Welcome to psql.exe 8.0.0beta1, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.

 

Type:  \copyright for distribution terms

       \h for help with SQL commands

       \? for help with psql commands

       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query

       \q to quit

 

netkiller=>

 

2.5    資料庫備份方案

2.5.1   備份資料庫腳本

腳本功能是,首先備份資料庫、然後打包、壓縮為tar.gz、最後上傳到指定位置並刪除暫存檔案。

[root@linux root]# cat backup.sh

#!/bin/bash

 

FTPHOST=ftp.9812.net

USER=netkiller

PASSWD=xxx

 

echo "Starting Backup PostgreSQL ... "

#big5 gb2312 gb18030 …

export PGCLIENTENCODING=gb18030

su - postgres -c pg_dumpall > pgsql-backup.`date +%Y-%m-%d.%H:%M:%S`.dmp

tar zcvf pgsql-backup.`date +%Y-%m-%d`.tar.gz *.dmp

 

echo "Upload File ..."

ftp -n ${FTPHOST} <<!

user ${USER} ${PASSWD}

binary

prompt

mkdir backup

cd backup

mput *.tar.gz

close

bye

!

echo "Remove temp file ..."

rm -rf pgsql-backup.*.dmp

rm -rf pgsql-backup.????-??-??.tar.gz

[root@linux root]#

 

 

如果您沒有一台專用於備份資料的機器(有靜態IP的機器)。上面的備份腳本可更改為:

[root@linux root]# cat backup.sh

#!/bin/bash

 

echo "Starting Backup PostgreSQL ... "

su - postgres -c pg_dumpall > pgsql-backup.`date +%Y-%m-%d.%H:%M:%S`.dmp

tar zcvf pgsql-backup.`date +%Y-%m-%d`.tar.gz *.dmp

 

echo "Remove temp file ..."

rm -rf pgsql-backup.*.dmp

[root@linux root]#

2.5.2   下載備份腳本

 

[root@linux root]# cat getbackup.sh

#!/bin/bash

 

FTPHOST=ftp.9812.net

USER=netkiller

PASSWD=xxx

 

wget ftp://${USER}:${PASSWD}@${FTPHOST}/backup/*

 

ftp -n ${FTPHOST} <<!

user ${USER} ${PASSWD}

binary

prompt

cd backup

mdelete *

close

bye

!

[root@linux root]#

2.5.3   保證備份資料的安全-PGP/GPG加密

資料庫中的內容有些是不能提供給用戶的,如其它用戶的資料,密碼。在資料庫中的資料,你可以通過許可權來限制用戶操作。將資料庫備份(導出)到本地SQL文字檔案中(xxxx.sql包括DDLDML) ,一但備份落入他手,後果不可設想,他很容易得用你的資料,因為你備份的資料是文字檔案,沒有任何加密措施。

這裏介紹GnuPG 以下簡稱GPGGPGPGP相容。由於PGP使用了許多專利演算法,屬於美國加密出口限制之列。而GnuPGGPL軟體。

GPG使用非對稱加密演算法,安全程度很高。所謂非對稱加密演算法,就是每一個用戶都擁有一對密鑰:公鑰和私鑰。其中,私鑰由用戶保存,公鑰提供給internet上的用戶。

設:

       陳景峰的帳號:chen

       小明的帳號:ming

 

以下為chen 帳號的操作:

1.         查看當前文件夾

[chen@linux chen]$ ls -la

total 56

drwx------    4 chen     chen         4096 Dec 12 20:38 .

drwxr-xr-x    7 root     root         4096 Nov 12 11:47 ..

-rw-------    1 chen     chen         4953 Dec 10 14:05 .bash_history

-rw-r--r--    1 chen     chen           24 Feb 11  2003 .bash_logout

-rw-r--r--    1 chen     chen          191 Feb 11  2003 .bash_profile

-rw-r--r--    1 chen     chen          124 Feb 11  2003 .bashrc

-rw-r--r--    1 chen     chen         5531 Feb  4  2003 .canna

-rw-r--r--    1 chen     chen          847 Feb 20  2003 .emacs

-rw-r--r--    1 chen     chen          120 Feb 27  2003 .gtkrc

drwxr-xr-x    3 chen     chen         4096 Aug 12  2002 .kde

-rw-------    1 chen     chen          594 Dec 10 09:38 .viminfo

drwxr-xr-x    2 chen     chen         4096 Nov  5 19:16 .xemacs

[chen@linux chen]$

 

2.         生成密鑰(公鑰、私鑰)

使用GPG之前必須生成密鑰(公鑰、私鑰)操作步驟。
# gpg --gen-key

[chen@linux chen]$ gpg --gen-key

gpg (GnuPG) 1.2.1; Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.

This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it

under certain conditions. See the file COPYING for details.

 

gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory!

gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information

gpg: /home/chen/.gnupg: directory created

gpg: new configuration file `/home/chen/.gnupg/gpg.conf' created

gpg: keyblock resource `/home/chen/.gnupg/secring.gpg': file open error

gpg: keyring `/home/chen/.gnupg/pubring.gpg' created

Please select what kind of key you want:

   (1) DSA and ElGamal (default)

   (2) DSA (sign only)

   (5) RSA (sign only)

Your selection? 回車

DSA keypair will have 1024 bits.

About to generate a new ELG-E keypair.

              minimum keysize is  768 bits

              default keysize is 1024 bits

    highest suggested keysize is 2048 bits

What keysize do you want? (1024) 回車

Requested keysize is 1024 bits

Please specify how long the key should be valid.

         0 = key does not expire

      <n>  = key expires in n days

      <n>w = key expires in n weeks

      <n>m = key expires in n months

      <n>y = key expires in n years

Key is valid for? (0) 回車

Key does not expire at all

Is this correct (y/n)? y

 

You need a User-ID to identify your key; the software constructs the user id

from Real Name, Comment and Email Address in this form:

    "Heinrich Heine (Der Dichter) <heinrichh@duesseldorf.de>"

 

Real name: netkiller

Email address: openunix@163.com

Comment: 陳景峰的密鑰  (注:輸入中文終端要支援UTF-8

You are using the `utf-8' character set.

You selected this USER-ID:

    "netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>"

 

Change (N)ame, (C)omment, (E)mail or (O)kay/(Q)uit?o

 

Enter passphrase:輸入密鑰口令

Repeat passphrase:輸入密鑰口令

You need a Passphrase to protect your secret key.

 

We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform

some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the

disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number

generator a better chance to gain enough entropy.

+++++++++++++++.+++++++++++++++.+++++++++++++++.+++++++++++++++.+++++++++++++++.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.++++++++++++++++++++.....>+++++..................+++++

 

Not enough random bytes available.  Please do some other work to give

the OS a chance to collect more entropy! (Need 290 more bytes)

We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform

some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the

disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number

generator a better chance to gain enough entropy.

..+++++.+++++.++++++++++.+++++++++++++++.+++++++++++++++++++++++++..+++++++++++++++.++++++++++++++++++++.+++++.+++++++++++++++.+++++...++++++++++>+++++............................................................>+++++.............>.+++++.....<+++++............+++++^^^

gpg: /home/chen/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created

public and secret key created and signed.

key marked as ultimately trusted.

 

pub  1024D/B00847C5 2003-12-12 netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>

     Key fingerprint = 0058 5847 7598 556F AAFD  81A5 AC07 C873 B008 47C5

sub  1024g/0B70F0CB 2003-12-12

 

[chen@linux chen]$

 

3.         查看生成密鑰

[chen@linux chen]$ ls -la

total 52

drwx------    5 chen     chen         4096 Dec 12 20:47 .

drwxr-xr-x    7 root     root         4096 Dec 12 20:44 ..

-rw-r--r--    1 chen     chen           24 Dec 12 20:44 .bash_logout

-rw-r--r--    1 chen     chen          191 Dec 12 20:44 .bash_profile

-rw-r--r--    1 chen     chen          124 Dec 12 20:44 .bashrc

-rw-r--r--    1 chen     chen         5531 Dec 12 20:44 .canna

-rw-r--r--    1 chen     chen          847 Dec 12 20:44 .emacs

drwx------    2 chen     chen         4096 Dec 12 20:52 .gnupg

-rw-r--r--    1 chen     chen          120 Dec 12 20:44 .gtkrc

drwxr-xr-x    3 chen     chen         4096 Dec 12 20:44 .kde

-rw-------    1 chen     chen           61 Dec 12 20:45 .Xauthority

drwxr-xr-x    2 chen     chen         4096 Dec 12 20:44 .xemacs

[chen@linux chen]$ ls .gnupg/

gpg.conf  pubring.gpg  pubring.gpg~  random_seed  secring.gpg  trustdb.gpg

 

 

4.         證書的回收

當您的密鑰(gpg --gen-key)生成之後,建議您立即做一個公鎭ヘ收證書,如果您忘記了您的私鑰口令或者您的私鑰丟失或者被盜,您可以發佈這個證書來聲明以前的公鑰不再有效。

gpg --output revoke.asc --gen-revoke netkiller netkiller 你在生成密鑰時輸入的Real name:

gpg --output revoke.asc --gen-revoke openunix@163.com (使用郵

[chen@linux chen]$ gpg --output revoke.asc --gen-revoke netkiller

gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory!

gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information

 

sec  1024D/B00847C5 2003-12-12   netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>

 

Create a revocation certificate for this key? y

Please select the reason for the revocation:

  0 = No reason specified

  1 = Key has been compromised

  2 = Key is superseded

  3 = Key is no longer used

  Q = Cancel

(Probably you want to select 1 here)

Your decision?

Enter an optional description; end it with an empty line:

> :( cancel

> 

Reason for revocation: Key has been compromised

:( cancel

Is this okay?

Please select the reason for the revocation:

  0 = No reason specified

  1 = Key has been compromised

  2 = Key is superseded

  3 = Key is no longer used

  Q = Cancel

(Probably you want to select 1 here)

Enter an optional description; end it with an empty line:

> :( cancel

> 

Is this okay? y

 

You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for

user: "netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>"

1024-bit DSA key, ID B00847C5, created 2003-12-12

 

ASCII armored output forced.

Revocation certificate created.

 

Please move it to a medium which you can hide away; if Mallory gets

access to this certificate he can use it to make your key unusable.

It is smart to print this certificate and store it away, just in case

your media become unreadable.  But have some caution:  The print system of

your machine might store the data and make it available to others!

[chen@linux chen]$ ls

revoke.asc

[chen@linux chen]$ cat revoke.asc

-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----

Version: GnuPG v1.2.1 (GNU/Linux)

Comment: A revocation certificate should follow

 

iFIEIBECABIFAj/Zv08LHQI6KCBjYW5jZWwACgkQrAfIc7AIR8X3agCcDBjqRkFx

QUzcZ/1Gyf1/jjFis04An2rYQz2XrCode08Y78Fj63RVNKD9

=ovDh

-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----

[chen@linux chen]$

 

5.         密鑰列表

gpg --list-key

[chen@linux chen]$ gpg --list-key

gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory!

gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information

/home/chen/.gnupg/pubring.gpg

-----------------------------

pub  1024D/B00847C5 2003-12-12 netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>

sub  1024g/0B70F0CB 2003-12-12

 

[chen@linux chen]$

 

6.         輸出公鑰

ASCII字元格式輸出公鑰:gpg --output netkiller.gpg --armor --export netkiller

以二進位格式輸出公鑰:gpg --output netkiller.gpg --export netkiller

下面是以ASCII字元格式輸出(其實就是做了一下BASE64編碼):

[chen@linux chen]$ gpg --output netkiller.gpg --armor --export netkiller

gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory!

gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information

[chen@linux chen]$ ls

netkiller.gpg  revoke.asc

[chen@linux chen]$ cat netkiller.gpg

-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----

Version: GnuPG v1.2.1 (GNU/Linux)

 

mQGiBD/ZuhgRBACBRuWYRtJ8+8VmnYUgNy7TS/nVl0sHrsGD2kgIWVUuZYgKSUoM

vT4MUHWdd52yesovAV61qsVCfUz+O76ovhQrUzv4jp+bkIOKcc7E07Z2MZmc1BqR

+Gavb3gsJM6DmOLcRiU0m3fqod1KCGFf8K6ZLQUhRJYWDI80KEgJqliG4wCgo2xn

5WS1CIGnvGDFUiGY6VhdamsD/jdiqSIcwFt2x6VMjzeWkHHM5wNYHuBJnp9DPd9g

rn3uEq+tSex8ZXRyzHGj+N4SKezhEYal1D762kDxjGYltk5Xce5dXQBn9fulEDhD

OzOp78GvIvJ/m33D/J6xECbXUz8XsFFhxJ6QnVh/RURY+EvHE1Tmz/fRG69Rc1Uc

JBqCA/0faHEkyDv+FWEsmFKjflDNqN5NHtdWzJZQZKD1Vb64oJ5CK6r2l+vmxbBr

fVpfk5OVXnfMSpLKc7aGA9X+mUMuNrGRNzzzsmVK6urWQovL/BfeukMgDBZXkLd8

fO7aA53XeBhmVC49atFPH8hsOeMdd0mombrzcvKczjMp0ThP9rQzbmV0a2lsbGVy

ICjpmYjmma/ls7DnmoTlr4bpkqUpIDxuZXRraWxsZXJAOTgxMi5uZXQ+iFkEExEC

ABkFAj/ZuhgECwcDAgMVAgMDFgIBAh4BAheAAAoJEKwHyHOwCEfFBqMAn0HoK9Xc

zvzVkFODVZPWUskzwAhqAJ4rbgYEjSN1/CrdUBzTMtecGu9P+7kBDQQ/2boaEAQA

zhoIDY866/GWUUpuarpVKcN1ijn+5M1Pr42vm2Z42ns4PZW3cagHJeIOuJ5R2Aw1

6V4zZwP5PcBScYxQpM0m0bVmTGp/suZmZ6/u3+ADgvJYSxAXdpzP0cL9rVRKqaPa

MKh+HOanAJ9tWcSy6KW83JKG2NS/0U6OSGGDSoNLElMAAwUD/iGBjPfXD5jsepg+

Z9J1RefM5/R1nnBEeOROnWyaczIU1okswlyluAthi+2+ijpEULaqSQ+ZjtuBjcMp

kE5UKKql6yBAk2CqJMVkVLlDbPFqbidkAqGp5riKWKc487jR6iZjIAhHvXL0xPIQ

erBmEpi4UT7RlaCAmYwvZ1nxGP3eiEYEGBECAAYFAj/ZuhoACgkQrAfIc7AIR8U0

xACfT5pZ+0YjSp9z0/9jPwDfhw7J1bcAnjqxP+uKfkuDHnXRyYFErTN+7iHE

=CII0

-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----

[chen@linux chen]$

二進位格式輸出:

[chen@linux chen]$ gpg --output bin-netkiller.gpg --export netkiller

gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory!

gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information

[chen@linux chen]$ ls

bin-netkiller.gpg  netkiller.gpg  revoke.asc

[chen@linux chen]$

 

7.         使用file命令識別文件

[chen@linux chen]$ ls

bin-netkiller.gpg  netkiller.gpg  revoke.asc

[chen@linux chen]$ file bin-netkiller.gpg

bin-netkiller.gpg: data

[chen@linux chen]$ file netkiller.gpg

netkiller.gpg: PGP armored data public key block

[chen@linux chen]$ file revoke.asc

revoke.asc: PGP armored data public key block

[chen@linux chen]$

 

8.         發佈公鑰

你可以將你的公鑰放在主頁上下載,也可以mail給別人。

[chen@linux chen]$ pine

  PINE 4.44   MAIN MENU                             Folder: INBOX  No Messages

 

 

          ?     HELP               -  Get help using Pine

 

          C     COMPOSE MESSAGE    -  Compose and send a message

 

          I     MESSAGE INDEX      -  View messages in current folder

 

          L     FOLDER LIST        -  Select a folder to view

 

          A     ADDRESS BOOK       -  Update address book

 

          S     SETUP              -  Configure Pine Options

 

          Q     QUIT               -  Leave the Pine program

 

 

 

 

   Copyright 1989-2002.  PINE is a trademark of the University of Washington.

                    [Folder "INBOX" opened with 0 messages]

? Help                     P PrevCmd                 R RelNotes

O OTHER CMDS > [ListFldrs] N NextCmd                 K KBLock

 

  PINE 4.44   COMPOSE MESSAGE                       Folder: INBOX  No Messages

 

To      : openunix@163.com

Cc      :

Attchmnt:

Subject : 這是我的證書

----- Message Text -----

 

Attchmnt

 

 

 

 

 

^G Get Help  ^X Send      ^R Rich Hdr  ^Y PrvPg/Top ^K Cut Line  ^O Postpone

^C Cancel    ^D Del Char  ^J Attach    ^V NxtPg/End ^U UnDel Line^T To Files

游標至於Attchmnt:上按^J -> 再按 ^T

File to attach:

^G Get Help  ^T  To Files

^C Cancel    TAB Complete

 

   PINE 4.44                BROWSER    Dir: /home/chen

 

..             (parent dir)  .gnupg                (dir)

.kde                  (dir)  mail                  (dir)

.xemacs               (dir)  .addressbook           0  B

.addressbook.lu      2.3 KB  .bash_logout          24  B

.bash_profile        191  B  .bashrc              124  B

bin-netkiller.gpg    909  B  .canna               5.5 KB

.emacs               847  B  .gtkrc               120  B

netkiller.gpg        1.3 KB  .pinerc               14 KB

revoke.asc           275  B  .Xauthority           61  B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                        [ Searched to end of directory ]

? Get Help   E Exit Brwsr              -   Prev Pg  D Delete     C Copy

             S [Select]   W Where is   Spc Next Pg  R Rename     A Add

選擇netkiller.gpg 回車

Attachment comment: my netkiller.gpg file

^G Get Help

^C Cancel

輸入注釋資訊

  PINE 4.44   COMPOSE MESSAGE                       Folder: INBOX  No Messages

 

To      : openunix@163.com

Cc      :

Attchmnt: 1. /home/chen/netkiller.gpg (1.3 KB) "my netkiller.gpg file"

Subject : my netkiller.gpg file

----- Message Text -----

 

http://linux.9812.net

email:openunix@163.com

 

 

 

          [File /home/chen/netkiller.gpg attached as type TEXT/PLAIN]

^G Get Help  ^X Send      ^R Rich Hdr  ^Y PrvPg/Top ^K Cut Line  ^O Postpone

^C Cancel    ^D Del Char  ^J Attach    ^V NxtPg/End ^U UnDel Line^T To Files

 

Send message?y

 ? Help      Y [Yes]

^C Cancel    N No

選擇y回車

  PINE 4.44   MAIN MENU                             Folder: INBOX  No Messages

 

 

  PINE 4.44   COMPOSE MESSAGE                       Folder: INBOX  No Messages

 

To      : openunix@163.com

Cc      :

Attchmnt: 1. /home/chen/netkiller.gpg (1.3 KB) "my netkiller.gpg file"

Subject : 這是我的證書

----- Message Text -----

 

Attchmnt

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                          [Sending mail |     0%   |]

 

 

發送成功

  PINE 4.44   MAIN MENU                             Folder: INBOX  No Messages

 

 

          ?     HELP               -  Get help using Pine

 

          C     COMPOSE MESSAGE    -  Compose and send a message

 

          I     MESSAGE INDEX      -  View messages in current folder

 

          L     FOLDER LIST        -  Select a folder to view

 

          A     ADDRESS BOOK       -  Update address book

 

          S     SETUP              -  Configure Pine Options

 

          Q     QUIT               -  Leave the Pine program

 

 

 

 

   Copyright 1989-2002.  PINE is a trademark of the University of Washington.

                   [Message sent and copied to "sent-mail".]

? Help                     P PrevCmd                 R RelNotes

O OTHER CMDS > [ListFldrs] N NextCmd                 K KBLock

 

 

9.         將公鑰給其他用戶

[chen@linux chen]$ cp netkiller.gpg /tmp

 

以下是ming帳號的操作:

 

10.     獲得公鑰

[ming@linux ming]$ cp /tmp/netkiller.gpg .

[ming@linux ming]$ ls

netkiller.gpg

[ming@linux ming]$

 

11.     導入公鑰

[ming@linux ming]$ gpg --import netkiller.gpg

gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory!

gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information

gpg: /home/ming/.gnupg: directory created

gpg: new configuration file `/home/ming/.gnupg/gpg.conf' created

gpg: keyblock resource `/home/ming/.gnupg/secring.gpg': file open error

gpg: keyring `/home/ming/.gnupg/pubring.gpg' created

gpg: /home/ming/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created

gpg: key B00847C5: public key "netkiller (\x9\x8\x9\x9\x8\x8\x9) <openunix@163.com>" imported

gpg: Total number processed: 1

gpg:               imported: 1

[ming@linux ming]$ gpg --list-key

gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory!

gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information

/home/ming/.gnupg/pubring.gpg

-----------------------------

pub  1024D/B00847C5 2003-12-12 netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>

sub  1024g/0B70F0CB 2003-12-12

 

[ming@linux ming]$

 

12.     確認密鑰

導入密鑰以後,使用數位簽名來驗證此證書是否合法。

[ming@linux ming]$ gpg --fingerprint netkiller

gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory!

gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information

pub  1024D/B00847C5 2003-12-12 netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>

     Key fingerprint = 0058 5847 7598 556F AAFD  81A5 AC07 C873 B008 47C5

sub  1024g/0B70F0CB 2003-12-12

 

[ming@linux ming]$

 

13.     密鑰簽名

導入密鑰之後,可以使用(gpg -—sign-key netkiller) 進行簽名,簽名的主要目的是證明您完全信任這個證書的合法性。

[ming@linux ming]$ gpg --gen-key

gpg (GnuPG) 1.2.1; Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.

This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it

under certain conditions. See the file COPYING for details.

 

gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory!

gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information

Please select what kind of key you want:

   (1) DSA and ElGamal (default)

   (2) DSA (sign only)

   (5) RSA (sign only)

Your selection?

DSA keypair will have 1024 bits.

About to generate a new ELG-E keypair.

              minimum keysize is  768 bits

              default keysize is 1024 bits

    highest suggested keysize is 2048 bits

What keysize do you want? (1024)

Requested keysize is 1024 bits

Please specify how long the key should be valid.

         0 = key does not expire

      <n>  = key expires in n days

      <n>w = key expires in n weeks

      <n>m = key expires in n months

      <n>y = key expires in n years

Key is valid for? (0)

Key does not expire at all

Is this correct (y/n)? y

 

You need a User-ID to identify your key; the software constructs the user id

from Real Name, Comment and Email Address in this form:

    "Heinrich Heine (Der Dichter) <heinrichh@duesseldorf.de>"

 

Real name: ming

Name must be at least 5 characters long

Real name: mings

Email address: mings@9812.net

Comment: I am ming

You selected this USER-ID:

    "mings (I am ming) <mings@9812.net>"

 

Change (N)ame, (C)omment, (E)mail or (O)kay/(Q)uit? o

You need a Passphrase to protect your secret key.

Enter passphrase:

 

passphrase not correctly repeated; try again.

We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform

some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the

disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number

generator a better chance to gain enough entropy.

+++++++++++++++.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.++++++++++....++++++++++.++++++++++++++++++++.+++++++++++++++..+++++++++++++++++++++++++.++++++++++.....>..+++++...........................+++++

We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform

some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the

disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number

generator a better chance to gain enough entropy.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++..++++++++++++++++++++.+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++..+++++++++++++++...+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>+++++..................+++++^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

public and secret key created and signed.

key marked as ultimately trusted.

 

pub  1024D/3D9CE6DF 2003-12-12 mings (I am ming) <mings@9812.net>

     Key fingerprint = 51C5 A223 98B8 A65F 4BF4  B610 4B80 D812 3D9C E6DF

sub  1024g/510C2A18 2003-12-12

[ming@linux ming]$ gpg --sign-key netkiller

gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory!

gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information

 

pub  1024D/B00847C5  created: 2003-12-12 expires: never      trust: -/-

sub  1024g/0B70F0CB  created: 2003-12-12 expires: never

(1). netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>

 

 

pub  1024D/B00847C5  created: 2003-12-12 expires: never      trust: -/-

 Primary key fingerprint: 0058 5847 7598 556F AAFD  81A5 AC07 C873 B008 47C5

 

     netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>

 

How carefully have you verified the key you are about to sign actually belongs

to the person named above?  If you don't know what to answer, enter "0".

 

   (0) I will not answer. (default)

   (1) I have not checked at all.

   (2) I have done casual checking.

   (3) I have done very careful checking.

 

Your selection? 3

Are you really sure that you want to sign this key

with your key: "mings (I am ming) <mings@9812.net>"

 

I have checked this key very carefully.

 

Really sign? y

 

You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for

user: "mings (I am ming) <mings@9812.net>"

1024-bit DSA key, ID 3D9CE6DF, created 2003-12-12

 

Enter passphrase: 注這裏輸入mings的口令

 

[ming@linux ming]$

[ming@linux ming]$ gpg --list-key

gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory!

gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information

/home/ming/.gnupg/pubring.gpg

-----------------------------

pub  1024D/B00847C5 2003-12-12 netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>

sub  1024g/0B70F0CB 2003-12-12

 

pub  1024D/3D9CE6DF 2003-12-12 mings (I am ming) <mings@9812.net>

sub  1024g/510C2A18 2003-12-12

 

[ming@linux ming]$

 

14.     檢查簽名

[chen@linux chen]$ gpg --check-sigs netkiller

gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory!

gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information

pub  1024D/B00847C5 2003-12-12 netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>

sig!3       B00847C5 2003-12-12   netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>

sub  1024g/0B70F0CB 2003-12-12

sig!        B00847C5 2003-12-12   netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>

[ming@linux ming]$ gpg --check-sigs netkiller

gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory!

gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information

pub  1024D/B00847C5 2003-12-12 netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>

sig!3       B00847C5 2003-12-12   netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>

sig!        79F1102B 2003-12-12   mings (I am mings) <mings@9812.net>

sub  1024g/0B70F0CB 2003-12-12

sig!        B00847C5 2003-12-12   netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>

 

[ming@linux ming]$

[chen@linux chen]$

 

[ming@linux ming]$ gpg --check-sigs netkiller

gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory!

gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information

pub  1024D/B00847C5 2003-12-12 netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>

sig!3       B00847C5 2003-12-12   netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>

sub  1024g/0B70F0CB 2003-12-12

sig!        B00847C5 2003-12-12   netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>

 

[ming@linux ming]$

 

15.     加密和解密

加密:

[ming@linux ming]$ pg_dump -Unetkiller -h127.0.0.1 >pgsql-dump.sql

Password:

[ming@linux ming]$

 

加簽名:

[ming@linux ming]$ gpg -sear netkiller pgsql-dump.sql

gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory!

gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information

 

You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for

user: "mings (I am mings) <mings@9812.net>"

1024-bit DSA key, ID 79F1102B, created 2003-12-12

 

gpg: checking the trustdb

gpg: checking at depth 0 signed=1 ot(-/q/n/m/f/u)=0/0/0/0/0/1

gpg: checking at depth 1 signed=0 ot(-/q/n/m/f/u)=1/0/0/0/0/0

[ming@linux ming]$

 

不加簽名:

[ming@linux ming]$ gpg -ear netkiller pgsql-dump.sql

gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory!

gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information

[ming@linux ming]$ ls

netkiller.gpg  pgsql-dump.sql  pgsql-dump.sql.asc

[ming@linux ming]$

 

加密完成,將檔pgsql-dump.sql.asc發給chen (郵約tyle='mso-bookmark:AEN1755'>WEB/FTP下載。。。都可以,不用擔心被其他人得到對你不利,現在這個檔已經加密了。)

以下為chen帳號解密操作:

[chen@linux chen]$ gpg -d pgsql-dump.sql.asc > pgsql-dump.sql

gpg: WARNING: using insecure memory!

gpg: please see http://www.gnupg.org/faq.html for more information

 

You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for

user: "netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>"

1024-bit ELG-E key, ID 0B70F0CB, created 2003-12-12 (main key ID B00847C5)

 

Enter passphrase:

gpg: encrypted with 1024-bit ELG-E key, ID 0B70F0CB, created 2003-12-12

      "netkiller (陳景峰的密鑰) <openunix@163.com>"

[chen@linux chen]$

 

 

2.6    備份計畫

2.6.1   伺服器端計畫

因為每天淩晨1:00-5:00這段時間訪問的人比較少,所以我選擇伺服器端每天淩晨300開始備份,您也可以在其他時間段備份,根據您的需求而定。

[root@linux etc]# cat crontab

SHELL=/bin/bash

PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin

MAILTO=root

HOME=/

 

# run-parts

01 * * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.hourly

02 4 * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.daily

22 4 * * 0 root run-parts /etc/cron.weekly

42 4 1 * * root run-parts /etc/cron.monthly

0 3 * * * root /usr/local/backup/backup.sh

2.6.2   用戶端計畫

用戶端每天零晨400點開始下載備份資料。為什麼是400下載呢?因為伺服器備份要一段時間,如果伺服器還沒有備份完成,這邊是不能下載的。所以計畫在3:00伺服器開始備份,400時用戶端開始下載已經備份好的資料。

[root@linux etc]# cat crontab

SHELL=/bin/bash

PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin

MAILTO=root

HOME=/

 

# run-parts

01 * * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.hourly

02 4 * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.daily

22 4 * * 0 root run-parts /etc/cron.weekly

42 4 1 * * root run-parts /etc/cron.monthly

0 4 * * * root /usr/local/backup/getbackup.sh

2.7    資料恢復

[root@linux root]# su postgres

bash-2.05b$ psql member -f pgsql-backup.xxxx-xx-xx.xx:xx:xx.dmp

 

2.8    性能提升

2.8.1   共用記憶體

2.2 內核裏缺省的共用記憶體限制( SHMMAX SHMALL)都是 32 MB,但是你可以在 proc 檔系統裏修改這些值(不用重起). 比如,要允許 128 MB

方法1

# echo 134217728 >/proc/sys/kernel/shmall

# echo 134217728 >/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax

[root@linux root]# cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmall

2097152

[root@linux root]# cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax

33554432

[root@linux root]# echo 134217728 >/proc/sys/kernel/shmall

[root@linux root]# echo 134217728 >/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax

[root@linux root]# cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmall

134217728

[root@linux root]# cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax

134217728

 

你可以把這些命令放到一個引導時運行的腳本中. rc.local文件

[root@linux root]# cat /etc/rc.d/rc.local

#!/bin/sh

#

# This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.

# You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don't

# want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.

 

touch /var/lock/subsys/local

/usr/local/jakarta-tomcat/bin/startup.sh

/usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl start

echo 134217728 >/proc/sys/kernel/shmall

echo 134217728 >/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax

 

方法2,使用 sysctl 命令來控制這些參數.

[root@linux root]# sysctl -w kernel.shmall=134217728

kernel.shmall = 134217728

[root@linux root]# sysctl -w kernel.shmmax=134217728

kernel.shmmax = 134217728

[root@linux root]#

 

方法3,你可以在一個叫 /etc/sysctl.conf 的檔裏面加下面這樣的兩行:

kernel.shmall = 134217728

kernel.shmmax = 134217728

[root@linux root]# cat /etc/sysctl.conf

# Kernel sysctl configuration file for Red Hat Linux

#

# For binary values, 0 is disabled, 1 is enabled.  See sysctl(8) and

# sysctl.conf(5) for more details.

 

# Controls IP packet forwarding

net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0

 

# Controls source route verification

net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1

 

# Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel

kernel.sysrq = 0

 

# Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename.

# Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications.

kernel.core_uses_pid = 1

kernel.shmall = 134217728

kernel.shmmax = 134217728

通常在引導的時候會處理這個檔,但你也可以稍後明確調用sysctl

2.8.2   最大連接

跟據你的需要來配置最大連接數,系統默認是32,配置需要修改兩處。

max_connections = 100

shared_buffers = 200

shared_buffers = max_connections*2

[root@linux data]# cat postgresql.conf

#

# PostgreSQL configuration file

# -----------------------------

#

# This file consists of lines of the form:

#

#   name = value

#

# (The '=' is optional.) White space may be used. Comments are introduced

# with '#' anywhere on a line. The complete list of option names and

# allowed values can be found in the PostgreSQL documentation. The

# commented-out settings shown in this file represent the default values.

#

# Any option can also be given as a command line switch to the

# postmaster, e.g. 'postmaster -c log_connections=on'. Some options

# can be changed at run-time with the 'SET' SQL command.

#

# This file is read on postmaster startup and when the postmaster

# receives a SIGHUP. If you edit the file on a running system, you have

# to SIGHUP the postmaster for the changes to take effect, or use

# "pg_ctl reload".

 

 

#========================================================================

 

 

#

#       Connection Parameters

#

#tcpip_socket = false

 

tcpip_socket = true

 

#ssl = false

#ssl = true

 

#max_connections = 32

max_connections = 100

#superuser_reserved_connections = 2

 

#port = 5432

#hostname_lookup = false

#show_source_port = false

 

#unix_socket_directory = ''

#unix_socket_group = ''

#unix_socket_permissions = 0777 # octal

 

#virtual_host = ''

 

#krb_server_keyfile = ''

 

 

#

#       Shared Memory Size

#

#shared_buffers = 64            # min max_connections*2 or 16, 8KB each

shared_buffers = 200            # min max_connections*2 or 16, 8KB each

#max_fsm_relations = 1000       # min 10, fsm is free space map, ~40 bytes

#max_fsm_pages = 10000          # min 1000, fsm is free space map, ~6 bytes

#max_locks_per_transaction = 64 # min 10

#wal_buffers = 8                # min 4, typically 8KB each

 

#

#       Non-shared Memory Sizes

#

#sort_mem = 1024                # min 64, size in KB

#vacuum_mem = 8192              # min 1024, size in KB

 

 

#

#       Write-ahead log (WAL)

#

#checkpoint_segments = 3        # in logfile segments, min 1, 16MB each

#checkpoint_timeout = 300       # range 30-3600, in seconds

#

#commit_delay = 0               # range 0-100000, in microseconds

#commit_siblings = 5            # range 1-1000

#

#fsync = true

#wal_sync_method = fsync        # the default varies across platforms:

#                               # fsync, fdatasync, open_sync, or open_datasync

#wal_debug = 0                  # range 0-16

 

 

#

#       Optimizer Parameters

#

#enable_seqscan = true

#enable_indexscan = true

#enable_tidscan = true

#enable_sort = true

#enable_nestloop = true

#enable_mergejoin = true

#enable_hashjoin = true

 

#effective_cache_size = 1000    # typically 8KB each

#random_page_cost = 4           # units are one sequential page fetch cost

#cpu_tuple_cost = 0.01          # (same)

#cpu_index_tuple_cost = 0.001   # (same)

#cpu_operator_cost = 0.0025     # (same)

 

#default_statistics_target = 10 # range 1-1000

 

#

#       GEQO Optimizer Parameters

#

#geqo = true

#geqo_selection_bias = 2.0      # range 1.5-2.0

#geqo_threshold = 11

#geqo_pool_size = 0             # default based on tables in statement,

                                # range 128-1024

#geqo_effort = 1

#geqo_generations = 0

#geqo_random_seed = -1          # auto-compute seed

 

 

#

#       Message display

#

#server_min_messages = notice   # Values, in order of decreasing detail:

                                #   debug5, debug4, debug3, debug2, debug1,

                                #   info, notice, warning, error, log, fatal,

                                #   panic

#client_min_messages = notice   # Values, in order of decreasing detail:

                                #   debug5, debug4, debug3, debug2, debug1,

                                #   log, info, notice, warning, error

#silent_mode = false

 

#log_connections = false

#log_pid = false

#log_statement = false

#log_duration = false

#log_timestamp = false

 

#log_min_error_statement = panic # Values in order of increasing severity:

                                 #   debug5, debug4, debug3, debug2, debug1,

                                 #   info, notice, warning, error, panic(off)

 

#debug_print_parse = false

#debug_print_rewritten = false

#debug_print_plan = false

#debug_pretty_print = false

 

#explain_pretty_print = true

 

# requires USE_ASSERT_CHECKING

#debug_assertions = true

 

 

#

#       Syslog

#

#syslog = 0                     # range 0-2

#syslog_facility = 'LOCAL0'

#syslog_ident = 'postgres'

 

 

#

#       Statistics

#

#show_parser_stats = false

#show_planner_stats = false

#show_executor_stats = false

#show_statement_stats = false

 

# requires BTREE_BUILD_STATS

#show_btree_build_stats = false

 

 

#

#       Access statistics collection

#

#stats_start_collector = true

#stats_reset_on_server_start = true

#stats_command_string = false

#stats_row_level = false

#stats_block_level = false

 

 

#

#       Lock Tracing

#

#trace_notify = false

 

# requires LOCK_DEBUG

#trace_locks = false

#trace_userlocks = false

#trace_lwlocks = false

#debug_deadlocks = false

#trace_lock_oidmin = 16384

#trace_lock_table = 0

 

 

#

#       Misc

#

#autocommit = true

#dynamic_library_path = '$libdir'

#search_path = '$user,public'

#datestyle = 'iso, us'

#timezone = unknown             # actually, defaults to TZ environment setting

#australian_timezones = false

#client_encoding = sql_ascii    # actually, defaults to database encoding

#authentication_timeout = 60    # 1-600, in seconds

#deadlock_timeout = 1000        # in milliseconds

#default_transaction_isolation = 'read committed'

#max_expr_depth = 10000         # min 10

#max_files_per_process = 1000   # min 25

#password_encryption = true

#sql_inheritance = true

#transform_null_equals = false

#statement_timeout = 0          # 0 is disabled, in milliseconds

#db_user_namespace = false

 

 

 

#

#       Locale settings

#

# (initialized by initdb -- may be changed)

LC_MESSAGES = 'en_US.UTF-8'

LC_MONETARY = 'en_US.UTF-8'

LC_NUMERIC = 'en_US.UTF-8'

LC_TIME = 'en_US.UTF-8'

 

 

重新啟動數據:

[root@linux data]# service postgresql restart

                                                     [  OK  ]

Starting postgresql service:                               [  OK  ]

 

查看配置是否正確:

[root@linux root]# psql -Uchen member

Welcome to psql 7.3.3, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.

 

Type:  \copyright for distribution terms

       \h for help with SQL commands

       \? for help on internal slash commands

       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query

       \q to quit

 

member=> show max_connections;

 max_connections

-----------------

 100

(1 row)

2.8.3   vacuumdb

資料庫200優化、300備份、400下載備份資料

[root@linux etc]# cat crontab

SHELL=/bin/bash

PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin

MAILTO=root

HOME=/

 

# run-parts

01 * * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.hourly

02 4 * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.daily

22 4 * * 0 root run-parts /etc/cron.weekly

42 4 1 * * root run-parts /etc/cron.monthly

0 2 * * * root /usr/local/pgsql/optimize.sh

 

資料庫vacuumdb優化腳本

[root@linux pgsql]# cat optimize.sh

#!/bin/bash

vacuumdb -hlocalhost -p5432 -Upostgres -a -f -z

[root@linux pgsql]#

2.8.4   資料庫操作與性能

1.         分組插入資料

向資料庫做大量Insert 操作時(注:非導入,在某些特殊環境中要做大量的插入操作,而   不是導入資料),如你有10000條記錄要插入到資料庫中,建議你將10000記錄分組插入

第一組

 

begin;

insert into ……

insert into ……

insert into ……

…….

1000insert into

…….

insert into ……

commit;

第二組

begin;

insert into ……

…….

1000insert into

…….

insert into ……

commit;

第十組

begin;

insert into ……

…….

1000insert into

…….

insert into ……

commit;

 

2.         通過copy from插入資料

pg_copy_from

(PHP 4 >= 4.2.0)

 

pg_copy_from --  根據陣列將記錄插入表中

說明

bool pg_copy_from ( resource connection, string table_name, array rows [, string delimiter [, string null_as]])

pg_copy_from() 將陣列 rows 的內容作為記錄插入表中。它在內部使用了 COPY FROM SQL 命令來插入記錄。如果成功則返回 TRUE,失敗則返回 FALSE

                      

參見 pg_copy_to()

3.         操作之後使用重建索引
vacuumdb -hlocalhost -p5432 -Upostgres -a -f -z

2.8.5   硬體方面

1.         一般伺服器

PC伺服器有條件建議使用SATA(串列)硬碟。

沒有條件可以買時下最快的ATA硬碟(也不是越快越好,還要穩定)

正常情況下幾塊ATA 66 (5400rpm)硬碟做RAID 0,要比一塊ATA100(7200rpm)還要快。

RAID 是解決伺服器硬碟瓶頸最佳方案。建議使用RAID0,RAID0速度最快,不安全,但速度誘人,只要做好備份,是沒有問題的。
目前PC上ATA只能做RAID0(條帶)和RAID1(鏡像)。SATA可以做RAID0,1,5,10,50。不過我還沒見過STAT 的RAID卡,深圳賽格也沒得賣。

2.         高檔伺服器

高檔伺服器中主流使用SCSI硬碟,公司也出得起¥¥¥買。所以乾脆一次就配置5塊SCSI硬碟。4塊盤做RAID5,剩餘1塊做熱交換hotswap

因為SCSI性能穩定,如果不滿足RAID5速度,可以做RAID0。

 

附表1

RAID級別

RAID 0

RAID 1

RAID 3

RAID 5

名稱

條帶

鏡像

專用校驗條帶

分散校驗條帶

允許故障

冗餘類型

副本

校驗

校驗

熱備用操作

不可

可以

可以

可以

硬碟數量

一個以上

兩個

三個以上

三個以上

可用容量

最大

最小

中間

中間

減少容量

50%

一個磁片

一個磁片

讀性能

高(盤的數量決定)

中間

隨機寫性能

最高

中間

最低

連續寫性能

最高

中間

最低

典型應用

無故障的迅速讀寫

允許故障的小檔、亂數據寫入

允許故障的大檔、連續資料傳輸

允許故障的小檔、隨機資料傳輸

可用容量

總的磁片的容量

只能用磁片容量的50%

n-1/n的磁片容量。其中n為磁片數

n-1/n的總磁片容量。其中n為磁片數

  附表2

RAID級別

RAID 10

RAID 30

RAID 50

名稱

跨越鏡像陣列

跨越專用校驗陣列

跨越分散校驗陣列

允許故障

冗餘類型

副本

校驗

校驗

熱備用操作

可以

可以

可以

磁片數量

 

 

 

跨越2個陣列

4

6,8,10,12,1416

6,8,10,12,1416

跨越3個陣列

6

9,1215

9,1215

跨越4個陣列

8

1216

1216

可用容量

最小

中間

中間

減少容量

50%

每個陣列中一個磁片

每個陣列中一個磁片

讀性能

中間

隨機寫性能

中間

最低

連續寫性能

中間

最低

典型應用

允許故障高速度小檔、亂數據寫入

允許故障高速度大檔、連續資料傳輸

允許故障高速度小檔、隨機資料傳輸

可用容量

磁片容量的50%

n-2/2的磁片容量。其中n為磁片數目

n-2/n的磁片容量。其中n為磁片數

 

3.         網路,光纖存儲我沒使用過,這裏也不談了。

2.8.6   磁片性能

注:hdparm 有些參考只支援ATA硬碟。

[root@linux root]# hdparm

 

hdparm - get/set hard disk parameters - version v5.2

 

Usage:  hdparm  [options] [device] ..

 

Options:

 -a   get/set fs readahead

 -A   set drive read-lookahead flag (0/1)

 -b   get/set bus state (0 == off, 1 == on, 2 == tristate)

 -B   set Advanced Power Management setting (1-255)

 -c   get/set IDE 32-bit IO setting

 -C   check IDE power mode status

 -d   get/set using_dma flag

 -D   enable/disable drive defect-mgmt

 -E   set cd-rom drive speed

 -f   flush buffer cache for device on exit

 -g   display drive geometry

 -h   display terse usage information

 -i   display drive identification

 -I   detailed/current information directly from drive

 -Istdin  similar to -I, but wants /proc/ide/*/hd?/identify as input

 -k   get/set keep_settings_over_reset flag (0/1)

 -K   set drive keep_features_over_reset flag (0/1)

 -L   set drive doorlock (0/1) (removable harddisks only)

 -M   get/set acoustic management (0-254, 128: quiet, 254: fast) (EXPERIMENTAL)

 -m   get/set multiple sector count

 -n   get/set ignore-write-errors flag (0/1)

 -p   set PIO mode on IDE interface chipset (0,1,2,3,4,...)

 -P   set drive prefetch count

 -q   change next setting quietly

 -Q   get/set DMA tagged-queuing depth (if supported)

 -r   get/set readonly flag (DANGEROUS to set)

 -R   register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)

 -S   set standby (spindown) timeout

 -t   perform device read timings

 -T   perform cache read timings

 -u   get/set unmaskirq flag (0/1)

 -U   un-register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)

 -v   defaults; same as -mcudkrag for IDE drives

 -V   display program version and exit immediately

 -w   perform device reset (DANGEROUS)

 -W   set drive write-caching flag (0/1) (DANGEROUS)

 -x   tristate device for hotswap (0/1) (DANGEROUS)

 -X   set IDE xfer mode (DANGEROUS)

 -y   put IDE drive in standby mode

 -Y   put IDE drive to sleep

 -Z   disable Seagate auto-powersaving mode

 -z   re-read partition table

 

測試 /dev/hda 這塊硬碟的cache與實際效能:

[root@linux root]# hdparm -Tt /dev/hda

 

/dev/hda:

 Timing buffer-cache reads:   128 MB in  0.26 seconds =492.31 MB/sec

 Timing buffered disk reads:  64 MB in  2.28 seconds = 28.07 MB/sec

[root@linux root]#

 

關閉 DMA 模式!

[root@linux root]# hdparm -d0 /dev/hda

 

/dev/hda:

 setting using_dma to 0 (off)

 using_dma    =  0 (off)

[root@linux root]#

 

開啟 DMA 模式在 DMA 66 ,並且開啟 32 位元存取模式

[root@linux root]# hdparm -d1 -c3 -X66 /dev/hda

 

/dev/hda:

 setting 32-bit IO_support flag to 3

 setting using_dma to 1 (on)

 setting xfermode to 66 (UltraDMA mode2)

 IO_support   =  3 (32-bit w/sync)

 using_dma    =  1 (on)

[root@linux root]#

因為可能這個程式比較早,沒有後續版本,所以他只支持到66

[root@linux root]# hdparm -d1 -c3 -X100 /dev/hda

 

/dev/hda:

 setting 32-bit IO_support flag to 3

 setting using_dma to 1 (on)

 setting xfermode to 100 (unknown, probably not valid)

 HDIO_DRIVE_CMD(setxfermode) failed: Input/output error

 IO_support   =  3 (32-bit w/sync)

 using_dma    =  1 (on)

[root@linux root]#

 

這是我的PC伺服器A

       CPUP4 2.6G
       記憶體:512MB

       硬碟:70GB ATA133

[root@linux root]# hdparm -d1 -Tt -c3 /dev/hda                                 

/dev/hda:

 setting 32-bit IO_support flag to 3

 setting using_dma to 1 (on)

 IO_support   =  3 (32-bit w/sync)

 using_dma    =  1 (on)

 Timing buffer-cache reads:   128 MB in  0.25 seconds =512.00 MB/sec

 Timing buffered disk reads:  64 MB in  2.28 seconds = 28.07 MB/sec

[root@linux root]#

這是一台深圳產的寶德PC伺服器B

       CPUP4 2.4G

       記憶體:1GB

       ATA RAID 0 120GATA100*2

[root@linux root]# hdparm -d1 -Tt -c3 /dev/sda

 

/dev/sda:

 operation not supported on SCSI disks

[root@linux root]#

 

[root@linux root]# hdparm -Tt /dev/sda

 

/dev/sda:

 Timing buffer-cache reads:   128 MB in  0.33 seconds =392.46 MB/sec

 Timing buffered disk reads:  64 MB in  1.00 seconds = 63.87 MB/sec

[root@linux root]# hdparm -Tt /dev/sda

 

/dev/sda:

 Timing buffer-cache reads:   128 MB in  0.33 seconds =392.46 MB/sec

 Timing buffered disk reads:  64 MB in  1.02 seconds = 62.77 MB/sec

[root@linux root]#

 

上面兩台PC伺服器,A最近配置的,B是半年前配置的,從對比可以看出兩塊ATA100RAID0,與單塊ATA133。前者慢,但我想如果用4塊硬碟做RAID 0 性能一定會超過A

2.9    安全的TCP/IP聯接

2.9.1   使用SSL進行安全的TCP/IP聯接

1.         設置用戶資訊:

[root@linux8 root]# su - postgres

-bash-2.05b$ ls

data  initdb.i18n

-bash-2.05b$ cd data/

-bash-2.05b$ ls

base    pg_clog      pg_ident.conf  pg_xlog          postmaster.opts

global  pg_hba.conf  PG_VERSION     postgresql.conf  postmaster.pid

-bash-2.05b$ openssl req -new -text -out server.req

Using configuration from /usr/share/ssl/openssl.cnf

Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key

....++++++

............................................................++++++

writing new private key to 'privkey.pem'

Enter PEM pass phrase:

Verifying password - Enter PEM pass phrase:

-----

You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated

into your certificate request.

What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.

There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank

For some fields there will be a default value,

If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.

-----

Country Name (2 letter code) [GB]:CN

State or Province Name (full name) [Berkshire]:Guang Zhou

Locality Name (eg, city) [Newbury]:Shen Zhen

Organization Name (eg, company) [My Company Ltd]:Open Source Organization

Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:technical

Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:www.9812.net

Email Address []:openunix@163.com

 

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes

to be sent with your certificate request

A challenge password []:chen

An optional company name []:netkiller

-bash-2.05b$ ls

base    pg_clog      pg_ident.conf  pg_xlog          postmaster.opts  privkey.pem

global  pg_hba.conf  PG_VERSION     postgresql.conf  postmaster.pid   server.req

-bash-2.05b$

 

注意上面的server.req檔,我們來看看它的內容:

-bash-2.05b$ cat server.req

Certificate Request:

    Data:

        Version: 0 (0x0)

        Subject: C=CN, ST=Guang Zhou, L=Shen Zhen, O=Open Source Organization, OU=technical, CN=www.9812.net/Email=openunix@163.com

        Subject Public Key Info:

            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption

            RSA Public Key: (1024 bit)

                Modulus (1024 bit):

                    00:a5:30:9a:ef:75:9f:40:40:ee:90:4e:06:f7:f7:

                    0b:de:97:d0:1a:2e:48:ef:4c:7b:c2:cd:f2:f4:30:

                    1b:f4:c7:9d:65:7a:53:d7:d7:7c:ea:25:8f:be:b0:

                    57:f5:89:91:2e:80:4c:ff:f1:96:1e:42:06:01:64:

                    9f:98:69:24:c1:7f:e6:0c:a5:ae:b9:9c:4c:29:db:

                    a3:a3:3d:76:da:89:c0:33:29:c5:a5:8b:7a:e1:e5:

                    f4:3b:f3:7d:54:d4:65:fa:c8:c0:1c:11:07:1c:24:

                    03:8e:f0:61:d9:70:cf:fa:dd:e2:04:4a:31:c2:63:

                    2a:5f:44:ec:48:68:30:44:8d

                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)

        Attributes:

            challengePassword        :chen

            unstructuredName         :netkiller

    Signature Algorithm: md5WithRSAEncryption

        09:4a:1c:e5:87:7a:9c:6f:69:ed:cd:11:8d:b6:bc:da:e0:4a:

        f5:7a:33:70:0d:5f:28:63:82:79:39:6b:a5:ae:02:7b:87:cb:

        86:74:2e:2b:eb:ec:23:3b:dc:02:25:29:02:74:e7:92:76:ed:

        34:e1:63:e9:ef:dc:12:33:31:84:31:ce:b3:d4:f2:49:92:a5:

        2c:5e:0a:3d:73:f8:1f:95:8f:71:f9:2d:ee:eb:4a:9c:8c:13:

        a5:26:a2:d2:49:c3:7e:69:c7:1b:73:bb:59:8d:9c:bf:dd:ac:

        4b:c4:41:02:b1:3c:a6:c9:c9:eb:00:b3:75:2d:e2:ab:29:b3:

        85:75

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----

MIICFzCCAYACAQAwgacxCzAJBgNVBAYTAkNOMRMwEQYDVQQIEwpHdWFuZyBaaG91

MRIwEAYDVQQHEwlTaGVuIFpoZW4xITAfBgNVBAoTGE9wZW4gU291cmNlIE9yZ2Fu

aXphdGlvbjESMBAGA1UECxMJdGVjaG5pY2FsMRUwEwYDVQQDEwx3d3cuOTgxMi5u

ZXQxITAfBgkqhkiG9w0BCQEWEm5ldGtpbGxlckA5ODEyLm5ldDCBnzANBgkqhkiG

9w0BAQEFAAOBjQAwgYkCgYEApTCa73WfQEDukE4G9/cL3pfQGi5I70x7ws3y9DAb

9MedZXpT19d86iWPvrBX9YmRLoBM//GWHkIGAWSfmGkkwX/mDKWuuZxMKdujoz12

2onAMynFpYt64eX0O/N9VNRl+sjAHBEHHCQDjvBh2XDP+t3iBEoxwmMqX0TsSGgw

RI0CAwEAAaAvMBMGCSqGSIb3DQEJBzEGEwRjaGVuMBgGCSqGSIb3DQEJAjELEwlu

ZXRraWxsZXIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEEBQADgYEACUoc5Yd6nG9p7c0Rjba82uBK9Xoz

cA1fKGOCeTlrpa4Ce4fLhnQuK+vsIzvcAiUpAnTnknbtNOFj6e/cEjMxhDHOs9Ty

SZKlLF4KPXP4H5WPcfkt7utKnIwTpSai0knDfmnHG3O7WY2cv92sS8RBArE8psnJ

6wCzdS3iqymzhXU=

-----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----

 

2.         生產秘鑰檔:

-bash-2.05b$ openssl rsa -in privkey.pem -out server.key

read RSA key

Enter PEM pass phrase:

writing RSA key

-bash-2.05b$ ls

base    pg_clog      pg_ident.conf  pg_xlog          postmaster.opts  privkey.pem  server.req

global  pg_hba.conf  PG_VERSION     postgresql.conf  postmaster.pid   server.key

-bash-2.05b$

 

注意上面的privkey.pem server.key檔,我們來看看它們的內容:

-bash-2.05b$ cat privkey.pem

-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED

DEK-Info: DES-EDE3-CBC,EE59B06E786A2FCA

 

C8RnlMX5tF7CRdx/jxHk/2D4SUu+PVNfphwDbsytmUJIx5qMQAHxCy+NdIDZX9L/

AWIwaShdwFOaP6CMwrzBav54DW1/IlbF688X3DA6xUY1+ZvV4RU4t1O6EhEPINth

1KBqgtSw8lnu6HQa6aIFvZ4f/Wqluk04ylGe4CLLW1xPQ36ntw3tFXPm3eIFl3wQ

lNxYjNTxSjA9x5IBzyJpaJJk27f+/WJARDkFKOwUn9J71lPC5yYybv6IG65xFg6/

kpLqfzx/wAaJxReB/EP95jLVkEmzyi6rqzsBLLgAl6mxGGN5kT34lfK4v9xuRWRz

J2AlBJnloq8NTE48N2g7N1UqHl0r3nNkLdfYEeq6th7d12hiSAcGECvSfhlWirsx

sFYcrAhBGCK+4OXjn717AYeAYw+/JPrX0ZuDVFogVKNB9x/S15+y8yh2AgIUjpJ/

BOZ3LCxXyFznu4yBvxNoTOJT2xWuAXVk5AI3UftOfBAvRZdayAwh6LdoNG77ead1

hNwIAvS5LUiLG8KeAbQHlJuh51YCpmEBCsTqrZybMNoEAiCg0Gn/5tE5cfVmH3Ei

LjhCTtRJ6oGx6dsYaY4A1Jt1+B8DMNnRTez8NN5D2+4wasr4dTYwsRXRyqMCPZJH

+z8m6zautVoHlhGQhRxO4ZcBunyJrdW5XQBGfAcUbp1xORCvqP+SW8Z4wDyu2Sk+

MlxPL1T4P3xEANG7hOlsabBiQ2kyCq1iiJCHBlfXxIm86c1ffRYTrdB+PoFyyaII

ErS68kMbv+Y5Tr+X3Ml1AMNEEU5YAn/O1wSoL5Cz0nIpKeknKAl/vA==

-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

 

-bash-2.05b$ cat server.key

-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

MIICXAIBAAKBgQClMJrvdZ9AQO6QTgb39wvel9AaLkjvTHvCzfL0MBv0x51lelPX

13zqJY++sFf1iZEugEz/8ZYeQgYBZJ+YaSTBf+YMpa65nEwp26OjPXbaicAzKcWl

i3rh5fQ7831U1GX6yMAcEQccJAOO8GHZcM/63eIESjHCYypfROxIaDBEjQIDAQAB

AoGABMbGBByLkUkPXN7UtsDO+A29t7QU6c51Wamo18S4WjiXZYLG/9u8Qez6HhJt

SK1EpGqTT2dF5vQTxmCJeNe5d078YIFCbIQckgG2hLSsRyV8QclSguJLC5Tgvzua

tTFdVH50UbyAtkifiR3wt5qBuIjtxz/v0ePJ2EdhcdCAqQUCQQDUarpjOof/hTKb

wwOyJIVDycQs27dF+LiGD6YxD97WC6iZR5u7YukqzJk+GXi9EbjdQzybkp1oxDuF

LQAFXJoDAkEAxxVCo1MgYiKtc2lqSr/q2j1R//sPQq5ajv7pvU1WGhx3xS2iZt9l

/jzNx6ZUG7hxd5gi6G6I3UFAFoOLq06qLwJAPT7InvOxYqs0/FQuLJ77DaCPP5/a

KAKesYixklPRHEYgRpGvBUhvkjeLt6wAdAM4GhPY1cJgQGTUBIIFD4azoQJAVjap

xgrwoi78SFelVTupW9tkUGOL50eUJgrUdEsyd1pOr9AkXUJva9svDj/EesC0OqNi

sp9zm8VvGJDdAlGttwJBAMEnnl9ZGglIBRbS7srVLHhXFYs+xkQgTW6bvcQ+aW+G

MW/vpVcsFzSuaAtlBVoZ1ltCRGPSbVgQkp14yqGITQg=

-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

 

上面的privkey.pem server.key檔內容一看就知道是BASE64編碼的,我對它的內容也很好奇,將它解碼看看內容是什麼:

0?\[1][1]?u@N ?.H{巒螋0羥漞zS|?従癢鯄?L lang=ZH-TW style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW'>駯Bdi$??ギ箿L)?v?)鈕媧徨?T?$


a賞銷葩
J1*_Dh0D?
[1]



I\拊獨硒椒?uY啄竄8梕偲 lang=ZH-TW style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW'>奐AmHgE芵墄墜wN黗丅l??秳船G%|A蒖傗K ?1]T~tQ紑禜焿鴟殎笀砬?鋂閔溪aq?[1]A詊篶:??
?匔贍,E?? Gb?>x?C<洅漢??\?[1]A?B b"ijJ?Q lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW'>?B罌廅榻MVw??w?鑞堓A@儖玁?[1]@=>葹蟊b?.,烕爮?([1]灡埍扴?F FHo?t
8卣耟@d???@V6 .W;PcG? K2wZN$]Bok?
?膠來:so[1]Q[1]A?Y H翌收,xW? Mn?io?oW,4 eZ諿BDcXx省圡

看來是二制的,哈哈。

3.         產生證書檔:

-bash-2.05b$ openssl req -x509 -in server.req -text -key server.key -out server. crt

Using configuration from /usr/share/ssl/openssl.cnf

-bash-2.05b$

-bash-2.05b$ cat server.crt

Certificate:

    Data:

        Version: 3 (0x2)

        Serial Number: 0 (0x0)

        Signature Algorithm: md5WithRSAEncryption

        Issuer: C=CN, ST=Guang Zhou, L=Shen Zhen, O=Open Source Organization, OU=technical, CN=www.9812.net/Email=openunix@163.com

        Validity

            Not Before: Oct 25 01:13:05 2003 GMT

            Not After : Nov 24 01:13:05 2003 GMT

        Subject: C=CN, ST=Guang Zhou, L=Shen Zhen, O=Open Source Organization, OU=technical, CN=www.9812.net/Email=openunix@163.com

        Subject Public Key Info:

            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption

            RSA Public Key: (1024 bit)

                Modulus (1024 bit):

                    00:a5:30:9a:ef:75:9f:40:40:ee:90:4e:06:f7:f7:

                    0b:de:97:d0:1a:2e:48:ef:4c:7b:c2:cd:f2:f4:30:

                    1b:f4:c7:9d:65:7a:53:d7:d7:7c:ea:25:8f:be:b0:

                    57:f5:89:91:2e:80:4c:ff:f1:96:1e:42:06:01:64:

                    9f:98:69:24:c1:7f:e6:0c:a5:ae:b9:9c:4c:29:db:

                    a3:a3:3d:76:da:89:c0:33:29:c5:a5:8b:7a:e1:e5:

                    f4:3b:f3:7d:54:d4:65:fa:c8:c0:1c:11:07:1c:24:

                    03:8e:f0:61:d9:70:cf:fa:dd:e2:04:4a:31:c2:63:

                    2a:5f:44:ec:48:68:30:44:8d

                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)

        X509v3 extensions:

            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:

                93:4F:D5:41:4A:CA:A2:83:19:C3:5D:BE:58:E6:45:70:7E:95:A5:0A

            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:

                keyid:93:4F:D5:41:4A:CA:A2:83:19:C3:5D:BE:58:E6:45:70:7E:95:A5:0A

                DirName:/C=CN/ST=Guang Zhou/L=Shen Zhen/O=Open Source Organization/OU=technical/CN=www.9812.net/Email=openunix@163.com

                serial:00

 

            X509v3 Basic Constraints:

                CA:TRUE

    Signature Algorithm: md5WithRSAEncryption

        3f:f1:99:89:37:ec:1b:80:e2:c6:3a:8e:ed:e8:94:b8:70:10:

        34:1c:9a:ef:f7:be:b7:05:51:f4:a2:cb:03:4e:f4:dd:6f:73:

        51:49:d2:91:fc:eb:40:3c:30:54:b6:f0:aa:a1:e8:d4:33:b2:

        9b:d0:0e:0d:b4:4b:65:c5:ae:bf:ed:fa:ff:1c:e6:1d:aa:41:

        4f:da:76:7a:57:7d:8d:f5:1b:17:65:fc:63:4f:db:dd:45:33:

        3d:e7:c9:dd:e8:d6:8d:6f:a5:d7:97:da:7f:cf:09:15:ab:2f:

        0a:f3:70:e0:d0:d3:50:90:05:78:92:ac:8a:17:78:23:b7:66:

        c6:55

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----

MIID0DCCAzmgAwIBAgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQQFADCBpzELMAkGA1UEBhMCQ04x

EzARBgNVBAgTCkd1YW5nIFpob3UxEjAQBgNVBAcTCVNoZW4gWmhlbjEhMB8GA1UE

ChMYT3BlbiBTb3VyY2UgT3JnYW5pemF0aW9uMRIwEAYDVQQLEwl0ZWNobmljYWwx

FTATBgNVBAMTDHd3dy45ODEyLm5ldDEhMB8GCSqGSIb3DQEJARYSbmV0a2lsbGVy

QDk4MTIubmV0MB4XDTAzMTAyNTAxMTMwNVoXDTAzMTEyNDAxMTMwNVowgacxCzAJ

BgNVBAYTAkNOMRMwEQYDVQQIEwpHdWFuZyBaaG91MRIwEAYDVQQHEwlTaGVuIFpo

ZW4xITAfBgNVBAoTGE9wZW4gU291cmNlIE9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjESMBAGA1UECxMJ

dGVjaG5pY2FsMRUwEwYDVQQDEwx3d3cuOTgxMi5uZXQxITAfBgkqhkiG9w0BCQEW

Em5ldGtpbGxlckA5ODEyLm5ldDCBnzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOBjQAwgYkCgYEA

pTCa73WfQEDukE4G9/cL3pfQGi5I70x7ws3y9DAb9MedZXpT19d86iWPvrBX9YmR

LoBM//GWHkIGAWSfmGkkwX/mDKWuuZxMKdujoz122onAMynFpYt64eX0O/N9VNRl

+sjAHBEHHCQDjvBh2XDP+t3iBEoxwmMqX0TsSGgwRI0CAwEAAaOCAQgwggEEMB0G

A1UdDgQWBBSTT9VBSsqigxnDXb5Y5kVwfpWlCjCB1AYDVR0jBIHMMIHJgBSTT9VB

SsqigxnDXb5Y5kVwfpWlCqGBraSBqjCBpzELMAkGA1UEBhMCQ04xEzARBgNVBAgT

Ckd1YW5nIFpob3UxEjAQBgNVBAcTCVNoZW4gWmhlbjEhMB8GA1UEChMYT3BlbiBT

b3VyY2UgT3JnYW5pemF0aW9uMRIwEAYDVQQLEwl0ZWNobmljYWwxFTATBgNVBAMT

DHd3dy45ODEyLm5ldDEhMB8GCSqGSIb3DQEJARYSbmV0a2lsbGVyQDk4MTIubmV0

ggEAMAwGA1UdEwQFMAMBAf8wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEEBQADgYEAP/GZiTfsG4DixjqO

7eiUuHAQNBya7/e+twVR9KLLA0703W9zUUnSkfzrQDwwVLbwqqHo1DOym9AODbRL

ZcWuv+36/xzmHapBT9p2eld9jfUbF2X8Y0/b3UUzPefJ3ejWjW+l15faf88JFasv

CvNw4NDTUJAFeJKsihd4I7dmxlU=

-----END CERTIFICATE-----

-bash-2.05b$

 

4.         許可權方面:

刪除rm privkey.pem文件,server.key許可權設為600

-bash-2.05b$ rm privkey.pem

-bash-2.05b$ chmod og-rwx server.key

-bash-2.05b$ ls -l

total 56

drwx------   10 postgres postgres     4096 Oct 23 12:03 base

drwx------    2 postgres postgres     4096 Oct 25 08:35 global

drwx------    2 postgres postgres     4096 Jul  8 17:01 pg_clog

-rw-------    1 postgres postgres     2714 Jul  8 17:57 pg_hba.conf

-rw-------    1 postgres postgres     1441 Jul  8 17:01 pg_ident.conf

-rw-------    1 postgres postgres        4 Jul  8 17:01 PG_VERSION

drwx------    2 postgres postgres     4096 Oct 15 01:03 pg_xlog

-rw-------    1 postgres postgres     5336 Oct 24 17:01 postgresql.conf

-rw-------    1 postgres postgres       32 Oct 25 08:35 postmaster.opts

-rw-------    1 postgres postgres       44 Oct 25 08:35 postmaster.pid

-rw-r--r--    1 postgres postgres     3670 Oct 25 09:13 server.crt

-rw-------    1 postgres postgres      887 Oct 25 09:04 server.key

-rw-r--r--    1 postgres postgres     2377 Oct 25 08:59 server.req

-bash-2.05b$

 

5.         配置postgresql.conf文件:

開啟SSL。將#ssl = false改為ssl = true

-bash-2.05b$ vi postgresql.conf

ssl = true

 

我的postgresql.conf文件:

-bash-2.05b$ cat postgresql.conf

#

# PostgreSQL configuration file

# -----------------------------

#

# This file consists of lines of the form:

#

#   name = value

#

# (The '=' is optional.) White space may be used. Comments are introduced

# with '#' anywhere on a line. The complete list of option names and

# allowed values can be found in the PostgreSQL documentation. The

# commented-out settings shown in this file represent the default values.

#

# Any option can also be given as a command line switch to the

# postmaster, e.g. 'postmaster -c log_connections=on'. Some options

# can be changed at run-time with the 'SET' SQL command.

#

# This file is read on postmaster startup and when the postmaster

# receives a SIGHUP. If you edit the file on a running system, you have

# to SIGHUP the postmaster for the changes to take effect, or use

# "pg_ctl reload".

 

 

#========================================================================

 

 

#

#       Connection Parameters

#

#tcpip_socket = false

 

tcpip_socket = true

 

#ssl = false

ssl = true

 

#max_connections = 32

max_connections = 100

#superuser_reserved_connections = 2

 

#port = 5432

#hostname_lookup = false

#show_source_port = false

 

#unix_socket_directory = ''

#unix_socket_group = ''

#unix_socket_permissions = 0777 # octal

 

#virtual_host = ''

 

#krb_server_keyfile = ''

 

 

#

#       Shared Memory Size

#

#shared_buffers = 64            # min max_connections*2 or 16, 8KB each

shared_buffers = 200            # min max_connections*2 or 16, 8KB each

#max_fsm_relations = 1000       # min 10, fsm is free space map, ~40 bytes

#max_fsm_pages = 10000          # min 1000, fsm is free space map, ~6 bytes

#max_locks_per_transaction = 64 # min 10

#wal_buffers = 8                # min 4, typically 8KB each

 

#

#       Non-shared Memory Sizes

#

#sort_mem = 1024                # min 64, size in KB

#vacuum_mem = 8192              # min 1024, size in KB

 

 

#

#       Write-ahead log (WAL)

#

#checkpoint_segments = 3        # in logfile segments, min 1, 16MB each

#checkpoint_timeout = 300       # range 30-3600, in seconds

#

#commit_delay = 0               # range 0-100000, in microseconds

#commit_siblings = 5            # range 1-1000

#

#fsync = true

#wal_sync_method = fsync        # the default varies across platforms:

#                               # fsync, fdatasync, open_sync, or open_datasync

#wal_debug = 0                  # range 0-16

 

 

#

#       Optimizer Parameters

#

#enable_seqscan = true

#enable_indexscan = true

#enable_tidscan = true

#enable_sort = true

#enable_nestloop = true

#enable_mergejoin = true

#enable_hashjoin = true

 

#effective_cache_size = 1000    # typically 8KB each

#random_page_cost = 4           # units are one sequential page fetch cost

#cpu_tuple_cost = 0.01          # (same)

#cpu_index_tuple_cost = 0.001   # (same)

#cpu_operator_cost = 0.0025     # (same)

 

#default_statistics_target = 10 # range 1-1000

 

#

#       GEQO Optimizer Parameters

#

#geqo = true

#geqo_selection_bias = 2.0      # range 1.5-2.0

#geqo_threshold = 11

#geqo_pool_size = 0             # default based on tables in statement,

                                # range 128-1024

#geqo_effort = 1

#geqo_generations = 0

#geqo_random_seed = -1          # auto-compute seed

 

 

#

#       Message display

#

#server_min_messages = notice   # Values, in order of decreasing detail:

                                #   debug5, debug4, debug3, debug2, debug1,

                                #   info, notice, warning, error, log, fatal,

                                #   panic

#client_min_messages = notice   # Values, in order of decreasing detail:

                                #   debug5, debug4, debug3, debug2, debug1,

                                #   log, info, notice, warning, error

#silent_mode = false

 

#log_connections = false

#log_pid = false

#log_statement = false

#log_duration = false

#log_timestamp = false

 

#log_min_error_statement = panic # Values in order of increasing severity:

                                 #   debug5, debug4, debug3, debug2, debug1,

                                 #   info, notice, warning, error, panic(off)

 

#debug_print_parse = false

#debug_print_rewritten = false

#debug_print_plan = false

#debug_pretty_print = false

 

#explain_pretty_print = true

 

# requires USE_ASSERT_CHECKING

#debug_assertions = true

 

 

#

#       Syslog

#

#syslog = 0                     # range 0-2

#syslog_facility = 'LOCAL0'

#syslog_ident = 'postgres'

 

 

#

#       Statistics

#

#show_parser_stats = false

#show_planner_stats = false

#show_executor_stats = false

#show_statement_stats = false

 

# requires BTREE_BUILD_STATS

#show_btree_build_stats = false

 

 

#

#       Access statistics collection

#

#stats_start_collector = true

#stats_reset_on_server_start = true

#stats_command_string = false

#stats_row_level = false

#stats_block_level = false

 

 

#

#       Lock Tracing

#

#trace_notify = false

 

# requires LOCK_DEBUG

#trace_locks = false

#trace_userlocks = false

#trace_lwlocks = false

#debug_deadlocks = false

#trace_lock_oidmin = 16384

#trace_lock_table = 0

 

 

#

#       Misc

#

#autocommit = true

#dynamic_library_path = '$libdir'

#search_path = '$user,public'

#datestyle = 'iso, us'

#timezone = unknown             # actually, defaults to TZ environment setting

#australian_timezones = false

#client_encoding = sql_ascii    # actually, defaults to database encoding

#authentication_timeout = 60    # 1-600, in seconds

#deadlock_timeout = 1000        # in milliseconds

#default_transaction_isolation = 'read committed'

#max_expr_depth = 10000         # min 10

#max_files_per_process = 1000   # min 25

#password_encryption = true

#sql_inheritance = true

#transform_null_equals = false

#statement_timeout = 0          # 0 is disabled, in milliseconds

#db_user_namespace = false

 

 

 

#

#       Locale settings

#

# (initialized by initdb -- may be changed)

LC_MESSAGES = 'en_US.UTF-8'

LC_MONETARY = 'en_US.UTF-8'

LC_NUMERIC = 'en_US.UTF-8'

LC_TIME = 'en_US.UTF-8'

 

6.         測試SSL

[root@linux root]# psql -h 127.0.0.1 -Uchen member

Welcome to psql 7.3.3, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.

 

Type:  \copyright for distribution terms

       \h for help with SQL commands

       \? for help on internal slash commands

       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query

       \q to quit

 

member=> \q

[root@linux root]# service postgresql restart

                                                     [  OK  ]

Starting postgresql service:                               [  OK  ]

[root@linux root]

[root@linux root]# psql -h 127.0.0.1 -Uchen member

Welcome to psql 7.3.3, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.

 

Type:  \copyright for distribution terms

       \h for help with SQL commands

       \? for help on internal slash commands

       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query

       \q to quit

 

SSL connection (cipher: EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA, bits: 168)

 

member=>

 

登陸後下方顯示SSL connection (cipher: EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA, bits: 168)恭喜你成功了!

 

伺服器將在同一個 TCP 埠上同時監聽標準的和SSL的聯接,並且將與任何正在聯接的用戶端進行協商,協商是否使用SSL.參閱 Chapter 19 獲取如何強制伺服器端只使用SSL進行某些聯接的資訊.這段引用http://www.pgsqldb.org/pgsqldoc-cvs/ssl-tcp.html

 

7.         配置pg_hba.conf強制使用SSL聯接:

-bash-2.05b$ vi pg_hba.conf

hostssl    all         all         127.0.0.1         255.255.255.255   md5

 

8.         連接測試:

[root@linux8 root]# service postgresql restart

                                                     [  OK  ]

Starting postgresql service:                               [  OK  ]

[root@linux8 root]# psql -h 127.0.0.1 -Uchen member

Welcome to psql 7.3.3, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.

 

Type:  \copyright for distribution terms

       \h for help with SQL commands

       \? for help on internal slash commands

       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query

       \q to quit

 

SSL connection (cipher: EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA, bits: 168)

 

member=>

 

我的pg_hba.conf文件:

-bash-2.05b$ cat pg_hba.conf

# PostgreSQL Client Authentication Configuration File

# ===================================================

#

# Refer to the PostgreSQL Administrator's Guide, chapter "Client

# Authentication" for a complete description.  A short synopsis

# follows.

#

# This file controls: which hosts are allowed to connect, how clients

# are authenticated, which PostgreSQL user names they can use, which

# databases they can access.  Records take one of three forms:

#

# local    DATABASE  USER  METHOD  [OPTION]

# host     DATABASE  USER  IP-ADDRESS  IP-MASK  METHOD  [OPTION]

# hostssl  DATABASE  USER  IP-ADDRESS  IP-MASK  METHOD  [OPTION]

#

# (The uppercase quantities should be replaced by actual values.)

# DATABASE can be "all", "sameuser", "samegroup", a database name (or

# a comma-separated list thereof), or a file name prefixed with "@".

# USER can be "all", an actual user name or a group name prefixed with

# "+" or a list containing either.  IP-ADDRESS and IP-MASK specify the

# set of hosts the record matches.  METHOD can be "trust", "reject",

# "md5", "crypt", "password", "krb4", "krb5", "ident", or "pam".  Note

# that "password" uses clear-text passwords; "md5" is preferred for

# encrypted passwords.  OPTION is the ident map or the name of the PAM

# service.

#

# This file is read on server startup and when the postmaster receives

# a SIGHUP signal.  If you edit the file on a running system, you have

# to SIGHUP the postmaster for the changes to take effect, or use

# "pg_ctl reload".

 

# Put your actual configuration here

# ----------------------------------

#

# CAUTION: The default configuration allows any local user to connect

# using any PostgreSQL user name, including the superuser, over either

# Unix-domain sockets or TCP/IP.  If you are on a multiple-user

# machine, the default configuration is probably too liberal for you.

# Change it to use something other than "trust" authentication.

#

# If you want to allow non-local connections, you need to add more

# "host" records.  Also, remember TCP/IP connections are only enabled

# if you enable "tcpip_socket" in postgresql.conf.

 

# TYPE  DATABASE    USER        IP-ADDRESS        IP-MASK           METHOD

 

local   all         all                                             trust

host    all         all         127.0.0.1         255.255.255.255   trust

 

# Using sockets credentials for improved security. Not available everywhere,

# but works on Linux, *BSD (and probably some others)

 

#local  all     all             ident   sameuser

#host    all         all         127.0.0.1         255.255.255.255   md5

#local   all         all                                             trust

#host    all         all         0.0.0.0           0.0.0.0           md5

hostssl    all         all         127.0.0.1         255.255.255.255   md5

 

9.         注意事項:

1.         秘鑰和證書(server.keyserver.crt)必須放在data目前中,即與postgresql.conf同在一個目錄中

2.         server.key許可權必須設為600,所有者為postgres,否則會提示你許可權或用戶、組不正確。

3.         刪除privkey.pem文件

2.9.2   使用SSH進行安全TCP/IP聯接

SSH幫助資訊,注意-L-R兩個參數:

[chen@linux chen]$ ssh --help

Usage: ssh [options] host [command]

Options:

  -l user     Log in using this user name.

  -n          Redirect input from /dev/null.

  -F config   Config file (default: ~/.ssh/config).

  -A          Enable authentication agent forwarding.

  -a          Disable authentication agent forwarding (default).

  -X          Enable X11 connection forwarding.

  -x          Disable X11 connection forwarding (default).

  -i file     Identity for public key authentication (default: ~/.ssh/identity)

  -t          Tty; allocate a tty even if command is given.

  -T          Do not allocate a tty.

  -v          Verbose; display verbose debugging messages.

              Multiple -v increases verbosity.

  -V          Display version number only.

  -P          Don't allocate a privileged port.

  -q          Quiet; don't display any warning messages.

  -f          Fork into background after authentication.

  -e char     Set escape character; ``none'' = disable (default: ~).

  -c cipher   Select encryption algorithm

  -m macs     Specify MAC algorithms for protocol version 2.

  -p port     Connect to this port.  Server must be on the same port.

  -L listen-port:host:port   Forward local port to remote address

  -R listen-port:host:port   Forward remote port to local address

              These cause ssh to listen for connections on a port, and

              forward them to the other side by connecting to host:port.

  -D port     Enable dynamic application-level port forwarding.

  -C          Enable compression.

  -N          Do not execute a shell or command.

  -g          Allow remote hosts to connect to forwarded ports.

  -1          Force protocol version 1.

  -2          Force protocol version 2.

  -4          Use IPv4 only.

  -6          Use IPv6 only.

  -o 'option' Process the option as if it was read from a configuration file.

  -s          Invoke command (mandatory) as SSH2 subsystem.

  -b addr     Local IP address.

 

說明:

  -L listen-port:host:port   轉發本地埠到遠端位址

  -R listen-port:host:port   轉發遠端埠到本地位址

使用方法:

ssh –L 本地埠:連接PostgreSQLhost:5432 登錄用戶@要轉發的遠端主機

[root@linux8 root]# ssh –L 3333:localhost:5432 root@127.0.0.1

root@127.0.0.1’s password:

Last login: Sat Oct 25 09:27:30 2003 from 192.168.1.2

[root@linux8 root]# psql –p3333 –Uchen

psql: could not connect to server: No such file or directory

        Is the server running locally and accepting

        Connections on Unix domain socket “/tmp/.s.PGSQL.3333”?

[root@linux8 root]# psql –p3333 –Uchen member

psql: could not connect to server: No such file or directory

        Is the server running locally and accepting

        Connections on Unix domain socket “/tmp/.s.PGSQL.3333”?

[root@linux8 root]# psql –h 127.0.0.1 –p3333 –Uchen member

Welcome to psql 7.3.3, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.

 

Type:  \copyright for distribution terms

       \h for help with SQL commands

       \? For help on internal slash commands

       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query

       \q to quit

 

SSL connection (cipher: EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA, bits: 168)

 

Member=>

注意:我上面用了SSH+SSL。伺服器àSSHàSSL-------Fast Ethernet------ SSLàSSHà用戶端

 

實例:

請看上面圖片,現在假設server1應用伺服器,server2是資料庫資料伺服器。現在要從server1連接通過SSH連接server2

server1環境:

       IP192.168.0.1

       功能變數名稱:client.9812.net

server2環境:

       IP192.168.0.2

       功能變數名稱:server.9812.net

SSH命令:

       登陸server1輸入命令

       server1$ ssh -f –n –L 8000:server.9812.net:5432 server.9812.net

       server1$ psql –h 127.0.0.1 –p 8000 –Unetkiller mydb

2.10       連接ipv6主機

控制臺1

login as: root

Sent username "root"

root@192.168.1.4's password:

Last login: Sun Dec 28 13:07:40 2003 from 192.168.1.3

[root@linux9 root]# ifconfig

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:09:0B:60

          inet addr:192.168.1.4  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0

          inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe09:b60/64 Scope:Link

          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1

          RX packets:34364 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0

          TX packets:29074 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0

          collisions:0 txqueuelen:100

          RX bytes:22502007 (21.4 Mb)  TX bytes:3561608 (3.3 Mb)

          Interrupt:10 Base address:0x10e0

 

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback

          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0

          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host

          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1

          RX packets:114 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0

          TX packets:114 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0

          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0

          RX bytes:10918 (10.6 Kb)  TX bytes:10918 (10.6 Kb)

 

[root@linux9 root]# ifconfig eth0 inet6 add 3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1/64

[root@linux9 root]# ifconfig

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:09:0B:60

          inet addr:192.168.1.4  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0

          inet6 addr: 3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1/64 Scope:Global

          inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe09:b60/64 Scope:Link

          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1

          RX packets:34392 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0

          TX packets:29106 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0

          collisions:0 txqueuelen:100

          RX bytes:22503903 (21.4 Mb)  TX bytes:3565060 (3.3 Mb)

          Interrupt:10 Base address:0x10e0

 

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback

          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0

          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host

          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1

          RX packets:114 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0

          TX packets:114 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0

          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0

          RX bytes:10918 (10.6 Kb)  TX bytes:10918 (10.6 Kb)

 

[root@linux9 root]#

[root@linux9 root]# ping6 3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1

PING 3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1(3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1) 56 data bytes

64 bytes from 3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.863 ms

64 bytes from 3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.099 ms

64 bytes from 3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.086 ms

64 bytes from 3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.080 ms

64 bytes from 3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.124 ms

 

--- 3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1 ping statistics ---

5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4011ms

rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.080/0.250/0.863/0.307 ms

[root@linux9 root]#

 

測試

[root@linux classes]# ssh -6 chen@::1

chen@::1's password:

[chen@linux chen]$

 

 

控制臺2

[root@linux9 root]# service postgresql start

Initializing database:                                     [  OK  ]

Starting postgresql service:                               [  OK  ]

[root@linux9 root]# su postgres

bash-2.05b$ createdb -E unicode

CREATE DATABASE

bash-2.05b$ psql -l

        List of databases

   Name    |  Owner   | Encoding

-----------+----------+-----------

 postgres  | postgres | UNICODE

 template0 | postgres | SQL_ASCII

 template1 | postgres | SQL_ASCII

(3 rows)

 

bash-2.05b$ psql

Welcome to psql 7.3.2, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.

 

Type:  \copyright for distribution terms

       \h for help with SQL commands

       \? for help on internal slash commands

       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query

       \q to quit

 

postgres=# \q

 

配置pg_hba.conf

 

bash-2.05b$ vi /var/lib/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf

local  all      all             ident   sameuser

host   all      all     3ffe:ffff:0:f101::1/64   trust

 

 

3       資料定義(DDL

3.1    日期時間常量

3.1.1   當前日期

current_date

netkiller=> select current_date;

    date

------------

 2003-11-28

(1 row)

 

netkiller=>

 

3.1.2   當前時間

current_time

netkiller=> select current_time;

       timetz

--------------------

 19:38:47.270235+08

(1 row)

 

netkiller=>

 

3.1.3   當前日期時間

current_timestamp

netkiller=> select current_timestamp;

          timestamptz

-------------------------------

 2003-11-28 19:39:25.548505+08

(1 row)

 

netkiller=>

3.1.4   除去時區

1.         current_timestamp::timestamp (0)

2.         current_timestamp::timestamp (0) without time zone;

netkiller=> select current_timestamp::timestamp (0);

      timestamp

---------------------

 2003-11-28 19:44:33

(1 row)

 

netkiller=>

netkiller=> select current_timestamp::timestamp (0) without time zone;

      timestamp

---------------------

 2003-11-28 19:40:10

(1 row)

 

netkiller=>

3.1.5   計算時間差

netkiller=> select to_date('2003-12-2','YYYY-MM-DD')-to_date('2003-12-1','YYYY-MM-DD');

?column?

----------

1

(1 row)

 

netkiller=>

netkiller=> select to_date('2003-12-2','YYYY-MM-DD')-to_date('2003-10-2','YYYY-MM-DD');

?column?

----------

61

(1 row)

3.1.6   計算時間和

netkiller=> select to_date('2003-12-6','yyyy-mm-dd')+12 ;
?column?
------------
2003-12-18
(1 row)

netkiller=> select to_date('2003-12-6','yyyy-mm-dd')+20 ;
?column?
------------
2003-12-26
(1 row)

3.1.7   date_part

netkiller=> select date_part('epoch', '2003-12-3 10:20:30' - timestamp '2003-12-1 02:00:00') ;

 date_part

-----------

    202830

(1 row)

 

netkiller=> select date_part('day', '2003-12-3 10:20:30' - timestamp '2003-12-1 02:00:00') ;

 date_part

-----------

         2

(1 row)

 

netkiller=> select date_part('hour', '2003-12-3 10:20:30' - timestamp '2003-12-1 02:00:00') ;

date_part

-----------

         8

(1 row)

 

netkiller=>

詳細使用方法請參考http://www.pgsqldb.org上的文檔。

3.2    漢字做欄位名

PostgreSQL是支援“區域”,“字元集支援”的,允許你使用本區域的字元集做為欄位名。但要注意,你的終端要支援該字元集支援。我這裏使用UNICODEEUC_CN也適用。

 

Create table ""(

       "序號" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       "組名" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,

       "描述" Varchar(255),

       UNIQUE ("組名"),

      PRIMARY KEY ("序號")

);

 

創建表:

member=> Create table ""(

member(> "序號" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

member(> "組名" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,

member(> "描述" Varchar(255),

member(> UNIQUE ("組名"),

member(>  PRIMARY KEY ("序號")

member(> );

NOTICE:  CREATE TABLE will create implicit sequence '_序號_seq' for SERIAL column '.序號'

NOTICE:  CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index '_pkey' for table ''

NOTICE:  CREATE TABLE / UNIQUE will create implicit index '_組名_key' for table ''

CREATE TABLE

member=> \d

               List of relations

 Schema |        Name        |   Type   | Owner

--------+--------------------+----------+-------

 public | group              | table    | chen

 public | group_id_seq       | sequence | chen

 public | groupmember        | table    | chen

 public | groupmember_id_seq | sequence | chen

 public | role               | table    | chen

 public | role_id_seq        | sequence | chen

 public | rolemember         | table    | chen

 public | rolemember_id_seq  | sequence | chen

 public | system_log         | table    | chen

 public | system_log_id_seq  | sequence | chen

 public | trust              | table    | chen

 public | trust_id_seq       | sequence | chen

 public | user               | table    | chen

 public | user_id_seq        | sequence | chen

 public | user_log           | table    | chen

 public | user_log_id_seq    | sequence | chen

 public | userinfo           | table    | chen

 public | userinfo_id_seq    | sequence | chen

 public | vgroup             | view     | chen

 public | vgroupmember       | view     | chen

 public | vsystem_log        | view     | chen

 public | vuser              | view     | chen

 public |                 | table    | chen

 public | _序號_seq     | sequence | chen

(24 rows)

 

查看表結構:

 

member=> \d

                                     Table "public."

 Column |          Type          |                         Modifiers           

--------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------

 序號 | integer                | not null default nextval('public."_序號_seq"'::text)

 組名 | character varying(20)  | not null

 描述 | character varying(255) |

Indexes: _pkey primary key btree ("序號"),

         _組名_key unique btree ("組名")

 

插入資料:

member=> insert into (組名,描述) values('域用戶','9812.net域內用戶');

INSERT 110971 1

member=> insert into ""("組名","描述") values('域用戶','9812.net域內用戶');

ERROR:  Cannot insert a duplicate key into unique index _組名_key

member=> insert into ""("組名","描述") values('電腦維護組','維護電腦的用戶用戶');

INSERT 110973 1

 

查看數據:

member=> select * from ;

 序號 |       組名       |             描述

--------+--------------------+--------------------------------

      1 | 域用戶          | 9812.net域內用戶

      3 | 電腦維護組 | 維護電腦的用戶用戶

(2 rows)

member=> select * from "";

 序號 |       組名       |             描述

--------+--------------------+--------------------------------

      1 | 域用戶          | 9812.net域內用戶

      3 | 電腦維護組 | 維護電腦的用戶用戶

(2 rows)

 

注:在操作非英文欄位的表時。建議最好前,後加上“"”,“"”符號。並非所有API支援非英文的編碼。

3.3    “::”資料轉換

PostgreSQL 資料之間的轉換可以使用“::”操作符。

3.3.1   text to varchar

vperson gender欄位為布林型(boolean)在視圖中要顯示為true顯示為“先生”,false顯示為“女士”CASE WHEN 運算式應該是:

CASE WHEN p.gender = true THEN '先生' ELSE '女士' END as gender,

直接使用'先生', '女士' PostgreSQL認為' '中間的字元為text類型,請看下面:

 

postgres=# CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vperson AS

postgres-#     SELECT p.uid,p.name,

postgres-#     CASE WHEN p.gender = true THEN '先生' ELSE '女士' END as gender,

postgres-#     p.nickname,p.mobile,p.tel,p.fax,p.email,p.province,p.city,p.addre

ss,p.postalcode

postgres-#     FROM "person" p

postgres-#     Order By p.uid;

CREATE VIEW

postgres=# \dv vperson

         List of relations

 Schema |  Name   | Type |  Owner

--------+---------+------+----------

 public | vperson | view | postgres

(1 row)

 

postgres=# \d person

                    Table "public.person"

   Column    |          Type          |      Modifiers

-------------+------------------------+----------------------

 uid         | integer                | not null default 0

 name        | character varying(20)  | not null

 gender      | boolean                | not null default 'F'

 nickname    | character varying(20)  |

 mobile      | character varying(13)  |

 tel         | character varying(20)  | not null

 fax         | character varying(20)  |

 email       | character varying(60)  |

 province    | character varying(10)  | not null

 city        | character varying(10)  | not null

 address     | character varying(255) | not null

 postalcode  | character varying(6)   | not null

 rate        | character varying(20)  | default '0'

 bank        | character varying(20)  | not null default ''

 bankaccount | character varying(20)  | not null default ''

Indexes: person_pkey primary key btree (uid)

Check constraints: "person_rate" ((((((rate = '0'::character varying) OR (rate = '1'::character varying)) OR (rate = '2'::character varying)) OR (rate = '3'::character varying)) OR (rate = '4'::character varying)) OR (rate = '5'::character varying))

 

postgres=#

postgres=# \d vperson

              View "public.vperson"

   Column   |          Type          | Modifiers

------------+------------------------+-----------

 uid        | integer                |

 name       | character varying(20)  |

 gender     | text                   |

 nickname   | character varying(20)  |

 mobile     | character varying(13)  |

 tel        | character varying(20)  |

 fax        | character varying(20)  |

 email      | character varying(60)  |

 province   | character varying(10)  |

 city       | character varying(10)  |

 address    | character varying(255) |

 postalcode | character varying(6)   |

View definition: SELECT p.uid, p.name, CASE WHEN (p.gender = true) THEN '先生'::

text ELSE '女士'::text END AS gender, p.nickname, p.mobile, p.tel, p.fax, p.emai

l, p.province, p.city, p.address, p.postalcode FROM person p ORDER BY p.uid;

 

 

使用“::”將test 轉為varchar

CASE WHEN p.gender = true THEN '先生'::varchar(2) ELSE '女士'::varchar(2) END as gender,

例:

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vperson AS

    SELECT p.uid,p.name,

           CASE WHEN p.gender = true THEN '先生'::varchar(2) ELSE '女士'::varchar(2) END as gender,

           p.nickname,p.mobile,p.tel,p.fax,p.email,p.province,p.city,p.address,p.postalcode

    FROM "person" p

    Order By p.uid;

postgres=# drop view vperson ;

DROP VIEW

postgres=# CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vperson AS

postgres-#     SELECT p.uid,p.name,

postgres-#     CASE WHEN p.gender = true THEN '先生'::varchar(2) ELSE '女士'::varchar(2) END as gender,

postgres-#     p.nickname,p.mobile,p.tel,p.fax,p.email,p.province,p.city,p.address,p.postalcode

postgres-#     FROM "person" p

postgres-#     Order By p.uid;

CREATE VIEW

postgres=# \d vperson

              View "public.vperson"

   Column   |          Type          | Modifiers

------------+------------------------+-----------

 uid        | integer                |

 name       | character varying(20)  |

 gender     | character varying(2)   |

 nickname   | character varying(20)  |

 mobile     | character varying(13)  |

 tel        | character varying(20)  |

 fax        | character varying(20)  |

 email      | character varying(60)  |

 province   | character varying(10)  |

 city       | character varying(10)  |

 address    | character varying(255) |

 postalcode | character varying(6)   |

View definition: SELECT p.uid, p.name, CASE WHEN (p.gender = true) THEN ('先生'::character varying)::character varying(2) ELSE ('女士'::character varying)::character varying(2) END AS gender, p.nickname, p.mobile, p.tel, p.fax, p.email, p.province, p.city, p.address, p.postalcode FROM person p ORDER BY p.uid;

 

postgres=#

 

 

3.4    序列

3.4.1   等差列

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'Region' 

-- ------------------------------------------------------  

DROP TABLE region;

DROP SEQUENCE       region_id_seq;

DROP INDEX              region_id_index;

DROP VIEW vregion;

 

CREATE TABLE region (

    id                   integer DEFAULT nextval('region_id_seq') NOT NULL,

    region      varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,

    description  text ,

    note        text ,

    remark           text ,

     create_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() , 

     modify_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() ,  

    PRIMARY KEY (id),

    UNIQUE (id,region)

);

CREATE SEQUENCE   region_id_seq;

CREATE INDEX          region_id_index ON region (id);

 

CREATE VIEW vregion AS

    SELECT pv.id,pv.region,pv.description,pv.note,pv.remark,to_char(pv.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date

        FROM region pv

        ORDER BY pv.id;   

3.4.2   “123456789…”

DROP SEQUENCE       region_id_seq;

CREATE SEQUENCE   region_id_seq;

 

member=> insert into region(region) values('廣西');

INSERT 111264 1

member=>

member=> insert into region(region) values('貴州');

INSERT 111265 1

member=>

member=> insert into region(region) values('海南');

INSERT 111266 1

member=>

member=> insert into region(region) values('河北');

INSERT 111267 1

member=>

member=> insert into region(region) values('河南');

INSERT 111268 1

member=>

member=> insert into region(region) values('黑龍江');

INSERT 111269 1

member=> select * from vregion ;

 id | region | description | note | remark |        date

----+--------+-------------+------+--------+---------------------

  1 | 安徽   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 10:44:26

  2 | 北京   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 10:44:26

  3 | 重慶   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 10:44:26

  4 | 福建   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 10:44:26

  5 | 甘肅   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 10:44:26

  6 | 廣東   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 10:44:26

  7 | 廣西   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 10:44:26

  8 | 貴州   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 10:44:26

  9 | 海南   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 10:44:26

 10 | 河北   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 10:44:26

 11 | 河南   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 10:44:26

 12 | 黑龍江 |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 10:44:26

(12 rows)

 

3.4.3   “13579…”

DROP SEQUENCE       region_id_seq;

Delete from region;

CREATE SEQUENCE region_id_seq INCREMENT 2 START 1;

 

member=> DROP SEQUENCE region_id_seq;

DROP SEQUENCE

member=> Delete from region;

DELETE 15

member=>

member=> CREATE SEQUENCE region_id_seq INCREMENT 2 START 1;

CREATE SEQUENCE

member=> insert into region(region) values('廣東');

INSERT 111282 1

member=>

member=> insert into region(region) values('廣西');

INSERT 111283 1

member=>

member=> insert into region(region) values('貴州');

INSERT 111284 1

member=>

member=> insert into region(region) values('海南');

INSERT 111285 1

member=>

member=> insert into region(region) values('河北');

INSERT 111286 1

member=>

member=> insert into region(region) values('河南');

INSERT 111287 1

member=>

member=> insert into region(region) values('黑龍江');

INSERT 111288 1

member=> select * from region ;

 id | region | description | note | remark |        create_date         |        modify_date

----+--------+-------------+------+--------+----------------------------+----------------------------

  1 | 安徽   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.004475 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.004475

  3 | 北京   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.093188 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.093188

  5 | 重慶   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.138582 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.138582

  7 | 福建   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.166903 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.166903

  9 | 甘肅   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.195132 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.195132

 11 | 廣東   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.239133 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.239133

 13 | 廣西   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.267372 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.267372

 15 | 貴州   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.295643 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.295643

 17 | 海南   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.324202 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.324202

 19 | 河北   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.352543 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.352543

 21 | 河南   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.381273 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.381273

 23 | 黑龍江 |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.415112 | 2003-11-01 11:49:58.415112

(12 rows)

 

3.4.4   “246810…”

DROP SEQUENCE       region_id_seq;

Delete from region;

CREATE SEQUENCE region_id_seq INCREMENT 2 START 2;

member=> DROP SEQUENCE region_id_seq;

ERROR:  sequence "region_id_seq" does not exist

member=> Delete from region;

DELETE 0

member=> CREATE SEQUENCE region_id_seq INCREMENT 2 START 2;

CREATE SEQUENCE

member=> insert into region(region) values('安徽');

INSERT 111303 1

member=> insert into region(region) values('北京');

INSERT 111304 1

……

……

member=> insert into region(region) values('海南');

INSERT 111311 1

member=> insert into region(region) values('河北');

INSERT 111312 1

member=> select * from vregion;

 id | region | description | note | remark |        date

----+--------+-------------+------+--------+---------------------

  2 | 安徽   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 12:00:28

  4 | 北京   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 12:00:28

  6 | 重慶   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 12:00:28

  8 | 福建   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 12:00:28

 10 | 甘肅   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 12:00:28

 12 | 廣東   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 12:00:28

 14 | 廣西   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 12:00:28

 16 | 貴州   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 12:00:28

 18 | 海南   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 12:00:28

 20 | 河北   |             |      |        | 2003-11-01 12:00:28

(10 rows)

 

3.4.5   n1+n2

CREATE SEQUENCE region_id_seq INCREMENT n2 START n1;

3.5    約束

3.6    檢查約束

例子1

有這樣一個需求,在很多電子商務網站上都要對用戶進行誠信評估,誠信分為五級(五個星),這樣就要求某欄位插入的資料012345。“0”表示該用戶沒用評估。

-- ======================================================

--  'trust'

-- ======================================================

Create table "trust"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       "uid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,

       "rate" Varchar(20) Default '0' Check (rate in ('0','1','2','3','4','5')),

      primary key ("id")

);

Alter table "trust" add  foreign key ("uid") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

member=> Insert into trust (uid) values((select id from "user" where userid='netkiller'));

INSERT 111237 1

member=> Insert into trust (uid,rate) values((select id from "user" where userid='netkiller'),5);

INSERT 111220 1

member=> Insert into trust (uid,rate) values((select id from "user" where userid='netkiller'),2);

INSERT 111236 1

member=> Insert into trust (uid,rate) values((select id from "user" where userid='netkiller'),6);

ERROR:  ExecInsert: rejected due to CHECK constraint "trust_rate" on "trust"

member=> Insert into trust (uid,rate) values((select id from "user" where userid='netkiller'),10);

ERROR:  ExecInsert: rejected due to CHECK constraint "trust_rate" on "trust"

member=> select * from trust;

 id | uid | rate

----+-----+------

  1 | 257 | 2

  4 | 257 | 0

  5 | 257 | 5

(3 rows)

 

當插入資料不在枚舉的範圍內,提示ERROR:  ExecInsert: rejected due to CHECK constraint "trust_rate" on "trust"

 

例子2

檢查某欄位,不允許出現數值,使用not in 來完成。

DROP TABLE ctoc.bid CASCADE;

CREATE TABLE ctoc.bid(

       id Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

    salesroom_id integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,  -- foreign key

    bidder integer  DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,  -- foreign key

       price       numeric(8,2) DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL,

       quantity Integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL Check (quantity not in ('0')),

    created  timestamp DEFAULT current_timestamp::timestamp (0) without time zone,

    status boolean DEFAULT true,

    PRIMARY KEY (id),

    FOREIGN KEY (salesroom_id) REFERENCES ctoc.salesroom (id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE,

    FOREIGN KEY (bidder) REFERENCES person (uid) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE

);

netkiller=> insert into ctoc.bid(salesroom_id,bidder,price,quantity,status) values(1,8,100,0,true);

ERROR:  ExecInsert: rejected due to CHECK constraint "bid_quantity" on "bid"

 

3.7    非空約束

顯示的有note欄位為空的記錄:

member=> select * from vregion where note is null;

3.8    唯一約束

3.8.1   單字段約束

這個例子對groupname欄位做唯一操作。

-- ======================================================

--  'group'

-- ======================================================

Create table "group"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       "groupname" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,

       "description" Varchar(255),

       UNIQUE (groupname),

      PRIMARY KEY ("id")

);

測試:

member=> insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

INSERT 110497 1

member=> insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

ERROR:  Cannot insert a duplicate key into unique index group_groupname_key

member=> insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

ERROR:  Cannot insert a duplicate key into unique index group_groupname_key

Psql 命令行返回ERROR:  Cannot insert a duplicate key into unique index group_groupname_key唯一約束成功。

3.8.2   多個欄位組合約束

UNIQUE (rid,uid)中有多個參數,是對rid,uid組合約束。

例如:

11

12

是正確的

 

11

21

也是正確的

 

21

11

22

12

11

不正確的不允許插入資料“11”,資料“11”出現了兩次,所以要同時滿足rid,uid兩個條件。

 

三個欄位以上組合:

1,1,1

1,1,2

1,2,1

2,1,2

2,1,1

2,2,2

正確可以插入資料

 

121

212

221

112

221

221”,“221”出現兩次,違反約束條件,所以不能再次插入資料“221”。

 

-- ======================================================

--  'rolemember' 

-- ======================================================

-- drop table rolemember CASCADE ;

Create table "rolemember"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       "rid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,

       "uid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,

       UNIQUE (rid,uid),

 primary key ("id")

);

member=> insert into rolemember(rid,uid) values((select id from role where rolename ='System'),(select id from vuser where userid='sysop'));

INSERT 110954 1

member=> insert into rolemember(rid,uid) values((select id from role where rolename ='System'),(select id from vuser where userid='sysop'));

ERROR:  Cannot insert a duplicate key into unique index rolemember_rid_key

member=> insert into rolemember(rid,uid) values((select id from role where rolename ='System'),(select id from vuser where userid='admin'));

ERROR:  More than one tuple returned by a subselect used as an expression.

member=> insert into rolemember(rid,uid) values((select id from role where rolename ='System'),(select id from vuser where userid='test'));

INSERT 110956 1

member=> insert into rolemember(rid,uid) values((select id from role where rolename ='System'),(select id from vuser where userid='test'));

ERROR:  Cannot insert a duplicate key into unique index rolemember_rid_key

3.8.3   唯一約束的注意事項

這個例子對groupname欄位做唯一操作。

-- ======================================================

--  'group'

-- ======================================================

Create table "group"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       "groupname" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,

       "description" Varchar(255),

       UNIQUE (id,groupname),

      PRIMARY KEY ("id")

);

仔細看這個例子沒有錯。

運行結果:

postgres=# Create table "group"

postgres-# (

postgres(# "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

postgres(# "groupname" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,

postgres(# "description" Varchar(255),

postgres(# UNIQUE (id,groupname),

postgres(#  PRIMARY KEY ("id")

postgres(# );

NOTICE:  CREATE TABLE will create implicit sequence 'group_id_seq' for SERIAL column 'group.id'

NOTICE:  CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index 'group_pkey' for table 'group'

NOTICE:  CREATE TABLE / UNIQUE will create implicit index 'group_id_key' for table 'group'

CREATE TABLE

 

運行結果也沒有錯,現在插入資料。

insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Guest','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Domain','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

INSERT 110466 1

postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Guest','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

INSERT 110467 1

postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Domain','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

INSERT 110468 1

postgres=#

postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

INSERT 110469 1

postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Guest','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

INSERT 110470 1

postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Domain','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

INSERT 110471 1

postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

INSERT 110472 1

postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Guest','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

INSERT 110473 1

postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Domain','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

INSERT 110474 1

postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

INSERT 110475 1

postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Guest','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

INSERT 110476 1

postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Domain','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

INSERT 110477 1

postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

INSERT 110478 1

postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Guest','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

INSERT 110479 1

postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Domain','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

INSERT 110480 1

postgres=# select * from "group";

 id | groupname |    description

----+-----------+--------------------

  1 | Admin     | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

  2 | Guest     | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

  3 | Domain    | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

  4 | Admin     | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

  5 | Guest     | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

  6 | Domain    | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

  7 | Admin     | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

  8 | Guest     | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

  9 | Domain    | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 10 | Admin     | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 11 | Guest     | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 12 | Domain    | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 13 | Admin     | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 14 | Guest     | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 15 | Domain    | xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

(15 rows)

 

但你會發現對groupname欄位的唯一約束不起使用。失效原因:

"id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE, (唯一約束)

UNIQUE (id,groupname), (id欄位又做了一次唯一約束)

這就是它失效的原因。正確的腳本寫法是:

Create table "group"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       "groupname" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,

       "description" Varchar(255),

       UNIQUE (groupname),

      PRIMARY KEY ("id")

);

member=> insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

INSERT 110497 1

member=> insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

ERROR:  Cannot insert a duplicate key into unique index group_groupname_key

member=> insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Admin','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx');

ERROR:  Cannot insert a duplicate key into unique index group_groupname_key

Psql 命令行返回ERROR:  Cannot insert a duplicate key into unique index group_groupname_key
唯一約束成功。

3.9    主鍵/外鍵

3.9.1   主鍵

下面書寫方式,推薦第二種,比較清晰。

CREATE TABLE products (

    product_no integer PRIMARY KEY,

    name text,

    price numeric

);

 

CREATE TABLE example (

    a integer,

    b integer,

    c integer,

    PRIMARY KEY (a, c)

);

3.9.2   外鍵約束

下面第前兩種寫法不推薦。第三、四種寫法較清晰。

1.      第一種書寫方式

CREATE TABLE orders (

    order_id integer PRIMARY KEY,

    product_no integer REFERENCES products,

    quantity integer

);

2.      第二種書寫方式

CREATE TABLE orders (

    order_id integer PRIMARY KEY,

    product_no integer REFERENCES products (product_no),

    quantity integer

);

3.      第三種書寫方式

CREATE TABLE table1 (

  a integer PRIMARY KEY,

  b integer,

  c integer,

  FOREIGN KEY (b, c) REFERENCES other_table (c1, c2)

);

4.      第四種書寫方式,在SQL腳本最後面添加外鍵約束

Alter table "groupmember" add  foreign key ("uid") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

Alter table "groupmember" add  foreign key ("gid") references "group" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

Alter table "rolemember" add  foreign key ("uid") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

Alter table "rolemember" add  foreign key ("rid") references "role" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

3.9.3   PostgreSQL 7.3.x 新增功能

CREATE TABLE order_items (

    product_no integer REFERENCES products ON DELETE RESTRICT,

    order_id integer REFERENCES orders ON DELETE CASCADE,

    quantity integer,

    PRIMARY KEY (product_no, order_id)

);

類似 ON DELETE,還有 ON UPDATE 選項,它是在主鍵被修改(更新)的時候調用的。

以前我們刪除其他表中受外鍵約束的記錄,使用規則或觸發器來完成。現可以用CASCADE

3.9.4   層次遞迴-分類目錄

實現一個無限向下分類的目錄,例如:

電腦與互聯網

       免費資源

              軟體下載(3431)

壁紙/屏保/桌面(109)

免費電子賀卡(197)

代理伺服器(33)

免費電子郵箱(73)

免費主頁空間(75)

免費聊天室(11)

免費論壇(36)

軟體

       XXXXXXXX

       XXXXXXXX

       XXXXXXXX

       XXXXXXXX

硬體

互聯網

編程

 

資料結構定義:

Drop table "directory" CASCADE;

 

Create table "directory"

(

    "id" Serial NOT NULL,

    "root_id" Integer NOT NULL Default 0,

    "name"    Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,

    "status"   boolean Default 'true',

    "created" Timestamp Default current_timestamp,

    "modified" Timestamp Default current_timestamp,

    UNIQUE (id,root_id),

    PRIMARY KEY ("id")

--    FOREIGN KEY (root_id) REFERENCES directory (id) ON DELETE CASCADE

);

INSERT INTO directory (id,root_id,name) VALUES (0,0,'/');

Alter table "directory" add  FOREIGN KEY (root_id) REFERENCES directory (id) ON DELETE CASCADE;

Create index "directory_index" on "directory" using btree ("id","root_id","name");

 

資料存儲狀態:

Id

Root_id

Name

0

0

/

1

0

電腦

2

1

顯示器

3

1

滑鼠

4

1

主板

5

2

Samsung 顯示器

6

2

LG顯示器

7

2

SONY顯示器

      

上圖是一個分類目錄,當刪除子目錄時如果子目錄中有目錄或資料,將刪除這些資料和目錄

 

說明:

       id            目錄根

       root_id    REFERENCES id ON DELETE CASCADEpk刪除時關聯的fk自動刪除

       name       目錄名

       status      狀態true可用,false不可用

       created    創建時間

       modified  修改時間

      

注意:

       因為使用了關聯欄位,所以不能在create table 中使用
       FOREIGN KEY (root_id) REFERENCES directory (id) ON DELETE CASCADE

       因為插入記錄做參考表中的“id”欄位,創建表的中沒有資料,所以無法插入資料。
       先創建表,不定義FOREIGN KEY,然後初始化插入第一條資料:

INSERT INTO directory (id,root_id,name) VALUES (0,0,'/');

       再定義外建:

       Alter table "directory" add  FOREIGN KEY (root_id) REFERENCES directory (id) ON DELETE CASCADE;

 

postgres=# Create table "directory"

postgres-# (

postgres(#     "id" Serial NOT NULL,

postgres(#     "root_id" Integer NOT NULL Default 0,

postgres(#     "name" Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,

postgres(#     "status"boolean Default 'true',

postgres(#     "created" Timestamp Default current_timestamp,

postgres(#     "modified" Timestamp Default current_timestamp,

postgres(#     UNIQUE (id,root_id),

postgres(#     PRIMARY KEY ("id")

postgres(# --    FOREIGN KEY (root_id) REFERENCES directory (id) ON DELETE CASCADE

postgres(# );

NOTICE:  CREATE TABLE will create implicit sequence 'directory_id_seq' for SERIAL column 'directory.id'

NOTICE:  CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index 'directory_pkey' for table 'directory'

NOTICE:  CREATE TABLE / UNIQUE will create implicit index 'directory_id_key' for table 'directory'

CREATE TABLE

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (id,root_id,name) VALUES (0,0,'/');

INSERT 17110 1

postgres=# Alter table "directory" add  FOREIGN KEY (root_id) REFERENCES directory (id) ON DELETE CASCADE;

NOTICE:  ALTER TABLE will create implicit trigger(s) for FOREIGN KEY check(s)

ALTER TABLE

postgres=# Create index "directory_index" on "directory" using btree ("id","root_id","name");

CREATE INDEX

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (0,'電腦');

INSERT 17116 1

postgres=# SELECT * from directory ;

 id | root_id |   name    | status |          created           |          modified

----+---------+-----------+--------+----------------------------+----------------------------

  0 |       0 | /         | t      | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365

  1 |       0 | 電腦 | t      | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584

(2 rows)

 

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (0,'金融');

INSERT 17117 1

postgres=# SELECT * from directory ;

 id | root_id |   name    | status |          created           |          modified

----+---------+-----------+--------+----------------------------+----------------------------

  0 |       0 | /         | t      | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365

  1 |       0 | 電腦 | t      | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584

  2 |       0 | 金融    | t      | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436

(3 rows)

 

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (1,'顯示器');

INSERT 17118 1

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (1,'滑鼠');

INSERT 17119 1

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (1,'主板');

INSERT 17120 1

postgres=# SELECT * from directory ;

 id | root_id |   name    | status |          created           |          modified

----+---------+-----------+--------+----------------------------+----------------------------

  0 |       0 | /         | t      | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365

  1 |       0 | 電腦 | t      | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584

  2 |       0 | 金融    | t      | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436

  3 |       1 | 顯示器 | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196

  4 |       1 | 滑鼠    | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916

  5 |       1 | 主板    | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317

(6 rows)

 

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (3,'Samsung 顯示器');

INSERT 17121 1

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (3,'LG顯示器');

INSERT 17122 1

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (3,'SONY顯示器');

INSERT 17123 1

postgres=# SELECT * from directory ;

 id | root_id |       name        | status |          created           |          modified

----+---------+-------------------+--------+----------------------------+----------------------------

  0 |       0 | /                 | t      | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365

  1 |       0 | 電腦         | t      | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584

  2 |       0 | 金融            | t      | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436

  3 |       1 | 顯示器         | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196

  4 |       1 | 滑鼠            | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916

  5 |       1 | 主板            | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317

  6 |       3 | Samsung 顯示器 | t      | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053 | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053

  7 |       3 | LG顯示器       | t      | 2003-11-12 17:01:03.736121 | 2003-11-12 17:01:03.736121

  8|       3 | SONY顯示器     | t      | 2003-11-12 17:01:18.257337 | 2003-11-12 17:01:18.257337

(9 rows)

 

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (7,'CRT顯示器');

INSERT 17124 1

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (7,'液晶顯示器');

INSERT 17125 1

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (8,'液晶顯示器');

INSERT 17126 1

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (8,'特利隆顯示器');

INSERT 17127 1

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (7,'鑽石隆顯示器');

INSERT 17128 1

postgres=# SELECT * from directory ;

 id | root_id |        name        | status |          created           |          modified

----+---------+--------------------+--------+----------------------------+----------------------------

  0 |       0 | /                  | t      | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365

  1 |       0 | 電腦          | t      | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584

  2 |       0 | 金融             | t      | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436

  3 |       1 | 顯示器          | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196

  4 |       1 | 滑鼠             | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916

  5 |       1 | 主板             | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317

  6 |       3 | Samsung 顯示器  | t      | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053 | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053

  7 |       3 | LG顯示器        | t      | 2003-11-12 17:01:03.736121 | 2003-11-12 17:01:03.736121

  8 |       3 | SONY顯示器      | t      | 2003-11-12 17:01:18.257337 | 2003-11-12 17:01:18.257337

  9 |       7 | CRT顯示器       | t      | 2003-11-12 17:03:05.594891 | 2003-11-12 17:03:05.594891

 10 |       7 | 液晶顯示器    | t      | 2003-11-12 17:03:21.793674 | 2003-11-12 17:03:21.793674

 11 |       8 | 液晶顯示器    | t      | 2003-11-12 17:03:30.688531 | 2003-11-12 17:03:30.688531

 12 |       8 | 特利隆顯示器 | t      | 2003-11-12 17:03:57.697321 | 2003-11-12 17:03:57.697321

 13 |       7 | 鑽石隆顯示器 | t      | 2003-11-12 17:04:28.61153  | 2003-11-12 17:04:28.61153

(14 rows)

 

測試:

1.         刪除子目錄:電腦/顯示器/ LG顯示器/ CRT顯示器
CRT顯示器的id9
SQLDELETE FROM directory WHERE id=9;

postgres=# DELETE FROM directory WHERE id=9;

DELETE 1

postgres=# SELECT * from directory ;

 id | root_id |        name        | status |          created           |          modified

----+---------+--------------------+--------+----------------------------+----------------------------

  0 |       0 | /                  | t      | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365

  1 |       0 | 電腦          | t      | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584

  2 |       0 | 金融             | t      | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436

  3 |       1 | 顯示器          | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196

  4 |       1 | 滑鼠             | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916

  5 |       1 | 主板             | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317

  6 |       3 | Samsung 顯示器  | t      | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053 | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053

  7 |       3 | LG顯示器        | t      | 2003-11-12 17:01:03.736121 | 2003-11-12 17:01:03.736121

  8 |       3 | SONY顯示器      | t      | 2003-11-12 17:01:18.257337 | 2003-11-12 17:01:18.257337

 10 |       7 | 液晶顯示器    | t      | 2003-11-12 17:03:21.793674 | 2003-11-12 17:03:21.793674

 11 |       8 | 液晶顯示器    | t      | 2003-11-12 17:03:30.688531 | 2003-11-12 17:03:30.688531

 12 |       8 | 特利隆顯示器 | t      | 2003-11-12 17:03:57.697321 | 2003-11-12 17:03:57.697321

 13 |       7 | 鑽石隆顯示器 | t      | 2003-11-12 17:04:28.61153  | 2003-11-12 17:04:28.61153

(13 rows)

 

postgres=#

2.         刪除子目錄:電腦/顯示器/ LG顯示器
LG顯示器目錄下的子目錄:液晶顯示器、鑽石隆顯示器也將被刪除

postgres=# DELETE FROM directory WHERE id=7;

DELETE 1

postgres=# SELECT * from directory ;

 id | root_id |        name        | status |          created           |          modified

----+---------+--------------------+--------+----------------------------+----------------------------

  0 |       0 | /                  | t      | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365

  1 |       0 | 電腦          | t      | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584

  2 |       0 | 金融             | t      | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436

  3 |       1 | 顯示器          | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196

  4 |       1 | 滑鼠             | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916

  5 |       1 | 主板             | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317

  6 |       3 | Samsung 顯示器  | t      | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053 | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053

  8 |       3 | SONY顯示器      | t      | 2003-11-12 17:01:18.257337 | 2003-11-12 17:01:18.257337

 11 |       8 | 液晶顯示器    | t      | 2003-11-12 17:03:30.688531 | 2003-11-12 17:03:30.688531

 12 |       8 | 特利隆顯示器 | t      | 2003-11-12 17:03:57.697321 | 2003-11-12 17:03:57.697321

(10 rows)

 

3.         再刪除:電腦/顯示器/ SONY顯示器

postgres=# DELETE FROM directory WHERE id=8;

DELETE 1

postgres=# SELECT * from directory ;

 id | root_id |       name        | status |          created           |          modified

----+---------+-------------------+--------+----------------------------+----------------------------

  0 |       0 | /                 | t      | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365

  1 |       0 | 電腦         | t      | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584

  2 |       0 | 金融            | t      | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436

  3 |       1 | 顯示器         | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196

  4 |       1 | 滑鼠            | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916

  5 |       1 | 主板            | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317

  6 |       3 | Samsung 顯示器 | t      | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053 | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053

(7 rows)

 

 

4.         刪除子目錄:電腦/顯示器
顯示器目錄下的子目錄:
下有目錄LG顯示器/ CRT顯示器、SONY顯示器/……、LG顯示器/……
刪除顯示器目錄後,下的所有子目錄將被刪除。

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (3,'LG顯示器');

INSERT 17129 1

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (3,'SONY顯示器');

INSERT 17130 1

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (6,'CRT顯示器');

INSERT 17131 1

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (14,'CRT顯示器');

INSERT 17132 1

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (15,'CRT顯示器');

INSERT 17133 1

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (15,'特利隆顯示器');

INSERT 17134 1

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (15,'鑽石隆顯示器');

INSERT 17135 1

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (6,'液晶顯示器');

INSERT 17136 1

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (14,'液晶顯示器');

INSERT 17137 1

postgres=# INSERT INTO directory (root_id,name) VALUES (15,'液晶顯示器');

INSERT 17138 1

postgres=# SELECT * from directory ;

 id | root_id |        name        | status |          created           |          modified

----+---------+--------------------+--------+----------------------------+----------------------------

  0 |       0 | /                  | t      | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365

  1 |       0 | 電腦          | t      | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584

  2 |       0 | 金融             | t      | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436

  3 |       1 | 顯示器          | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196 | 2003-11-12 16:59:15.911196

  4 |       1 | 滑鼠             | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916

  5 |       1 | 主板             | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317

  6 |       3 | Samsung 顯示器  | t      | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053 | 2003-11-12 17:00:45.964053

 14 |       3 | LG顯示器        | t      | 2003-11-12 17:28:03.927651 | 2003-11-12 17:28:03.927651

 15 |       3 | SONY顯示器      | t      | 2003-11-12 17:28:15.235316 | 2003-11-12 17:28:15.235316

 16 |       6 | CRT顯示器       | t      | 2003-11-12 17:28:49.586084 | 2003-11-12 17:28:49.586084

 17 |      14 | CRT顯示器       | t      | 2003-11-12 17:28:55.290861 | 2003-11-12 17:28:55.290861

 18 |      15 | CRT顯示器       | t      | 2003-11-12 17:28:59.731191 | 2003-11-12 17:28:59.731191

 19 |      15 | 特利隆顯示器 | t      | 2003-11-12 17:29:10.747115 | 2003-11-12 17:29:10.747115

 20 |      15 | 鑽石隆顯示器 | t      | 2003-11-12 17:29:30.770079 | 2003-11-12 17:29:30.770079

 21 |       6 | 液晶顯示器    | t      | 2003-11-12 17:29:47.006177 | 2003-11-12 17:29:47.006177

 22 |      14 | 液晶顯示器    | t      | 2003-11-12 17:29:51.904914 | 2003-11-12 17:29:51.904914

 23 |      15 | 液晶顯示器    | t      | 2003-11-12 17:29:57.355213 | 2003-11-12 17:29:57.355213

(17 rows)

 

postgres=# DELETE FROM directory WHERE id=3;

DELETE 1

postgres=# SELECT * from directory ;

 id | root_id |   name    | status |          created           |          modified

----+---------+-----------+--------+----------------------------+----------------------------

  0 |       0 | /         | t      | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365 | 2003-11-12 16:55:39.727365

  1 |       0 | 電腦 | t      | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584 | 2003-11-12 16:56:39.663584

  2 |       0 | 金融    | t      | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436 | 2003-11-12 16:57:50.509436

  4 |       1 | 滑鼠    | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916 | 2003-11-12 16:59:30.646916

  5 |       1 | 主板    | t      | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317 | 2003-11-12 16:59:44.400317

(5 rows)

不再舉例了,刪除id=0將刪除電腦包括下面的所有目錄被刪除。

注意,千萬不要刪除id=0

3.9.5   總結

分類目錄的例子中使用了ON DELETE CASCADE,方便了操作,但也有危險。如果不用ON DELETE CASCADE而用程式來實現,需要使用遞迴演算法,非常麻煩。

3.10       模式

一些用戶為了使某些模組的表看起來清晰,一般他們採用“模組名_表名”:

Auth_user

Auth_group

Bbs_topic

Bbs_message

 

PostgreSQL不必這樣命名,可以使用Schema(模式)如:

Auth.user

Auth.group

Bbs.topic

Bbs.message

 

3.10.1 創建模式

CREATE SCHEMA your_schema;

例:

CREATE SCHEMA btob;

CREATE SCHEMA auction;

3.10.2 刪除模式

DROP SCHEMA your_schema;

刪除模式,並且同時刪除模式下的(表,視圖,觸發器,過程……)

DROP SCHEMA your_schema CASCADE;

例:

DROP SCHEMA btob CASCADE;

DROP SCHEMA btob CASCADE;

3.10.3 模式搜索路徑

查看當前模式SHOW search_path ;

netkiller=> SHOW search_path ;

 search_path

--------------

 $user,public

(1 row)

netkiller=> \dt

            List of relations

 Schema |    Name     | Type  |   Owner

--------+-------------+-------+-----------

 public | company     | table | netkiller

 public | group       | table | netkiller

 public | groupmember | table | netkiller

 public | guestbook   | table | netkiller

 public | prodorder   | table | netkiller

 public | role        | table | netkiller

 public | rolemember  | table | netkiller

 public | system_log  | table | netkiller

 public | templates   | table | netkiller

 public | trust       | table | netkiller

 public | user        | table | netkiller

 public | user_log    | table | netkiller

 public | userinfo    | table | netkiller

(13 rows)

如果不設置模式搜索路徑,“\dt”只顯示public模式下的表。

設置模式SET search_path TO public,btob,auction;

netkiller=> SET search_path TO public,btob,auction;

SET

netkiller=> \dt

              List of relations

 Schema  |     Name      | Type  |   Owner

---------+---------------+-------+-----------

 auction | messages      | table | netkiller

 auction | product       | table | netkiller

 auction | product_order | table | netkiller

 btob    | directory     | table | netkiller

 btob    | trade         | table | netkiller

 btob    | trade_message | table | netkiller

 public  | company       | table | netkiller

 public  | group         | table | netkiller

 public  | groupmember   | table | netkiller

 public  | guestbook     | table | netkiller

 public  | prodorder     | table | netkiller

 public  | role          | table | netkiller

 public  | rolemember    | table | netkiller

 public  | system_log    | table | netkiller

 public  | templates     | table | netkiller

 public  | trust         | table | netkiller

 public  | user          | table | netkiller

 public  | user_log      | table | netkiller

 public  | userinfo      | table | netkiller

(19 rows)

 

netkiller=>

 

-- ======================================================================

-- 'btob.directory'

-- ======================================================================

Drop table btob.directory CASCADE;

 

Create table btob.directory

(

    "id" Serial NOT NULL,

    "root_id" Integer NOT NULL Default 0,

    "name"    Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,

    "status"   boolean Default 'true',

    "created" Timestamp Default current_timestamp,

    "modified" Timestamp Default current_timestamp,

    UNIQUE (id,root_id,name),

    PRIMARY KEY ("id")

--    FOREIGN KEY (root_id) REFERENCES directory (id) ON DELETE CASCADE

);

INSERT INTO btob.directory (id,root_id,name) VALUES (0,0,'/');

Alter table btob.directory add  FOREIGN KEY (root_id) REFERENCES btob.directory (id) ON DELETE CASCADE;

Create index "directory_index" on btob.directory using btree ("id","root_id","name");

 

 

 

 

 

4       實體關係(Entity-Relation

       在關聯資料庫中,關係能防止冗餘的資料。例如,如果正在設計一個資料庫來跟蹤有關書的資訊,而每本書的資訊(如書名、出版日期和出版商)都保存在一個名為 titles 的表中。同時還有一些想保存的有關出版商的資訊,例如出版商的電話號碼、地址和郵遞區號。如果將所有這些資訊都保存在 titles 表中,則對於某個出版商出版的每本書,出版商的電話號碼將是重複的。

       一個更好的解決方案是,單獨在一個名為 publishers 的表中只保存一次出版商資訊。然後在 titles 表中設置指標,以引用 publishers 表中的項。

       若要確保資料同步,可以在 titles 表和 publishers 表之間強制引用完整性。引用完整性關係能確保某個表中的資訊與另一個表中的資訊相匹配。例如,titles 表中的每個書名必須和 publishers 表的特定出版商相關聯。不能在資料庫中添加資料庫中不存在的出版商的書名。

 

為更好地理解表關係,請參見:

l         表關係類型

表與表之間存在三種類型的關係。所創建的關係類型取決於相關聯的列是如何定義的。

n         一對多關係

n         多對多關係

n         一對一關係

l         引用完整性概述

l         表關係類型

 

關係是通過匹配鍵列中的資料而工作的,而鍵列通常是兩個表中具有相同名稱的列。在大多數情況下,關係將一個表中為每個行提供唯一識別字的主鍵與另一個表中外鍵內的項相匹配。例如,通過在 titles 表的 title_id 列(主鍵)和 sales 表的 title_id 列(外鍵)之間創建一個關係,可以使銷售額與特定的銷售書名相關聯。

4.1    E-R圖(Entity-Relation

       PostgreSQL本身沒有GUI(圖形用戶介面)管理工具,其他GUI工具也沒有E-R圖功能,如pgAdmin III。這裏我給在各位介紹一個很好的資料庫設計工具CASE Studio 2

1.         實體關係設計

2.         能過E-R圖產生SQLDDL)腳本

3.         已經存在資料庫的逆向工程

4.         產生非常詳細的HTMLRTF報告

5.         用戶定義Add-ins和範本

6.         版本管理,Galery,To-Do列表

7.         資料流程程設計

8.         介面見附錄。

 

4.2    一對多關係

一對多關係是最常見的關係類型。在這種關係類型中,表 A 中的行可以在表 B 中有許多匹配行,但是表 B 中的行只能在表 A 中有一個匹配行。

例如,publishers 表和 titles 表是一對多的關係:每一個出版商可出版許多書,但每一本書只能有一個出版商。

如果在相關列中只有一列是主鍵或具有唯一約束,則創建的是一對多關係。

       一對多關係中的主鍵方由一個鍵 符號表示。關係中的外鍵方由一個無窮大 符號表示。

Drop table "groupmember" Restrict;

Drop table "userinfo" Restrict;

Drop table "group" Restrict;

Drop table "user" Restrict;

 

Create table "user"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL Default 0 UNIQUE ,

       "user" Varchar(20) NOT NULL UNIQUE ,

       "passwd" Varchar(20),

       "homedir" Varchar(20) NOT NULL Default /home/,

       "shell" Varchar(20) NOT NULL Default /bin/bash,

 primary key ("id")

);

 

Create table "group"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL Default 0,

       "groupname" Varchar(20),

       "description" Varchar(20),

 primary key ("id")

);

 

Create table "userinfo"

(

       "id" integer NOT NULL Default 0,

       "tel" Varchar(20),

       "fax" Varchar(20),

       "address" Varchar(255),

       "company" Varchar(20),

       "note" Text,

 primary key ("id")

);

 

Create table "groupmember"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL,

       "uid" integer NOT NULL,

       "gid" integer NOT NULL,

 primary key ("id","uid","gid")

);

 

Alter table "userinfo" add  foreign key ("id") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

Alter table "groupmember" add  foreign key ("uid") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

Alter table "groupmember" add  foreign key ("gid") references "group" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

 

4.3    多對多關係

在多對多關係中,表 A 中的一行可與表 B 中的多行相匹配,反之亦然。通過定義稱為連接表的第三方表創建這樣的關係,該連接表的主鍵包括表 A 和表 B 中的外鍵。

例如,authors 表和 books 表是多對多關係,該關係通過從這些表中的每個表與 bookauthors 表的一對多關係定義。bookauthors 表的主鍵由 author_id 列(authors 表的主鍵)和 book_id 列(books 表的主鍵)組成。

注意:Case Studio 2 產生的SQLDDL)腳本並不完全正確。所以還要加以修改才可以使用。

Drop table "bookauthors" Restrict;

Drop table "books" Restrict;

Drop table "authors" Restrict;

 

Create table "authors"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE ,

       "title_id" integer,

       "name" Varchar(20),

       "sex" Boolean,

       "age" Smallint,

 primary key ("id")

);

 

Create table "books"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE ,

       "auther_id" integer,

       "title" Varchar(20),

       "content" Text,

 primary key ("id")

);

 

Create table "bookauthors"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL,

       "author_id" integer NOT NULL,

       "book_id" integer NOT NULL,

 primary key ("id","author_id","book_id")

改為

primary key ("id")

 

);

 

 

Alter table "bookauthors" add  foreign key ("author_id") references "authors" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

Alter table "bookauthors" add  foreign key ("book_id") references "books" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

4.4    一對一關係

在一對一關係中,表 A 中的一行最多只能與表 B 中的一行相匹配,反之亦然。如果兩個相關列都是主鍵或具有唯一約束,則創建的是一對一關係。

這種關係不常見,因為這種方式的大部分相關資訊都在一個表中。使用一對一關係可以是為了:

l         分割一個含有許多列的表。

l         出於安全考慮而隔離表的某一部分。

l         存儲可以很容易刪除的臨時資料,只需刪除表即可刪除這些資料。

l         存儲只應用於主表子集的資訊。

l         一對一關係的主鍵方由鍵 符號表示。外鍵方也由鍵 符號表示。

 

Drop table "userinfo" Restrict;

Drop table "user" Restrict;

 

Create table "user"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL Default 0 UNIQUE ,

       "user" Varchar(20) NOT NULL UNIQUE ,

       "passwd" Varchar(20),

       "homedir" Varchar(20) NOT NULL Default /home/,

       "shell" Varchar(20) NOT NULL Default /bin/bash,

 primary key ("id")

);

 

 

Create table "userinfo"

(

       "id" integer NOT NULL Default 0,

       "tel" Varchar(20),

       "fax" Varchar(20),

       "address" Varchar(255),

       "company" Varchar(20),

       "note" Text,

 primary key ("id")

);

 

Alter table "userinfo" add  foreign key ("id") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

 

4.5    引用完整性

引用完整性是一種規則系統,這些規則可確保相關表中各行間關係的有效性,並確保不會意外刪除或更改相關的資料。

 

在強制引用完整性時必須遵循以下規則:

如果在相關表的主鍵中不存在某個值,則不能在相關表的外鍵列中輸入該值。但是,可以在外鍵列中輸入空值。例如,在 employee 表中沒有包括某職員,則不能指明分配給該職員的工作,但是可在 employee 表的 job_id 列輸入空值來指明沒有給該職員分配工作。

如果在相關表中存在與某行匹配的行,則不能從主表中刪除該行。例如,如果在 employee 表中給多個職員分配了由 jobs 表中某行所代表的工作時,則不能刪除該行。

當主表的某行有相關行時,則不能更改主鍵值。例如,如果將 jobs 表中的一項工作分配給某職員,則不能從 employee 表中刪除該職員。

 

當滿足下述所有條件時,可以設置引用完整性:

1.         主表中相匹配的列是主鍵或具有唯一約束

2.         相關列具有相同的資料類型和長度。

3.         兩個表屬於同一個資料庫。

4.         資料庫關係圖中的已強制關係和未強制關係

在資料庫關係圖中創建關係線將在相關表上創建外鍵約束,從而自動強制引用完整性。在資料庫關係圖中,已強制關係用實線表示。例如:

在關係圖中,未強制關係用虛線表示,這種關係的外鍵約束被禁用。例如:

 

5       查詢SQLDML

5.1    子查詢

下面是一個子查詢的例子表groupmemberrolemember是存儲組成員、角色成員的表。

Create table "user"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL,

       "userid" Varchar(50) NOT NULL,

       "passwd" Varchar(50),

       "name"    Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,

       "nickname" Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,

       "active" Boolean Default 'F',

       "email"    Varchar(50) NOT NULL,

       "question" Varchar(255) NOT NULL,

       "answer" Varchar(255) NOT NULL,

       "begin_date" Timestamp Default now(),

       "end_date" Timestamp Default now(),

       UNIQUE (userid,email),

 primary key ("id")

);

Create index "user_index" on "user" using btree ("id","userid");

 

Create table "group"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       "groupname" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,

       "description" Varchar(255),

       UNIQUE (groupname),

      PRIMARY KEY ("id")

);

Create index "group_index" on "group" using btree ("id","groupname");

 

Create table "groupmember"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       "gid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,

       "uid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,

       primary key ("id")

);

 

-- ======================================================

--  'Foreign Key'

-- ======================================================

Alter table "groupmember" add  foreign key ("uid") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

Alter table "groupmember" add  foreign key ("gid") references "group" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

 

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'vgroupmember'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

-- DROP VIEW vgroupmember;

CREATE VIEW vgroupmember AS

    SELECT gm.id,gm.gid,g.groupname,gm.uid,u.userid,u.name

           FROM "group" g,"user" u,groupmember gm

        Where u.id = gm.uid and g.id = gm.gid

    ORDER BY gm.id;

 

member=> select * from groupmember ;

 id | gid | uid

----+-----+-----

  1 |   1 | 245

 10 |   7 | 200

 11 |   7 | 201

 12 |   7 | 202

 13 |   3 | 200

 14 |   3 | 201

 15 |   3 | 202

 16 |   3 | 203

 17 |   3 | 204

 18 |   3 | 205

 19 |   6 | 247

 20 |   6 | 201

 21 |   6 | 203

 22 |   6 | 204

 23 |   6 | 205

 24 |   3 | 249

 25 |   3 | 250

 26 |   7 | 251

 27 |   3 | 252

(19 rows)

 

(組ID3的用戶列表)

member=> select * from groupmember where gid = 3;

 id | gid | uid

----+-----+-----

 13 |   3 | 200

 14 |   3 | 201

 15 |   3 | 202

 16 |   3 | 203

 17 |   3 | 204

 18 |   3 | 205

 24 |   3 | 249

 25 |   3 | 250

 27 |   3 | 252

(9 rows)

 

 

添加組成員步驟是:

1.         取用戶idselect id from vuser where userid='sysop'

2.         取組名idselect id from "group" where groupname ='System'

3.         groupmember 表插入資料,insert into groupmember(gid,uid) values(組ID,用戶ID

子查詢,SQL語句應該寫成:

insert into groupmember(gid,uid) values((select id from "group" where groupname ='System'),(select id from vuser where userid='sysop'));

 

插放資料測試:

member=> insert into groupmember(gid,uid) values((select id from "group" where groupname ='System'),(select id from vuser where userid='sysop'));

INSERT 110940 1

 

member=> select * from vgroupmember where gid = 1;

 id | gid | groupname | uid | userid | name

----+-----+-----------+-----+--------+------

  1 |   1 | System    | 245 | sysop  | chen

 (2 rows)

測試成功,因為資料id號難懂,不易查看,這裏使用了一個視圖。

5.2    substring()函數截取部分漢字

要截取漢字的首要條件是資料庫編碼必須是UNICODEUNICODE中英文一個字母=中文一個漢字長度。

如果使用非UNICODE編碼的資料,EUC_CN會輸出提示你輸入加“'”。

pureftpd=> select substring('資料庫的編碼是用系統表' from 1 for 4);

pureftpd'>

pureftpd'>'

pureftpd(> )

pureftpd-> ;

ERROR:  parser: unterminated quoted identifier at or near ""

)" at character 69

 

       SQL_ASCII還是輸出半個漢字。

help=> select substring('資料庫的編碼是用系統表' from 1 for 4);

 substring

-----------

 

(1 row)

 

查看資料庫編碼:

member=> \l

         List of databases

    Name    |  Owner   | Encoding

------------+----------+-----------

 help       | postgres | SQL_ASCII

 member     | chen     | UNICODE

 mydatabase | postgres | UNICODE

 postgres   | postgres | SQL_ASCII

 pureftpd   | pureftpd | EUC_CN

 site       | postgres | EUC_CN

 template0  | postgres | SQL_ASCII

 template1  | postgres | SQL_ASCII

(8 rows)

 

測試

member=> select substring('資料庫的編碼是用系統表' from 1 for 4);

 substring

-----------

 資料庫的

(1 row)

 

member=> select substring('資料庫的編碼是用系統表' from 1 for 2);

 substring

-----------

 數據

(1 row)

 

member=> select * from ;

序號 |     組名     |         描述

------+--------------+----------------------

    1 | 域用戶       | 9812.net域內用戶

    3 | 電腦維護組 | 維護電腦的用戶用戶

(2 rows)

 

member=> select 組名,substring(描述 from 1 for 5) as 描述 from ;

     組名     |    描述

--------------+------------

 域用戶       | 9812.

 電腦維護組 | 維護電腦

(2 rows)

5.3    sum()使用技巧

如果讓你對表中的某一列求和,你可能會想到使用sum()函數。

Select num(field) from table;

Select num(field) from table where field …..;

 

如果我在表中選擇一些記錄,這記錄之間沒有規律可循,讓你計算出這組資料的的和。

你可能馬上想到用一個迴圈,然後相加結果,而不是使用sum()

例如:我要求id等於141082這幾個記錄的price欄位的和,

Select field from table where id = 1;

Select field from table where id = 4;

…..

Select field from table where id = 2;

然後再將上面每次取得的資料相加。

 

下面我給大家介紹一種很方便的方法,就是使用子查詢 in

select sum(price) from diy.part where id in (1,4,10,8,2);

 

netkiller=> select price from diy.part where id =1;

 price

--------

 848.00

(1 row)

 

netkiller=> select price from diy.part where id =2;

 price

--------

 880.00

(1 row)

 

netkiller=> select sum(price) as price from diy.part where id in (1,2);

  price

---------

 1728.00

(1 row)

 

netkiller=>

 

5.4    集合查詢 (合併n個表)

在網上很多朋友問我,如何合併兩個結構一樣的表,答案有2種方法可以完成,第一種方法使用UNION,第二種方法是使用子查詢。要注意一點UNION的功能不只合併兩個結構一樣,還可以合併多個結構不一樣的表。

 

方法1

 

UNION

 

SQL Statement 1 UNION [ALL] SQL Statement 2 UNION [ALL] SQL Statement n

 

 

例子:

netkiller=> select rolename from roles ;

   rolename

---------------

 Administrator

 gold

 silver

 advance

 free

 System

 OA

(7 rows)

 

netkiller=> select groupname from groups;

   groupname

---------------

 System

 Administrator

 gold

 silver

 advance

 free

 Company

 Person

 OA

(9 rows)

 

netkiller=> select rolename from roles union select groupname from groups;

   rolename

---------------

 Administrator

 advance

 Company

 free

 gold

 OA

 Person

 silver

 System

(9 rows)

 

netkiller=>

合併三個表

netkiller=> select rolename from roles union select groupname from groups union select name from person;

   rolename

---------------

 Administrator

 advance

 baba

 chen

 chenhongxi

 Company

 CRM

 dddd

 free

 Genenral

 gold

 HEHE

 none

 OA

 Person

 Romain

 silver

 System

 USB

 劉曉飛

 葉鳳嵐

 周信華

 崔敏

 張鋒

 張錫雲

 曹健財

 李金友

 樊厘

 王啟軍

 王延川

 趙凱

 鄔豔

 鄭良璿

 郭萬海

 金志文

 

可能大家注意到了UNION 將兩個表中重複的行,只輸出一次。如果想全部輸出可以使用
UNION ALL

netkiller=> select rolename from roles union all select groupname from groups as chen;

   rolename

---------------

 Administrator

 gold

 silver

 advance

 free

 System

 OA

 System

 Administrator

 gold

 silver

 advance

 free

 Company

 Person

 OA

(16 rows)

 

netkiller=>

 

方法2

       使用子查詢將第二張表中的資料追加到第一張表的後面

Insert into table1(field1,field2…..fieldn) select field1,field2…..fieldn from table2

詳細請參考http://www.pgsqldb.org/pgsqldoc-cvs/queries-union.html

6       視圖

視圖

試圖是關係型數據庫系統提供給用戶以多種角度觀察資料庫中資料的重要機制。

試圖是從一個或幾個基本表(或視圖)導出的表,它與基本表不同,是一個虛擬表。資料庫中只存放視圖的定義,而不存放視圖對應的資料,這些資料仍存放在原來的基本表中。所以基本表中的資料發生變化時,從視圖中查詢出的資料也就隨之改變了。也就是說,試圖就像一個視窗,透過它可以看到資料庫中自己感興趣的資料及變化。

試圖一經定義,就可以像基本表一樣被查詢、被刪除,我們也可以在一個視圖之上再定義新的視圖,但對視圖的更新(添加、刪除、修改)操作則有一定的限制。

本節專門討論視圖的定義、操作及優點。

 

試圖的作用:

1.         視圖能夠簡化用戶的操作

2.         視圖使用戶能以多種角度看待同一資料

3.         視圖對重構資料庫提供了一定程度的邏輯獨立性

4.         視圖能夠對機密資料提供安全保護

 

我在工作中發現很多程式師開發資料應該程式。SQL語句寫了五六行,每行最少100個字元。好比如下:

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAA

這麼一大堆 !@%%#@%@^#$&$&%*&^*%^(&)(*) faint 寫這麼長主要的操作是“,”號join操作。

我的習慣是先使用VIEW做第一次的過濾,然後在做第秎ang=EN-US>
Select * from table where xxx = xxxx order by xxxx ASC limit x offset x 操作讀出想要的記錄。

6.1    VIEW基本使用實例

這是一個最基本用法。這裏主要用於格式化Timestamp 輸出2003-09-24 11:23:29格式。

CASE WHEN u.active=true THEN 'Y' ELSE 'N' END as "active" SQL CASE 運算式是一種通用的 條件運算式,類似於其他語言中的 if/else 語句。

 

-- ======================================================

--  'user' 

-- ======================================================  

Create table "user"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL,

       "userid" Varchar(50) NOT NULL,

       "passwd" Varchar(50),

       "name"    Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,

       "nickname" Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,

       "active" Boolean Default 'F',

       "email"    Varchar(50) NOT NULL,

       "question" Varchar(255) NOT NULL,

       "answer" Varchar(255) NOT NULL,

       "begin_date" Timestamp Default now(),

       "end_date" Timestamp Default now(),

       UNIQUE (userid,email),

 primary key ("id")

);

Create index "user_index" on "user" using btree ("id","userid");

 

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'vuser'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

drop view vuser;

CREATE VIEW vuser AS

    SELECT u.id,u.userid,u."name",u.nickname,

           CASE WHEN u.active=true THEN 'Y' ELSE 'N' END as "active",

           u.email,u.question,u.answer,

           to_char(u.begin_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as begin_date,

           to_char(u.end_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as end_date

    FROM "user" u

    Order By u.id;

6.2    使用HTML格式化VIEW的實例

-- ======================================================

--  'user' 

-- ======================================================  

Create table "user"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL,

       "userid" Varchar(50) NOT NULL,

       "passwd" Varchar(50),

       "name"    Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,

       "nickname" Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,

       "active" Boolean Default 'F',

       "email"    Varchar(50) NOT NULL,

       "question" Varchar(255) NOT NULL,

       "answer" Varchar(255) NOT NULL,

       "begin_date" Timestamp Default now(),

       "end_date" Timestamp Default now(),

       UNIQUE (userid,email),

 primary key ("id")

);

Create index "user_index" on "user" using btree ("id","userid");

 

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'vuser'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

drop view vuser1;

 

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vuser1 AS

    SELECT '<center>'||u.id||'</center>' as ID,'<font color=red>'||u.userid||'</font>' as "用戶名",u."name" as "姓名",u.nickname as "昵稱",

           CASE WHEN u.active=true THEN '啟用' ELSE '禁用' END as "active",

           u.email,u.question,u.answer,

           to_char(u.begin_date,'YYYYMMDD HH:MI:SS') as begin_date,

           to_char(u.end_date,'YYYYMMDD HHMISS') as end_date

    FROM "user" u

    Order By u.id;

 

member=> select * from vuser1;

         id         |          用戶名           | 姓名 | 昵稱 | active |     email     | question | answer |         begin_date         |            end_date

--------------------+------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+---------------+----------+--------+----------------------------+--------------------------------

 <center>1</center> | <font color=red>sysop</font> | chen   | chen   | 啟用 | chen@chen.com | xxxxxxx  | xxxx   | 20030924 11:23:29 | 20030924 112329

 <center>2</center> | <font color=red>admin</font> | chen   | chen   | 禁用 | chen@chen.com | xxxxxxx  | xxxx   | 20030924 11:23:29 | 20030930 112329

 

下面有一下更大膽的用法。

-- ======================================================

--  'group'

-- ======================================================

Create table "group"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       "groupname" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,

       "description" Varchar(255),

       UNIQUE (groupname),

      PRIMARY KEY ("id")

);

Create index "group_index" on "group" using btree ("id","groupname");

DROP VIEW vgroup;

CREATE VIEW vgroup AS

    SELECT '<tr>'||g.id||'</td>' as id,'<tr>'||g.groupname||'</td>' as groupname,'<tr>'||g.description||'</td>' as desc

           FROM "group" g

    ORDER BY g.id;

 

postgres=# DROP VIEW vgroup;

ERROR:  view "vgroup" does not exist

postgres=# CREATE VIEW vgroup AS

postgres-#     SELECT '<tr>'||g.id||'</td>' as id,'<tr>'||g.groupname||'</td>' as groupname,'<tr>'||g.description||'</td>' as desc

postgres-#     FROM "group" g

postgres-#     ORDER BY g.id;

CREATE VIEW

postgres=# select * from vgroup ;

     id      |    groupname    |            desc

-------------+-----------------+-----------------------------

 <tr>1</td>  | <tr>Admin</td>  | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td>

 <tr>2</td>  | <tr>Guest</td>  | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td>

 <tr>3</td>  | <tr>Domain</td> | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td>

 <tr>4</td>  | <tr>Admin</td>  | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td>

 <tr>5</td>  | <tr>Guest</td>  | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td>

 <tr>6</td>  | <tr>Domain</td> | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td>

 <tr>7</td>  | <tr>Admin</td>  | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td>

 <tr>8</td>  | <tr>Guest</td>  | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td>

 <tr>9</td>  | <tr>Domain</td> | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td>

 <tr>10</td> | <tr>Admin</td>  | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td>

 <tr>11</td> | <tr>Guest</td>  | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td>

 <tr>12</td> | <tr>Domain</td> | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td>

 <tr>13</td> | <tr>Admin</td>  | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td>

 <tr>14</td> | <tr>Guest</td>  | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td>

 <tr>15</td> | <tr>Domain</td> | <tr>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</td>

(15 rows)

 

進一步修改上面的VIEW,使它更方便輸出。

DROP VIEW vgroup;

CREATE VIEW vgroup AS

    SELECT '<tr align=center>'||g.id||'</td>' as id,

    '<tr align=left><font color=red><b>'||g.groupname||'</b></font></td>' as groupname,

    '<tr><i>'||g.description||'</i></td>' as desc

    FROM "group" g

    ORDER BY g.id;

postgres=# select * from vgroup ;

            id            |                        groupname                         |                desc

--------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------

 <tr align=center>1</td>  | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Admin</b></font></td>  | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td>

 <tr align=center>2</td>  | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Guest</b></font></td>  | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td>

 <tr align=center>3</td>  | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Domain</b></font></td> | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td>

 <tr align=center>4</td>  | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Admin</b></font></td>  | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td>

 <tr align=center>5</td>  | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Guest</b></font></td>  | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td>

 <tr align=center>6</td>  | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Domain</b></font></td> | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td>

 <tr align=center>7</td>  | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Admin</b></font></td>  | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td>

 <tr align=center>8</td>  | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Guest</b></font></td>  | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td>

 <tr align=center>9</td>  | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Domain</b></font></td> | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td>

 <tr align=center>10</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Admin</b></font></td>  | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td>

 <tr align=center>11</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Guest</b></font></td>  | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td>

 <tr align=center>12</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Domain</b></font></td> | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td>

 <tr align=center>13</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Admin</b></font></td>  | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td>

 <tr align=center>14</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Guest</b></font></td>  | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td>

 <tr align=center>15</td> | <tr align=left><font color=red><b>Domain</b></font></td> | <tr><i>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</i></td>

(15 rows)

 

上面的例子輸出資料中代有HTML標記,在B/S結構程式的開發中很方便。當輸出資料要改變風格時,只要CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW your_view AS 就可以,而不必關心頁面與程式。

6.3    view中使用漢字做欄位名

下面是一個使用漢字做欄位名的例子,輸出類似表格:

ID

組名

描述

3

Backup Admin

系統管理員

2

Power Admin

系統管理員

1

System Admin

系統管理員

 

ID |    組名    |     描述

----+--------------+-----------------

  3 | Backup Admin | 系統管理員

  2 | Power Admin  | 系統管理員

  1 | System Admin | 系統管理員

 

DROP VIEW vgroup;

CREATE VIEW vgroup AS

    SELECT g.id as "ID",g.groupname as "組名",g.description as "描述"

    FROM "group" g

    ORDER BY g.groupname;

postgres=# CREATE VIEW vgroup AS

postgres-#     SELECT g.id as "ID",g.groupname as "組名",g.description as "描述"

postgres-#     FROM "group" g

postgres-#     ORDER BY g.groupname;

CREATE VIEW

postgres=# \d vgroup

            View "public.vgroup"

 Column |          Type          | Modifiers

--------+------------------------+-----------

 ID     | integer                |

 組名 | character varying(20)  |

 描述 | character varying(255) |

View definition: SELECT g.id AS "ID", g.groupname AS "組名", g.description AS "描述" FROM "group" g ORDER BY g.groupname;

postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('System Admin','系統管理員');

INSERT 35031 1

postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Power Admin','系統管理員');

INSERT 35032 1

postgres=# insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Backup Admin','系統管理員');

INSERT 35033 1

postgres=# select * from vgroup ;

 ID |    組名    |     描述

----+--------------+-----------------

  3 | Backup Admin | 系統管理員

  2 | Power Admin  | 系統管理員

  1 | System Admin | 系統管理員

(3 rows)

postgres=#

6.4    取出字元如果超過20個在後尾加“…”

實現方法:

1.         首先在取字元長度,可以使用character_length()char_length()函數,它們的功能是一樣的。

2.         然後判斷字元是否大於20個。

3.         大於20個字元,使用substring()函數截取前20個字元。並在後尾加上“

4.         如果小於20個字元,直接取出

5.         要注意資料轉換。使用::varchar(長度)

實例:

DROP SCHEMA oa CASCADE;

CREATE SCHEMA oa;

SET search_path TO public,btob,btoc,ctoc,oa;

-- ======================================================================

-- 'oa.meeting'

-- ======================================================================

Drop table oa.meeting CASCADE;

 

Create table oa.meeting

(

    "id"  Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

    "subject"  varchar(100) NOT NULL,

    "caller"    Varchar(10) NOT NULL ,

    "begin_time" Timestamp Default current_timestamp::timestamp (0) without time zone,

    "end_time"      Timestamp Default current_timestamp::timestamp (0) without time zone,

    "place"    Varchar(100) NOT NULL ,

    "prolocutor" Varchar(10) NOT NULL ,

    "conferee"      Varchar(255) NOT NULL ,

    "recorder"       Varchar(10) NOT NULL ,

    "leitmotiv"  Varchar(255) NOT NULL ,

    "details"  text,

    UNIQUE (subject),

    PRIMARY KEY ("id")

);

 

DROP VIEW oa.vmeeting;

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW oa.vmeeting  AS

    SELECT id,CASE WHEN character_length(subject)>20 THEN substring(subject,1,20)||'...'::varchar(20) ELSE subject::varchar(20) END,

       caller,to_char(begin_time,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI') as begin_time,

       CASE WHEN character_length(place)>10 THEN substring(place,1,10)||'...'::varchar(15) ELSE place::varchar(20) END as place,

       prolocutor

    FROM oa.meeting

    Order By id DESC;

select * from oa.vmeeting;

 

6.5    視圖中使用子查詢

在下面的例子中status欄位是來自ctoc.vbid視圖中的status 欄位。

注意:(select status from ctoc.vbid where uid = f.uid limit 1) as status紅色部分,如果沒有使用limit返回的將是結果集,在查詢時會拋出異常。

ERROR:  More than one tuple returned by a subselect used as an expression.

 

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'ctoc.vfavorites'

-- ------------------------------------------------------       

DROP VIEW ctoc.vfavorites;

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW ctoc.vfavorites AS

    SELECT        f.id,

                  f.uid,

                  f.salesroom_id,

                  s.subject as subject,

                  (select status from ctoc.vbid where uid = f.uid limit 1) as status,

                   to_char(f.created,'YYYY/MM/DD HH24:MI:SS') as date

        FROM ctoc.favorites f, person p,ctoc.salesroom s

        WHERE f.uid = p.uid and f.salesroom_id = s.id

        ORDER BY f.id;

netkiller=> select * from ctoc.vfavorites;

 id | uid | salesroom_id |    subject    |              status               |        date

----+-----+--------------+---------------+-----------------------------------+---------------------

 12 |   8 |            1 | 我買MP3 | <font color="#3399FF">出局</font> | 2004/03/01 16:30:29

 13 |  95 |            1 | 我買MP3 | <font color=red>領先</font>       | 2004/03/01 16:36:39

(2 rows)

 

netkiller=>

 

select * from ctoc.vfavorites;

 

7       過程與函數

在其他資料中分別存在過程與函數,它們的功能沒有區別,為什麼要分為成過程與函數呢。因為過程是沒有返回值的,而函數是要通過RETURN返回值的。返回值可以是任意一個符合SQL 資料類型的值或結果集,在PostgreSQL中過程與函數都是使用CREATE  FUNCTION語句來創建。

7.1    基本使用實例

我們創建一個名為system_log的表。通過add_system_log()這個過程追加記錄,有些朋友可能認為這是多此一舉,我們過程來完成當然有自己的想法,好處是用戶不必關心資料庫結構和SQL語句,可以方便地在任何語言中調用。

 

DROP TABLE system_log CASCADE;

Create table system_log

(

       id    Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       uid integer NOT NULL Default 0,

       ip    inet ,

       status varchar(255),

       description varchar(255),

       login_date Timestamp Default now(),

       PRIMARY KEY("id"),

      FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES "user" (id)

);

-- ------------------------------------------------------

-- 'Function'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

-- DROP FUNCTION add_system_log(integer,inet,varchar);

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION add_system_log(integer,inet,varchar,varchar) RETURNS boolean AS '

       DECLARE

           vUID              ALIAS FOR $1;

           vIP               ALIAS FOR $2;

              vSTATUS       ALIAS FOR $3;

              vDESC          ALIAS FOR $4;

       BEGIN

         insert into system_log(uid,ip,status,description) values(vUID,vIP,vSTATUS,vDESC);

         RETURN true;

      END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

select add_system_log(1,'127.0.0.1','Create Database','Initialization Database');

member=> select add_system_log(1,'127.0.0.1','Create Database','Initialization Database');

 add_system_log

----------------

 t

(1 row)

member=> select * from system_log ;

id | uid |   ip      | status  |    description    |     login_date

--+-----+---------------+---------+------------------------+----------------------------

 

1 |  2 | 192.168.0.5  | 上線 | 密碼             | 2003-09-26 15:33:18.6732

2 |  2 | 192.168.0.2  | 登錄 | 用戶admin       | 2003-09-26 16:19:21.824283

3 |  2 | 192.168.1.31 | 登錄 | 用戶admin        | 2003-09-26 17:10:47.269064

(3 rows)

 

member=> select add_system_log(1,'127.0.0.1','Create Database','Initialization Database') as log;

 log

-----

 t

(1 row)

7.2    過程中使用Select Into

這裏有兩個例子adduser(varchar,varchar)deluser(integer)

函數adduser(用戶名,密碼)             

返回:布林值ture成功,false失敗

功能:添加用戶,首先查看用戶是否存在,如果用戶存在就返回false,如果用戶不存在就插入記錄並返回true

 

函數:deluser(用戶ID)

返回:布林值ture成功,false失敗

功能:刪除用戶,如果用戶存在就刪除用戶並返回true,如果用戶不存在就返回false

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'siteuser'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--DROP TABLE IF EXISTS siteuser;

DROP TABLE siteuser CASCADE;

DROP SEQUENCE siteuser_id_seq;

DROP INDEX siteuser_id_index;

 

CREATE TABLE siteuser (

     id integer DEFAULT nextval('siteuser_id_seq') NOT NULL,

     username varchar(20) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,

     Password       varchar(50) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,

     realname  varchar(10) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,

     email              varchar(50) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,

     create_date  timestamp DEFAULT now(),

     modify_date  timestamp DEFAULT now(),

     UNIQUE               (id,username),

       PRIMARY      KEY (id)

);

CREATE SEQUENCE siteuser_id_seq;

CREATE INDEX siteuser_id_index ON siteuser (id);

 

DROP FUNCTION adduser(varchar,varchar);

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION adduser(varchar,varchar) RETURNS boolean AS '

       DECLARE

           bool boolean := false;

           name text;     

           uid   integer;

           user ALIAS FOR $1;

           pass ALIAS FOR $2;

           su    siteuser%ROWTYPE;

       BEGIN

           SELECT INTO name username FROM siteuser WHERE username = user;

             IF NOT FOUND then

              insert into siteuser(username,password) values(user,pass);

            SELECT INTO uid id FROM siteuser WHERE username = user;

              bool := true;

             ELSE

                     bool := false;

                     RAISE NOTICE ''Calling adduser() return %'',bool;

           END IF;

    RETURN bool;

      END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

 

select adduser('ccscc','eeee');

select * from siteuser ;

 

DROP FUNCTION deluser(integer);

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION deluser(integer) RETURNS boolean AS '

    DECLARE

           bool boolean := false;

           userid text;

       BEGIN

              SELECT INTO userid id FROM siteuser WHERE id = $1;

              IF FOUND then

                  delete from siteuser where id = $1;

                  bool := true;

           ELSE

           END IF;

           RETURN bool;

      END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

 

select deluser(1);

 

7.3    返回integer

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_user_id(varchar) RETURNS integer AS '

       DECLARE

           vUser      ALIAS FOR $1;

           uid integer;

       BEGIN

         SELECT INTO uid id FROM "users" WHERE userid = vUser;

         RETURN uid;

      END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

7.4    返回void

 

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION enable_user(varchar) RETURNS void AS '

       DECLARE

           vUser      ALIAS FOR $1;

       BEGIN

              Update "users" set status = ''true'' where userid = vUser;

              RETURN;

      END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

 

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION disable_user(varchar) RETURNS void AS '

       DECLARE

           vUser      ALIAS FOR $1;

       BEGIN

              Update "users" set status = ''false'' where userid = vUser;

              RETURN;

      END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';      

 

7.5    返回結果集record

create table test(a int, b int);

insert into test values(1,1);

insert into test values(2,2);

insert into test values(3,3);

insert into test values(4,4);

insert into test values(5,5);

insert into test values(6,6);

insert into test values(7,7);

insert into test values(8,8);

insert into test values(9,9);

 

create or replace function fun_test_record() returns setof record as '

       declare

       rec record;

       begin

      

              FOR rec IN SELECT * FROM test LOOP

                     RETURN NEXT rec;

              END LOOP;

              return NULL;

             

       end;

'language 'plpgsql';

 

select a,b from fun_test_record() test(a int, b int);

 

測試:

9812_net=> select a,b from fun_test_record() test(a int, b int);

 a | b

---+---

 1 | 1

 2 | 2

 3 | 3

 4 | 4

 5 | 5

 6 | 6

 7 | 7

 8 | 8

 9 | 9

(9 rows)

 

9812_net=> select test.a,test.b from fun_test_record() test(a int, b int);

 a | b

---+---

 1 | 1

 2 | 2

 3 | 3

 4 | 4

 5 | 5

 6 | 6

 7 | 7

 8 | 8

 9 | 9

(9 rows)

 

9812_net=>

9812_net=> EXPLAIN select a,b from fun_test_record() test(a int, b int);

                                 QUERY PLAN

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Function Scan on fun_test_record test  (cost=0.00..12.50 rows=1000 width=8)

(1 row)

 

9812_net=> EXPLAIN select * from test;

                       QUERY PLAN

--------------------------------------------------------

 Seq Scan on test  (cost=0.00..20.00 rows=1000 width=8)

(1 row)

 

9812_net=>

 

JDBC API中使用。你儘管當它是一個SQL語句。

個人建議使用游標代替record,因為游標更方便。

7.6    例子

例子1

-- ======================================================================

--  'btoc.order_form'

-- ======================================================================

/*

       number 訂單號/業務跟蹤號 30. 14位為日期時間,-後面的15位為亂數

*/

DROP TABLE btoc.order_form CASCADE;

CREATE TABLE btoc.order_form (

    id            Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

    category_id  integer DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,  -- foreign key

    number   varchar (35) NOT NULL,

    person_id    integer DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL, -- foreign key

    status      Varchar(10) Default '0' Check (status in ('0','1','2','3','4','5')),

    created    Timestamp Default current_timestamp::timestamp (0) without time zone,

    modified  Timestamp Default current_timestamp::timestamp (0) without time zone,

    UNIQUE (number),

    PRIMARY KEY (id),

    FOREIGN KEY (category_id) REFERENCES btoc.product_category (id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE,

    FOREIGN KEY (person_id) REFERENCES person (uid) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE

);

CREATE INDEX btoc_order_form_index ON btoc.order_form (id,number,status);

 

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION btoc.sp_order_form(Integer,Integer,varchar) RETURNS Integer AS '

       DECLARE

           ofid integer;

               cid ALIAS FOR $1;

               ofuid ALIAS FOR $2;

               ofstatus ALIAS FOR $3;

               num varchar(35);

       BEGIN

           select into num to_char(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,''YYYYMMDDHH24MISS'')||''-''||to_char(random(),''FM9V9999999999999990'')::varchar(15);

               Insert into btoc.order_form(category_id,number,person_id,status) values (cid,num,ofuid,ofstatus);

               Select into ofid id FROM btoc.order_form WHERE number = num;

          IF FOUND then

                   RETURN ofid;

               ELSE

                   RAISE EXCEPTION ''Inexistent ID --> %'',ofid;

               END IF; 

      END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

 

7.7    shell 過程語言

http://developer.postgresql.org/~petere/pgplsh/pgplsh-1.0-7.3.tar.gz

 

 

 

8       規則

這裏有兩上規則例子role_rulegroup_rule。它們功能都是刪除其他表中受外鍵約束的記錄。用觸發器也可以實現同樣功能,觸發器繁瑣,要寫一個過程。而規則靈巧得多。

如果是單一的SelectUpdateInsert Delect推薦使用規則。如果要同時Update,Insert, Delect可以使用觸發器

             IF TG_OP = ''UPDATE'' THEN

                  xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

           END IF;

             IF TG_OP = ''INSERT'' THEN

                  xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

                  xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

           END IF;

             IF TG_OP = ''DELETE'' THEN

                  xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

                  xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

                  xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

           END IF;

8.1    規則實例

-- ======================================================

--  'group'

-- ======================================================

Create table "group"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       "groupname" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,

       "description" Varchar(255),

       UNIQUE (groupname),

      PRIMARY KEY ("id")

);

Create index "group_index" on "group" using btree ("id","groupname");

-- ======================================================

--  'groupmember'

-- ======================================================

Create table "groupmember"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       "gid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,

       "uid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,

       primary key ("id")

);

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'vgroupmember'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

-- DROP VIEW vgroupmember;

CREATE VIEW vgroupmember AS

    SELECT gm.id,gm.gid,g.groupname,gm.uid,u.userid,u.name

           FROM "group" g,"user" u,groupmember gm

        Where u.id = gm.uid and g.id = gm.gid

    ORDER BY gm.id;

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'RULE'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

CREATE RULE group_rule AS ON Delete TO "group"

    DO Delete From groupmember where gid = OLD.id;

 

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'Insert Data'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('System','系統管理員');

Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Administrator','站點管理員');

Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('gold','');

Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('silver','');

Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('copper','');

Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('advance','高級會員');

Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('free','免費會員');

 

-- ======================================================

--  'role'

-- ======================================================

-- drop table role CASCADE;

Create table "role"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       "rolename" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,

       "description" Varchar(255),

       UNIQUE (rolename),

      PRIMARY KEY ("id")

);

Create index "role_index" on "role" using btree ("id","rolename");

 

-- ======================================================

--  'rolemember' 

-- ======================================================

-- drop table rolemember CASCADE ;

Create table "rolemember"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       "rid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,

       "uid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,

 primary key ("id")

);

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'vrolemember'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

CREATE VIEW vrolemember AS

    SELECT rm.id,rm.rid,r.rolename,rm.uid,u.userid,u.name

           FROM "role" r,"user" u,rolemember rm

        Where u.id = rm.uid and r.id = rm.rid

        ORDER BY rm.id;

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'RULE'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

CREATE RULE role_rule AS ON Delete TO role

    DO Delete From rolemember where rid = OLD.id;

 

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'Insert Data'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

Insert into role(rolename,description) values('System','系統管理員');

Insert into role(rolename,description) values('Administrator','站點管理員');

Insert into role(rolename,description) values('gold','');

Insert into role(rolename,description) values('silver','');

Insert into role(rolename,description) values('copper','');

Insert into role(rolename,description) values('advance','高級會員');

Insert into role(rolename,description) values('free','免費會員');

 

-- ======================================================

--  'Foreign Key'

-- ======================================================

Alter table "groupmember" add  foreign key ("uid") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

Alter table "groupmember" add  foreign key ("gid") references "group" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

Alter table "rolemember" add  foreign key ("uid") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

Alter table "rolemember" add  foreign key ("rid") references "role" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

9       觸發器

9.1    一般用法

下面clientinfo_tri觸發器與clientinfo_rule規則功能相同。

 

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION clientinfo_tri_func () RETURNS opaque AS '

      BEGIN

           Delete from prodorder where clientinfo_id = OLD.id;

    RETURN OLD;

      END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

 

DROP TRIGGER clientinfo_tri on clientinfo;

CREATE TRIGGER clientinfo_tri

       BEFORE Delete ON clientinfo FOR EACH ROW

       EXECUTE PROCEDURE clientinfo_tri_func ();

 

CREATE RULE clientinfo_rule AS ON Delete TO prodorder

    DO        Delete from prodorder where clientinfo_id = OLD.id;

9.2    多個觸發器使用同一個過程

這是一個多個觸發器使用同一個函數例子。

觸發器siteuser_delete_tri功能是:

當刪除siteuser表中記錄時,首先刪除其他表中受外鍵約束的記錄,如果不使用觸發器或規則來完成,就很麻煩了。

如下:

       Begin;

                  Delete from company where uid = id;

                 Delete from link where uid = id;

                 Delete from product_sort where uid = id;

                  Delete from news where uid = id;

                  Delete from count where uid = id;

                  Delete from guestbook where uid = id;

                  Delete from clientinfo where uid = id;

                  Delete from column_bar where uid = id;

                  Delete from drumbeating where uid = id;

                     Commit;

       在程式中完成上面的操作,

           String sql1="Delete from company where uid = ?";

           String sql2="Delete from link where uid = ?";

           String sql3="Delete from product_sort where uid = ?";

           String sql4="Delete from news where uid = ?";

           String sql5="Delete from count where uid = ?";

           String sql6="Delete from guestbook where uid = ?";

           String sql7="Delete from clientinfo where uid = ?";

           String sql8="Delete from column_bar where uid = ?";

           String sql9="Delete from drumbeating where uid = ?";

              String id  = <your-id>;

DBConnect odb = null;

              try{

                     odb = new DBConnect(oDatabase);

                     odb.Begin();

                     odb.prepareStatement(sql1);

odb.setString(1,id);

                     rs = odb. executeUpdate ();

                     odb.prepareStatement(sql2);

odb.setString(1,id);

                     rs = odb. executeUpdate ();

                     odb.prepareStatement(sql3);

odb.setString(1,id);

                     rs = odb. executeUpdate ();

                     odb.prepareStatement(sql4);

odb.setString(1,id);

                     rs = odb. executeUpdate ();

                     odb.prepareStatement(sql5);

odb.setString(1,id);

                     rs = odb. executeUpdate ();

                     odb.prepareStatement(sql6);

odb.setString(1,id);

                     rs = odb. executeUpdate ();

                     odb.prepareStatement(sql7);

odb.setString(1,id);

                     rs = odb. executeUpdate ();

                     odb.prepareStatement(sql8);

odb.setString(1,id);

                     rs = odb. executeUpdate ();

                     odb.prepareStatement(sql9);

odb.setString(1,id);

                     rs = odb. executeUpdate ();

                    

                     odb.Commit();

              }

              catch(Exception e){

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }

              finally{

                     try{

                            odb.close();

                     }catch(Exception e){

                            e.printStackTrace();

                     }

              }

觸發器siteuser_insert_tri功能是:

當向siteuser表中插入記錄時同時向companycountdrumbeating……表中增加一條記錄。

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'siteuser'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--DROP TABLE IF EXISTS siteuser;

DROP TABLE siteuser CASCADE;

DROP SEQUENCE siteuser_id_seq;

DROP INDEX siteuser_id_index;

 

CREATE TABLE siteuser (

     id integer DEFAULT nextval('siteuser_id_seq') NOT NULL,

     username varchar(20) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,

     Password       varchar(50) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,

     realname  varchar(10) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,

     email              varchar(50) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,

     create_date  timestamp DEFAULT now(),

     modify_date  timestamp DEFAULT now(),

     UNIQUE               (id,username),

       PRIMARY      KEY (id)

);

CREATE SEQUENCE siteuser_id_seq;

CREATE INDEX siteuser_id_index ON siteuser (id);

 

DROP FUNCTION siteuser_tri_func() CASCADE ;

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION siteuser_tri_func () RETURNS opaque AS '

--    DECLARE

--         user_id CONSTANT INTEGER := OLD.id;

      BEGIN

             IF TG_OP = ''DELETE'' THEN

                  Delete from company where uid = OLD.id;

                 Delete from link where uid = OLD.id;

                 Delete from product_sort where uid = OLD.id;

                  Delete from news where uid = OLD.id;

                  Delete from count where uid = OLD.id;

                  Delete from guestbook where uid = OLD.id;

                  Delete from clientinfo where uid = OLD.id;

                  Delete from column_bar where uid = OLD.id;

                  Delete from drumbeating where uid = OLD.id;

           END IF;

           IF TG_OP = ''INSERT'' THEN

                  INSERT INTO company(uid) values(NEW.id);

                  INSERT INTO count(uid,number,fontcolor,backgroundcolor) values(NEW.id,0,''ffffff'',''000000'');

                  INSERT INTO drumbeating(uid,logourl,bannerurl) values(NEW.id,''default_logo.jpg'',''default_banner.jpg'');

           END IF;

    RETURN OLD;

      END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

 

 

DROP TRIGGER siteuser_delete_tri on siteuser;

CREATE TRIGGER siteuser_delete_tri

       BEFORE Delete ON siteuser FOR EACH ROW

       EXECUTE PROCEDURE siteuser_tri_func ();

 

DROP TRIGGER siteuser_insert_tri on siteuser;

CREATE TRIGGER siteuser_insert_tri

       AFTER INSERT ON siteuser FOR EACH ROW

       EXECUTE PROCEDURE siteuser_tri_func ();

9.3    時間調度觸發器

PostgreSQL本身關沒有提供這種功能。但是我們可以用其他方式來代替同樣的功能。

[root@linux pgsql]# cat function.sh

#!/bin/bash

 

psql -Uchen member -c "select add_system_log(1,'127.0.0.1','Create Database','Initialization Database');"

# or

# psql -Uchen member -f your_sql_script.sql

9.3.1   定時觸發器

定時觸發器與週期觸發器。的不同是定時,只運行一次,而週期是有規律的運行。

l         明天的這時候運行function.sh

[root@linux8 pgsql]# at -f function.sh tomorrow

warning: commands will be executed using (in order) a) $SHELL b) login shell c) /bin/sh

job 15 at 2003-10-14 18:05

l         今晚800運行optimize.sh Shell

[root@linux8 pgsql]# at -f optimize.sh 20:00 + 1 days

warning: commands will be executed using (in order) a) $SHELL b) login shell c) /bin/sh

job 18 at 2003-10-14 20:00

4天后的淩晨100運行function.sh

[root@linux8 pgsql]# at -f function.sh + 5 days

warning: commands will be executed using (in order) a) $SHELL b) login shell c) /bin/sh

job 20 at 2003-10-18 01:00

l         查看at queue

[root@linux8 pgsql]# atq

11      2003-10-14 01:00 a root

12      2003-10-14 18:00 a root

13      2003-10-14 18:00 b root

14      2003-10-14 18:03 a root

15      2003-10-14 18:05 a root

16      2003-10-14 01:00 a root

17      2003-10-13 20:00 a root

18      2003-10-14 20:00 a root

19      2003-10-15 01:00 a root

20      2003-10-18 01:00 a root

或使用

[root@linux8 pgsql]# at -l

11      2003-10-14 01:00 a root

12      2003-10-14 18:00 a root

13      2003-10-14 18:00 b root

14      2003-10-14 18:03 a root

15      2003-10-14 18:05 a root

16      2003-10-14 01:00 a root

17      2003-10-13 20:00 a root

18      2003-10-14 20:00 a root

19      2003-10-15 01:00 a root

20      2003-10-18 01:00 a root

9.3.2   週期觸發器

l         每天的淩晨300運行一次function.sh

[root@linux etc]# cat crontab

SHELL=/bin/bash

PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin

MAILTO=root

HOME=/

 

# run-parts

01 * * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.hourly

02 4 * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.daily

22 4 * * 0 root run-parts /etc/cron.weekly

42 4 1 * * root run-parts /etc/cron.monthly

0 3 * * * root /usr/local/pgsql/function.sh

 

l         每天,每兩個小時運行一次function.sh

 

0 */2 * * * root /usr/local/pgsql/function.sh

 

 

l         每月1日早上零晨2點運行 function.sh

 

0 2 1 * * root /usr/local/pgsql/function.sh

 

 

l         每個月的星期一1700點運行 function.sh

 

0 17 * * mon root /usr/local/pgsql/function.sh

 

 

例子不再舉了,請參考作業系統手冊。

 

9.4    其他例子

例子1

Id

other

Status

1

 

False

2

 

False

3

 

False

4

 

True

需求:要求插入資料之前,將資料庫中某個表的status些欄位值設為false,然後再插入,使表中最後一條記錄的status欄位為true

這個例子可以應用在競價拍賣的過程中。Statusfalse表示出局,為true表是領先。

每一次出價要比現有的出價高,同時使其他用戶出局,自己領先。

-- ======================================================================

--  'ctoc.bid'

-- ======================================================================

/*

       bidder 買方(信用等級)

       price 出價

       quantity 需求數量

       實際獲得數量

       出價時間

 

*/

DROP TABLE ctoc.bid CASCADE;

CREATE TABLE ctoc.bid(

       id Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

    salesroom_id integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,  -- foreign key

    bidder integer  DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,  -- foreign key

       price       numeric(8,2) DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL,

       quantity Integer DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL Check (quantity not in ('0')),

    created  timestamp DEFAULT current_timestamp::timestamp (0) without time zone,

    status boolean DEFAULT true,

    PRIMARY KEY (id),

    FOREIGN KEY (salesroom_id) REFERENCES ctoc.salesroom (id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE,

    FOREIGN KEY (bidder) REFERENCES person (uid) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE

);

CREATE INDEX ctoc_bid_index ON ctoc.bid (salesroom_id);

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  ' FUNCTION  TRIGGER '

-- ------------------------------------------------------

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION ctoc_bid_tri_func () RETURNS TRIGGER AS '

    DECLARE

    BEGIN

              Update ctoc.bid set status = false where salesroom_id = NEW.salesroom_id;               

    RETURN NEW;

    END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

 

DROP TRIGGER ctoc_bid_tri on ctoc.bid;

CREATE TRIGGER ctoc_bid_tri

       BEFORE INSERT ON ctoc.bid FOR EACH ROW

       EXECUTE PROCEDURE ctoc_bid_tri_func ();

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  ' Test '

-- ------------------------------------------------------

insert into ctoc.bid(salesroom_id,bidder,price,quantity,status) values(1,8,100,1,true);

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'ctoc.vbid'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

DROP VIEW ctoc.vbid;

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW ctoc.vbid AS

    SELECT

           b.id,

           b.salesroom_id,

           b.bidder as uid,

           p.name as bidder,

           b.price,

           b.quantity,

           CASE WHEN b.status = true THEN b.quantity::varchar ELSE '0' END as quantity1,

              to_char(b.created,'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') as created,

              CASE WHEN b.status = true THEN '<font color=red>領先</font>'::varchar ELSE '<font color="#3399FF">出局</font>'::varchar END as status

    FROM ctoc.bid b,ctoc.salesroom room, person p

    WHERE b.salesroom_id = room.id and b.bidder = p.uid

    order by b.salesroom_id,id DESC;

對例子1改進:

實現在競價過程中,每一次出價要比之前的與有出價高。如果出價低於之前的最後一次出價,拋出異常ERROR:  Calling ctoc_bid_tri_func ()

 

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION ctoc_bid_tri_func () RETURNS TRIGGER AS '

    DECLARE

    BEGIN

           IF NEW.price > (select max(price) from ctoc.bid where salesroom_id = NEW.salesroom_id) THEN

                     Update ctoc.bid set status = false where salesroom_id = NEW.salesroom_id;

              ELSE

--                   RAISE NOTICE ''Calling ctoc_bid_tri_func ()'';

                     RAISE EXCEPTION ''Calling ctoc_bid_tri_func ()'';

              END IF;

    RETURN NEW;

    END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

 

DROP TRIGGER ctoc_bid_tri on ctoc.bid;

CREATE TRIGGER ctoc_bid_tri

       BEFORE INSERT ON ctoc.bid FOR EACH ROW

       EXECUTE PROCEDURE ctoc_bid_tri_func ();

測試:

netkiller=> insert into ctoc.bid(salesroom_id,bidder,price,quantity,status) values(1,8,100,1,true);

ERROR:  Calling ctoc_bid_tri_func ()

netkiller=> insert into ctoc.bid(salesroom_id,bidder,price,quantity,status) values(1,8,120,1,true);

ERROR:  Calling ctoc_bid_tri_func ()

netkiller=> insert into ctoc.bid(salesroom_id,bidder,price,quantity,status) values(1,8,140,1,true);

INSERT 49772 1

netkiller=>

 

10             游標

CREATE FUNCTION reffunc(refcursor) RETURNS refcursor AS '

BEGIN

        OPEN $1 FOR SELECT * FROM system_log;

        RETURN $1;

END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

 

BEGIN;

SELECT reffunc('funccursor');

FETCH ALL IN funccursor;

COMMIT;

member=>

member=> BEGIN;

BEGIN

member=> SELECT reffunc('funccursor');

  reffunc

------------

 funccursor

(1 row)

 

member=> FETCH ALL IN funccursor;

 id | uid |      ip      |     status      |            description             |         login_date

----+-----+--------------+-----------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------

  8 |   1 | 192.168.0.1  | eeee            | dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd | 2003-09-25 14:55:19.62117

53 |   1 | 127.0.0.1    | Create Database | Initialization Database            | 2003-09-25 15:23:34.941765

 54 |   2 | 192.168.0.5  | 上線          | 密碼                             | 2003-09-26 15:33:18.6732

 55 |   2 | 192.168.0.2  | 登錄          | 用戶admin                        | 2003-09-26 16:19:21.824283

 56 |   2 | 192.168.1.31 | 登錄          | 用戶admin                        | 2003-09-26 17:10:47.269064

 

10.1       游標結果集

這是一個在Java 中讀取游標返回的結果集例子:

public void Cursors(){

       String sql                     = "SELECT reffunc('funccursor')";

       String sql2                    = "FETCH ALL IN funccursor";

 

       DBConnect odb = null;

       try{

              odb = new DBConnect(oDatabase);

              odb.Begin();

              odb.prepareStatement(sql);

              rs = odb.executeQuery();

              odb.prepareStatement(sql2);

             

              //odb.setString(1,user);

              rs = odb.executeQuery();

              if(rs!=null) {

                     while(rs.next()){

                            System.out.print(rs.getString(1)+"|");

                            System.out.print(rs.getString(2)+"|");

                            System.out.print(rs.getString(3)+"|");

                            System.out.println(rs.getString(4));

                     }    

              }

              odb.Commit();

       }

       catch(Exception e){

              e.printStackTrace();

       }

       finally{

              try{

                     odb.close();

              }catch(Exception e){

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }

       }

}

53|1|127.0.0.1|Create Database

54|2|192.168.0.5|上線

55|2|192.168.0.2|登錄

56|2|192.168.1.31|登錄

57|2|127.0.0.1|登錄

58|1|127.0.0.1|登錄

 

10.2       例子

例子1

CREATE FUNCTION reffunc(refcursor,integer) RETURNS refcursor AS '

BEGIN

        OPEN $1 FOR SELECT id,pname,num as amount,price,newprice,(newprice*num) as subtotal,((price-newprice)*num) as cost_saving FROM product WHERE id = $2;

        RETURN $1;

END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

 

例子2

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION btoc.porder(refcursor,Integer,Integer) RETURNS refcursor AS '

       DECLARE

               search_id ALIAS FOR $2;

               num ALIAS FOR $3;

       BEGIN

               OPEN $1 FOR

                      SELECT

                          id,name,

                  CASE WHEN money is null THEN ''RMB'' ELSE money END||to_char(price,''99G999G999D99'') as price,

                      CASE WHEN money is null THEN ''RMB'' ELSE money END||to_char(newprice,''99G999G999D99'') as newprice,

                      num as quantity,

                      newprice*num as subtotal,

                      price*num - newprice*num as cost_saving

                   FROM btoc.product

                   WHERE id = search_id;

          IF FOUND then

                   RETURN $1;

               ELSE

                   RETURN null;

               END IF; 

      END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

 

BEGIN;

select btoc.porder('funccursor',75,500);

FETCH ALL IN funccursor;

-- CLOSE funccursor;

-- select porder('funccursor',16,5);

-- FETCH ALL IN funccursor;

COMMIT;

11             事務處理

11.1       批量插入、更新、刪除

對資料進行批量的插入、更新、刪除操作,建議使用事務處理。

1.         降低對物理磁片的讀寫操作,提高性能

2.         保持資料完整、一至

請看下面的例子

11.1.1 批量插入操作-1

insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('System Admin','系統管理員');

insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Power Admin','系統管理員');

insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Backup Admin','系統管理員');

……  ……

……  ……

……  ……

insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('xxxxxxxxxxxx','xxxxxxxxxxx');

 

這個例子要完成大量的資料插入操作。在程式在實現這個操作,基本都是使用一個迴圈操作如:

for(條件){

       運行SQL語句:insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('變數','變數');

}

如果插入資料足夠多,你會發現你的磁片在嚓嚓做響,並且硬碟指示燈瘋狂閃爍。

優化後更改為:

begin

for(條件){

       運行SQL語句:insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('變數','變數');

}

commit

 

插入資料被保存到記憶體中,只有commit時你的磁片才會嚓嚓響。除非你的存內不夠用,系統使用交換分區。當前主流的伺服器配置基本都是1G-2G記憶體再加4G交換分區,一次插入幾千行的事務小CASE

 

這裏給一個Java的例子:

       public void delGroupMember(ArrayList id) {

              String sql = "delete from groupmember where id=?";

              try{

                     odb = new DBConnect(oDatabase);

                     odb.Begin();

                  for(int i=0;i<id.size();i++){

                            odb.prepareStatement(sql);

                         odb.setString(1,(String)id.get(i));

                            odb.executeUpdate();

                     }

                     odb.Commit();

                     odb.AutoCommit();

              }

              catch(Exception e){

                     odb.Rollback();

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }

              finally{

                     try{

                            odb.close();

                     }catch(Exception e){

                            e.printStackTrace();

                     }

              }

       }

11.2       保持資料完整-2

當刪除A表中一條記錄,同時刪除BCDEF……等表中的相關資料,當然你可以使用RULETRIGGER來完成,我這是只是舉個例子。

由程式完成這樣的刪除作操,如果不使用事務處理,中途中斷運算元據就會不一至。

 

Begin;

           Delete from company where uid = id;

          Delete from link where uid = id;

          Delete from product_sort where uid = id;

           Delete from news where uid = id;

           Delete from count where uid = id;

           Delete from guestbook where uid = id;

           Delete from clientinfo where uid = id;

           Delete from column_bar where uid = id;

           Delete from drumbeating where uid = id;

       Commit;

 

12             用戶許可權

需求例子

某公司經營虛擬主機,資料庫等業務,需求如下

 

1.         每個虛擬主機用戶對應一個資料(PostgreSQL)。

2.         資料庫與資料庫用戶之間獨立,互不干擾。

3.         有一些用戶虛擬主機在其他公司,要買我們的PostgreSQL資料庫服務。

4.         用戶分為企業,個人。

5.         每戶有時限,過期後自動失效(停用)。

 

分析:

1.         每個主機對應一個資料庫,並且用戶之間獨立,我們可以配置pg_hba.conf檔來完成需求(1),(2),(3)。

2.         創建企業組和個人組來實現需求中的(4

3.         過期策略,使用VALID UNTIL選項來完成

建議:

       資料庫與用戶名命名規則,建議你使用該用戶虛擬主機的功能變數名稱。如:

       www.9812.net 資料庫為:9812_net 用戶名為:9812_net

       資料庫名使用“_”下劃線需要使用雙引號"9812_net", "xuser_net"

       如果不想使用雙引號,給用戶添麻煩。也可以命名為:

       9812netxusernetkdeopencom

       或不用尾碼直接

       9812xuserkdeopen

12.1.1

12.1.1.1       創建組

CREATE GROUP groupname;

 

要向組中增加用戶或刪除用戶:

ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER user1, user2... ;

ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER user1, user2... ;

 

postgres=# CREATE GROUP company;

CREATE GROUP

postgres=# CREATE GROUP person;

CREATE GROUP

postgres=#

 

12.1.1.2       刪除組

DROP GROUP groupname;

postgres=# DROP GROUP vhost;

DROP GROUP

 

12.1.2 用戶

12.1.2.1       創建用戶

1.         創建一個名為netkiller的用戶,指定密碼chen

CREATE USER netkiller WITH PASSWORD 'chen';

2.         創建一個用戶:dbuser1,密碼:chen,用戶在2003-12-1過期。

CREATE USER dbuser1 WITH PASSWORD 'chen' VALID UNTIL '2003-12-1';

postgres=# CREATE USER dbuser1 WITH PASSWORD 'chen' VALID UNTIL '2003-12-1';

CREATE USER

postgres=# CREATE USER "kdeopen_comt" WITH PASSWORD 'chen' VALID UNTIL '2003-12-30';

CREATE USER

postgres=# CREATE USER "9812_net" WITH PASSWORD 'chen' VALID UNTIL '2004-2-1';

CREATE USER

 

3.         創建用戶一個隸屬於vhost組的用戶。

CREATE USER vhostdbuser WITH PASSWORD 'chen' IN GROUP vhost;

postgres=# CREATE GROUP vhost;

CREATE GROUP

postgres=# CREATE USER vhostdbuser WITH PASSWORD 'chen' IN GROUP vhost;

CREATE USER

postgres=# CREATE USER vhostdbuser1 WITH PASSWORD 'chen' VALID UNTIL '2003-12-1' IN GROUP vhost;

CREATE USER

postgres=#

postgres=# \du

               List of database users

  User name   | User ID |         Attributes

--------------+---------+----------------------------

 9812_net     |     102 |

 dbuser1      |     101 |

 kdeopen_com |     103 |

 netkiller    |     100 |

 postgres     |       1 | superuser, create database

 vhostdbuser  |     104 |

 vhostdbuser1 |     105 |

(7 rows)

 

postgres=#

12.1.2.2       刪除用戶

DROP USER username;

postgres=# DROP USER dbuser1;

DROP USER

postgres=#

12.1.2.3       修改密碼

ALTER USER "用戶" PASSWORD  '密碼';

postgres=# ALTER USER "9812_net" PASSWORD  '123456';

ALTER USER

postgres=#

 

測試:

bash-2.05b$ psql -h 127.0.0.1 -U9812

Password: 輸入新密碼

psql: FATAL:  Password authentication failed for user "9812"

 

bash-2.05b$ psql -h 127.0.0.1 -U9812_net

Password:

Welcome to psql 7.3.4, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.

 

Type:  \copyright for distribution terms

       \h for help with SQL commands

       \? for help on internal slash commands

       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query

       \q to quit

 

9812_net=>

12.1.3 創建資料

創建資料庫,並指定所有者:

CREATE DATABASE kdeopen WITH OWNER = 9812_net TEMPLATE = template0 ENCODING = 'UNICODE';

postgres=# CREATE DATABASE "9812_net" WITH OWNER = "9812_net" TEMPLATE = template0 ENCODING = 'UNICODE';

CREATE DATABASE

postgres=# \l

         List of databases

   Name    |   Owner   | Encoding

-----------+-----------+-----------

 9812_net  | 9812_net  | UNICODE

 netkiller | netkiller | UNICODE

 postgres  | postgres  | SQL_ASCII

 template0 | postgres  | SQL_ASCII

 template1 | postgres  | SQL_ASCII

(5 rows)

 

postgres=#

12.1.4 用戶認證

12.1.4.1       本地連接

# local    DATABASE  USER  METHOD  [OPTION]

# host     DATABASE  USER  IP-ADDRESS  IP-MASK  METHOD  [OPTION]

# hostssl  DATABASE  USER  IP-ADDRESS  IP-MASK  METHOD  [OPTION]

 

pg_hba.conf檔配置例子

[root@linux data]# cat pg_hba.conf

host    all         all         127.0.0.1         255.255.255.255   md5

local   all         all                                          trust

測試,從127.0.0.1連接成功

[root@linux data]# psql -h127.0.0.1 -u member

psql: Warning: The -u option is deprecated. Use -U.

User name: chen

Password:

Welcome to psql 7.3.3, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.

 

Type:  \copyright for distribution terms

       \h for help with SQL commands

       \? for help on internal slash commands

       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query

       \q to quit

 

member=>

從外地測試,從LAN連接失敗

[root@linux data]# psql -hwww.9812.net -u member

psql: Warning: The -u option is deprecated. Use -U.

User name: chen

Password:

psql: FATAL:  No pg_hba.conf entry for host 61.145.139.113, user chen, database member

 

[root@linux2 data]#

 

注意:是本地連接也要加-h 127.0.0.1。否則系統認為你用UNIX Domain Socket 連接     /tmp/ .s.PGSQL.5432

12.1.4.2       允許任何IP連接主機

[root@linux data]# cat pg_hba.conf

host    all         all         0.0.0.0           0.0.0.0           md5

12.1.5 腳本例子

9812是本地用戶(應用程式和資料庫在同一台伺服器上)

kdeopen 是外部用戶來自202.103.190.130

xuser 是動態IP拔號用戶,可以在任何地方連接他的xuser資料庫

 

pg_hba.conf

[root@linux data]# cat pg_hba.conf

host    9812          9812          127.0.0.1         255.255.255.255   md5

host    kdeopen       kdeopen        202.103.190.130   255.255.255.0     md5

host    xuser          xuser          0.0.0.0           0.0.0.0           md5

 

SQL腳本:

CREATE GROUP company;

CREATE GROUP person;

CREATE USER 9812 WITH PASSWORD 'chen' VALID UNTIL '2003-12-1' IN GROUP person;

CREATE DATABASE 9812 WITH OWNER = 9812 TEMPLATE = template0 ENCODING = 'UNICODE';

CREATE USER kdeopen WITH PASSWORD 'chen' VALID UNTIL '2003-12-1' IN GROUP company;

CREATE DATABASE kdeopen WITH OWNER = kdeopen TEMPLATE = template0 ENCODING = 'UNICODE';

CREATE USER xuser WITH PASSWORD 'chen' VALID UNTIL '2003-12-1' IN GROUP person;

CREATE DATABASE xuser WITH OWNER = xuser TEMPLATE = template0 ENCODING = 'UNICODE';

12.1.6 許可權

過幾天寫

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

13             其他技巧例子

字串替換

update crm.customer set details = replace(details,'客戶',' customer') where id >20;

 

第二章 開發篇

13.1       漢字編碼問題

傳統漢字編碼是由兩個位元組組成(HzHzk 國標GB2312,GBK)的,最新版是GB18030相容(GB2312GBK 2位元組),其餘的字元是4位元組。其他一些過度標準還有GB 2311GB 11383GB 12345GB 13000.1GB17000

採用UTF-8編碼會多佔用一些空間(英文1個位元組,一個漢字等其他字元需3個位元組),但解決了國際化問題,UTF-8相容GB2312BIG5EUC_CNEUC_TWGB18030等多種國家的語言編碼。

解決了國際化字元問題條件是創建資料庫的編碼必須是UNICODEUNICODE中英文一個字母=中文一個漢字長度。

控制臺(顯示/輸出) UTF-8 參考FAQ Putty

 

13.2       JDBC

要解決Java 中的中文問題,首先字元源就應該是UTF-8編碼,如將“漢字”轉成UTF-8編碼,通過JDBC 插入到UNICODE編碼的資料庫中。這樣才不會出亂碼“????”,“”。我在BBS上看到很多朋友問漢字編碼問題。他們沒成功的的原因是他們這樣組合。

ISO8859-1(漢字) à JDBC à Database (UNICODE)

ISO8859-1(漢字) à JDBC à Database (EUC_CN)

GB2312(漢字) à JDBC à Database (SQL_ASCII)

 

    正確應該是:

UTF-8(漢字) à JDBC (UTF-8) à Database (Unicode)

如果你使用psql查看記錄。你的控制臺也要支持UTF-8。否則你看到的還是亂碼。

13.2.1 Jsp/Java

13.2.2 toChinese() 方法

我常在BBS上看到很多用戶提問,Jsp/Java 讀出表單、資料庫中的漢字顯示為“??????????”,多數用戶都是使用類似下面的方法:

 

       public static String toChinese(String strvalue){

           try{

            if(strvalue==null)

               return null;

            else{

               strvalue = new String(strvalue.getBytes("ISO8859_1"), "GBK");

               return strvalue;

               }

        }catch(Exception e){

              return null;

        }

     }

13.2.3 Unicode (UTF-8) 完全解決方案

筆者不贊成使用這種方法,因為無論GBK,還是GB2312只限于英文字母、漢字存儲。我推薦使用Unicode(UTF-8) 編碼,可以存儲任何資料。創建資料庫編碼採用EUC_CNUnicode編碼都可以(建議使用Unicode)。Jsp頁面中要加入下面幾行代碼。加入代碼之後不需要對字元(包括漢字)做認任轉換處理。全部採用UTF-8編碼存儲資料。

13.2.3.1       setCharacterEncoding() 方案

<%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=gb2312" language="java" import="java.sql.*" errorPage="error.jsp" %>

<html>

<head>

<title>Untitled Document</title>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset= gb2312">

<link href="../includes/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">

</head>

 

改為

 

<%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=utf-8" language="java" import="java.sql.*" errorPage="" %>

<jsp:include page="../includes/unicode.jsp" flush="true" />

<%@ page import="java.util.*"%>

<jsp:useBean id="sd" scope="page" class="ebusiness.btob.supplydemand"/>

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<html>

<head>

<title>Untitled Document</title>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">

<link href="../includes/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">

</head>

<%

       String CharacterEncoding = "UTF-8";

       response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");

       request.setCharacterEncoding(CharacterEncoding);

%>

 

String CharacterEncoding = "UTF-8";

request.setCharacterEncoding(CharacterEncoding);

設置提交出去的資料就是utf-8的..

 

創建資料庫:

bash-2.05b$ createdb -E Unicode mydatabase

CREATE DATABASE

bash-2.05b$ psql -l

         List of databases

    Name    |  Owner   | Encoding

------------+----------+-----------

 member     | postgres | SQL_ASCII

 mydatabase | postgres | UNICODE

 postgres   | postgres | SQL_ASCII

 pureftpd   | pureftpd | EUC_CN

 site       | postgres | EUC_CN

 template0  | postgres | SQL_ASCII

 template1  | postgres | SQL_ASCII

(7 rows)

 

bash-2.05b$

或參考“用戶許可權”中的“腳本例子”小節。

CREATE GROUP person;

CREATE USER xuser WITH PASSWORD 'chen' VALID UNTIL '2003-12-1' IN GROUP person;

CREATE DATABASE xuser WITH OWNER = xuser TEMPLATE = template0 ENCODING = 'UNICODE';

 

Inc.jsp

<%

       response.addHeader("Expires","-1");

       response.addHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");

       response.addHeader("cache-control", "no-store");

      

       String CharacterEncoding = "UTF-8";

       response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");

       request.setCharacterEncoding(CharacterEncoding);

%>

 

jsp頁面檔:

<%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=utf-8" language="java" import="java.sql.*" errorPage="error.jsp" %>

<%@ page import="java.util.*"%>

<%@ page import="net.xuser.util.*"%>

<%@ include file="include/inc.jsp" %>

<jsp:include page="include/privileges.jsp" flush="true" />

<jsp:useBean id="oGroup" scope="page" class="netkiller.member.group" />

<html>

<head>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset= utf-8">

<title> </title>

<link href="include/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">

</head>

 

<body>

 

</body>

</html>

上面的方法在跨頁面提交時有問題,漢字還是出亂碼。但提交給自身是沒有問題的。

 

13.2.3.2       Web.xml Filter過濾方案:

SetCharacterEncodingFilter.java

/*

 * $Header: /home/cvs/jakarta-tomcat-4.0/webapps/examples/WEB-INF/classes/filters/SetCharacterEncodingFilter.java,v 1.1.2.1 2001/10/17 22:52:17 craigmcc Exp $

 * $Revision: 1.1.2.1 $

 * $Date: 2001/10/17 22:52:17 $

 *

 * ====================================================================

 *

 * The Apache Software License, Version 1.1

 *

 * Copyright (c) 1999-2001 The Apache Software Foundation.  All rights

 * reserved.

 *

 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without

 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions

 * are met:

 *

 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright

 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

 *

 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright

 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in

 *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the

 *    distribution.

 *

 * 3. The end-user documentation included with the redistribution, if

 *    any, must include the following acknowlegement:

 *       "This product includes software developed by the

 *        Apache Software Foundation (http://www.apache.org/)."

 *    Alternately, this acknowlegement may appear in the software itself,

 *    if and wherever such third-party acknowlegements normally appear.

 *

 * 4. The names "The Jakarta Project", "Tomcat", and "Apache Software

 *    Foundation" must not be used to endorse or promote products derived

 *    from this software without prior written permission. For written

 *    permission, please contact apache@apache.org.

 *

 * 5. Products derived from this software may not be called "Apache"

 *    nor may "Apache" appear in their names without prior written

 *    permission of the Apache Group.

 *

 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED

 * WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES

 * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE

 * DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE APACHE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION OR

 * ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,

 * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT

 * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF

 * USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND

 * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,

 * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT

 * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF

 * SUCH DAMAGE.

 * ====================================================================

 *

 * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many

 * individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation.  For more

 * information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see

 * <http://www.apache.org/>.

 *

 * [Additional notices, if required by prior licensing conditions]

 *

 */

 

 

package filters;

 

 

import java.io.IOException;

import javax.servlet.Filter;

import javax.servlet.FilterChain;

import javax.servlet.FilterConfig;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;

import javax.servlet.UnavailableException;

 

 

/**

 * <p>Example filter that sets the character encoding to be used in parsing the

 * incoming request, either unconditionally or only if the client did not

 * specify a character encoding.  Configuration of this filter is based on

 * the following initialization parameters:</p>

 * <ul>

 * <li><strong>encoding</strong> - The character encoding to be configured

 *     for this request, either conditionally or unconditionally based on

 *     the <code>ignore</code> initialization parameter.  This parameter

 *     is required, so there is no default.</li>

 * <li><strong>ignore</strong> - If set to "true", any character encoding

 *     specified by the client is ignored, and the value returned by the

 *     <code>selectEncoding()</code> method is set.  If set to "false,

 *     <code>selectEncoding()</code> is called <strong>only</strong> if the

 *     client has not already specified an encoding.  By default, this

 *     parameter is set to "true".</li>

 * </ul>

 *

 * <p>Although this filter can be used unchanged, it is also easy to

 * subclass it and make the <code>selectEncoding()</code> method more

 * intelligent about what encoding to choose, based on characteristics of

 * the incoming request (such as the values of the <code>Accept-Language</code>

 * and <code>User-Agent</code> headers, or a value stashed in the current

 * user's session.</p>

 *

 * @author Craig McClanahan

 * @version $Revision: 1.1.2.1 $ $Date: 2001/10/17 22:52:17 $

 */

 

public class SetCharacterEncodingFilter implements Filter {

 

 

    // ----------------------------------------------------- Instance Variables

 

 

    /**

     * The default character encoding to set for requests that pass through

     * this filter.

     */

    protected String encoding = null;

 

 

    /**

     * The filter configuration object we are associated with.  If this value

     * is null, this filter instance is not currently configured.

     */

    protected FilterConfig filterConfig = null;

 

 

    /**

     * Should a character encoding specified by the client be ignored?

     */

    protected boolean ignore = true;

 

 

    // --------------------------------------------------------- Public Methods

 

 

    /**

     * Take this filter out of service.

     */

    public void destroy() {

 

        this.encoding = null;

        this.filterConfig = null;

 

    }

 

 

    /**

     * Select and set (if specified) the character encoding to be used to

     * interpret request parameters for this request.

     *

     * @param request The servlet request we are processing

     * @param result The servlet response we are creating

     * @param chain The filter chain we are processing

     *

     * @exception IOException if an input/output error occurs

     * @exception ServletException if a servlet error occurs

     */

    public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response,

                         FilterChain chain)

       throws IOException, ServletException {

 

        // Conditionally select and set the character encoding to be used

        if (ignore || (request.getCharacterEncoding() == null)) {

            String encoding = selectEncoding(request);

            if (encoding != null)

                request.setCharacterEncoding(encoding);

        }

 

       // Pass control on to the next filter

        chain.doFilter(request, response);

 

    }

 

 

    /**

     * Place this filter into service.

     *

     * @param filterConfig The filter configuration object

     */

    public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {

 

       this.filterConfig = filterConfig;

        this.encoding = filterConfig.getInitParameter("encoding");

        String value = filterConfig.getInitParameter("ignore");

        if (value == null)

            this.ignore = true;

        else if (value.equalsIgnoreCase("true"))

            this.ignore = true;

        else if (value.equalsIgnoreCase("yes"))

            this.ignore = true;

        else

            this.ignore = false;

 

    }

 

 

    // ------------------------------------------------------ Protected Methods

 

 

    /**

     * Select an appropriate character encoding to be used, based on the

     * characteristics of the current request and/or filter initialization

     * parameters.  If no character encoding should be set, return

     * <code>null</code>.

     * <p>

     * The default implementation unconditionally returns the value configured

     * by the <strong>encoding</strong> initialization parameter for this

     * filter.

     *

     * @param request The servlet request we are processing

     */

    protected String selectEncoding(ServletRequest request) {

 

        return (this.encoding);

 

    }

 

 

}

編譯該檔

filters(目錄)複製到WEB-INF/classes目錄下。

編輯WEB-INF下的web.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!DOCTYPE web-app PUBLIC "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Web Application 2.3//EN" "http://java.sun.com/dtd/web-app_2_3.dtd">

 

<web-app>

 

<welcome-file-list>

<welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>

</welcome-file-list>

 

<filter>

<filter-name>Set Character Encoding</filter-name>

<filter-class>filters.SetCharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>

<init-param>

<param-name>encoding</param-name>

<param-value>utf-8</param-value>

</init-param>

<init-param>

<param-name>ignore</param-name>

<param-value>true</param-value>

</init-param>

</filter>

 

<filter-mapping>

<filter-name>Set Character Encoding</filter-name>

<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>

</filter-mapping>

 

</web-app>

 

漢字編碼的解決方案完成。

 

13.2.3.3       Jdbc url charSet方案

jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/database?charSet=UTF-8

 

13.3       Tomcat JNDI Datasource 配置

首先下載PostgreSQL JDBC http://jdbc.postgresql.org/

然後將.jar檔複製到/usr/local/jakarta-tomcat/common/lib/目錄中

創建一個xml文件參考webapps.xml將檔複製到/usr/local/jakarta-tomcat/ conf/Catalina/localhost/目錄下Tomcat 4.x jakarta-tomcat /webapps目錄5.x jakarta-tomcat/conf/Catalina/localhost/

 

webapps.xml

[root@linux root]# cat /usr/local/jakarta-tomcat/webapps/webapps.xml

<Context path="/test" docBase="/var/www/html/webapps" debug="0" reloadable="true">

 

  <Logger className="org.apache.catalina.logger.FileLogger"

             prefix="localhost_webapps_log." suffix=".txt"

             timestamp="true"/>

 

  <Resource name="jdbc/postgrespool" auth="Container" type="javax.sql.DataSource"/>

  <ResourceParams name="jdbc/postgrespool">

    <parameter>

      <name>factory</name>

      <value>org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSourceFactory</value>

    </parameter>

    <parameter>

      <name>driverClassName</name>

      <value>org.postgresql.Driver</value>

    </parameter>

    <parameter>

      <name>url</name>

      <value>jdbc:postgresql://127.0.0.1:5432/netkiller</value>

    </parameter>

    <parameter>

      <name>username</name>

      <value>netkiller</value>

    </parameter>

    <parameter>

      <name>password</name>

      <value>chen</value>

    </parameter>

    <parameter>

      <name>maxActive</name>

      <value>10</value>

    </parameter>

    <parameter>

      <name>maxIdle</name>

      <value>10</value>

    </parameter>

    <parameter>

      <name>maxWait</name>

      <value>-1</value>

    </parameter>

  </ResourceParams>

</Context>

 

DriverClassName 驅動的ClassName

url 資料庫的URL  jdbc:postgresql://主機:/資料庫

username 數據用戶名

password 密碼

maxActive 最大連接數

maxIdle 空閒連接

maxWait 超時時間

 

web.xml

[root@linux root]# cat /var/www/html/webapps/WEB-INF/web.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!DOCTYPE web-app PUBLIC "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Web Application 2.3//EN" "http://java.sun.com/dtd/web-app_2_3.dtd">

 

<web-app>

 

        <welcome-file-list>

            <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>

        </welcome-file-list>

 

        <filter>

            <filter-name>Set Character Encoding</filter-name>

            <filter-class>filters.SetCharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>

            <init-param>

                <param-name>encoding</param-name>

                <param-value>utf-8</param-value>

            </init-param>

                <init-param>

                        <param-name>ignore</param-name>

                        <param-value>true</param-value>

                </init-param>

        </filter>

 

        <filter-mapping>

                <filter-name>Set Character Encoding</filter-name>

                <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>

        </filter-mapping>

 

<description>Postgresql Test App</description>

<resource-ref>

  <description>DB Connection</description>

  <res-ref-name>jdbc/postgrespool</res-ref-name>

  <res-type>javax.sql.DataSource</res-type>

  <res-auth>Container</res-auth>

</resource-ref>

 

<servlet>

        <servlet-name>DisplayChart</servlet-name>

        <servlet-class>org.jfree.chart.servlet.DisplayChart</servlet-class>

</servlet>

 

</web-app>

 

測試程式

db-connect-test.jsp

 

<%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=GBK"%>

<%@ page import="java.sql.*,

 

    javax.naming.*"%>

<%

try {

    Context initCtx = new InitialContext();

    Context ctx = (Context) initCtx.lookup("java:comp/env");

    Object obj = (Object) ctx.lookup("jdbc/postgrespool");

    javax.sql.DataSource ds = (javax.sql.DataSource)obj;

    Connection conn = ds.getConnection();

    Statement stmt = conn.createStatement(java.sql.ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE,

        java.sql.ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY);

    String strSQL = "SELECT * FROM users";

    ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(strSQL);

%>

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<html>

<head>

<title>PostgreSQL Test</title>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">

</head>

 

<body>

<%

       while(rs.next()){

              out.print(rs.getString(2)+"<br>");

       }

%>

</body>

</html>

<%       

    rs.close();

    stmt.close();

    conn.close();

} catch (Exception e) {

    e.printStackTrace();

    throw e;

}

%>

 

 

測試URL

http://192.168.0.1:8080/test/db-connect-test.jsp

 

13.4       JDBC通過SSL安全連接資料庫

java.sql.DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:postgresql://db.example.com/testdb?ssl","netkiller","password")

13.5       開發相關

13.5.1 Create Java Entity Bean (not EJB CMP)

http://home.9812.net/linux/article/postgres/python/

 

這是我寫的一個小程式。可以將PostgreSQL 資料庫中的表。導出為javabean

13.5.2 連接資料庫

package netkiller.database;

 

/**

* Title  PostgreSQL database JDBC interface.

* @author: netkiller (陳景峰)

* Company:   none

* Homepage:   http://www.xuser.net

* Copyright: Copyright (c) 2003

* @version 1.0

* @since

* @PostgreSQL database JDBC interface.

* @see 2003-3-19

*/

 

import java.sql.*;

import java.util.*;

import java.io.*;

import javax.sql.*;

import org.postgresql.jdbc3.*;

 

//import net.xuser.database.DBConnectionManager;

//implements Database

public class DBConnect{

      

       private     Connection conn           = null;

       private     Statement stmt              = null;

       private PreparedStatement prepstmt = null;

       private     ResultSet rs           = null;

       private DBConnectionManager dcm=null;

      

       private     String Driver          = null;

       private     String url               = null;

       private     String user                    = null;

       private     String passwd        = null;

       private boolean isConnect      = false;

      

       private String odbc               = null;

 

    private void init(String odb) {

              try{

               dcm = DBConnectionManager.getInstance(odb);

               //System.out.println(dcm);

                     if(dcm == null){

                            //this.conn == null ||

                            System.out.println("Database Connect false!");

                            //throw new Exception("Database Connect false!");

                            //return;

                     }else{

                            this.conn = dcm.getConnection();

                     }

                    

              }

              catch (Exception e)       {

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }        

    }    

       public DBConnect() {

              init("jdbc");

              this.odbc = "jdbc";

       }    

       public DBConnect(String odb) {

 

              this.Driver             = "org.postgresql.Driver";

              //this.url         = "jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/site";

              this.user         = "netkiller";

              this.passwd           = "chen";

              //this.setUrl("localhost","site");

              this.setUrl("192.168.0.1","netkiller");

 

              //System.out.print("Database Connection:"+getConnection());

             

              if(odb == null)odb="jdbc";

              this.odbc = odb;

              init(odb);

/*

InitialContext ctx = new InitialContext();

DataSource ds = (DataSource) ctx.lookup("java:/MSSQLDS");

Connection conn = ds.getConnection();

Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();

ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM Employees");

while ( rs.next() ) {

out.println( rs.getInt(“EmployeeID”) + "<br>");

}

conn.close();

*/          

       }

      

       public void setDriver(String dri){

              this.Driver             = dri;

       }

      

       public void setUrl(String db){

              this.url           = "jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/"+db;

       }

      

       public void setUrl(String host,String db){

              this.url           = "jdbc:postgresql://"+ host +":5432/"+db;

       }

      

       public void setUrl(String host,int port,String db){

              this.url           = "jdbc:postgresql://"+ host +":"+ port +"/"+db;

       }

      

       public void setUser(String user){

              this.user         = user;

       }

      

       public void setPasswd(String pass){

              this.passwd           = pass;

       }

      

       public void setHost(){}

       public void setPort(){}

      

       public String getUrl(){

              return this.url;

       }

      

       public String getDriver(){

              return this.Driver;

       }

      

       public String getUser(){

              return this.user;

       }

 

       public String getPasswd(){

              return this.passwd;

       }

 

       public Connection Connection(){

              this.isConnect = false;

              try{

                     Class.forName(this.getDriver()).newInstance();

                     this.conn = DriverManager.getConnection(this.getUrl(), this.getUser(), this.getPasswd());

                     isConnect = true;   

              }

              catch (Exception e)       {

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }

              return this.conn;

       }

 

       public boolean getConnection(){

             

              this.Connection();

              if(this.isConnect){

                     return this.isConnect;

              }else{

                     System.out.println("資料庫連接有問題,請檢查主機,用戶,密碼!");

                     return this.isConnect;

              }

       }

 

       public String getCatalog(){

              String tmp = "";

              try{

                     if(this.conn != null)

                     tmp = this.conn.getCatalog();

              }catch(SQLException e) {

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }

              return tmp;

       }

 

       public void AutoCommit(){

              try{

                     this.conn.setAutoCommit(true);

              }catch(SQLException e) {

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }

       }

      

       public void Begin(){

              try{

                     this.conn.setAutoCommit(false);  

              }catch(SQLException e) {

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }

       }

      

       public void Commit(){

              try{

                     if(this.conn != null)

                     this.conn.commit();      

              }catch(SQLException e) {

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }                  

       }

      

       public void Rollback(){

              try{

                     if(this.conn != null)

                     this.conn.rollback();

              }catch(SQLException e) {

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }                  

       }

      

       public ResultSet executeQuery(String strSQL) {

 

              try {

                     this.stmt = this.conn.createStatement();

                     if(this.stmt != null){

                            this.rs = this.stmt.executeQuery(strSQL);

                     }

              } catch(SQLException e) {

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }

              /*

              finally      {

                     try{

                            // Always close properly

                            this.close();

                     }catch(Exception e){

                            e.printStackTrace();

                     }

              }*/

              return this.rs;

       }    

      

       public int getCount(String strTable){

 

              String strSQL        = "select count(*) from "+strTable;

              int   nCount           = 0;

             

              try {

                     this.stmt = this.conn.createStatement();

                     if(this.stmt != null){

                            this.rs = stmt.executeQuery(strSQL);

                     if(rs!=null) {

                            while(rs.next()){

                                   nCount = rs.getInt(1);

                            }

                     }

                     }

              }                  

              catch(SQLException e) {

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }

             

              finally      {

                     try{

                            // Always close properly

                            this.close();

                     }catch(Exception e){

                            e.printStackTrace();

                     }

              }

             

              return nCount;

       }

      

       public boolean executeUpdate(String strSQL){

              boolean isSuccess = false;

              try{

                     this.stmt = this.conn.createStatement();

                     //stmt = this.conn.createStatement();

                     stmt.executeUpdate(strSQL);

                     isSuccess       = true;

              }catch(SQLException e)       {

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }

              /*

              finally      {

                     try{

                            // Always close properly

                            this.close();   

                     }catch(Exception e){

                            e.printStackTrace();

                     }

              }*/  

              return isSuccess;

       }

      

       public void setString(int index,String value) throws SQLException {

              prepstmt.setString(index, value);

       }

      

       public void setInt(int index,int value) throws SQLException {

              prepstmt.setInt(index,value);

       }

      

       public void setBoolean(int index,boolean value) throws SQLException {

              prepstmt.setBoolean(index,value);

       }

      

       public void setDate(int index,java.sql.Date value) throws SQLException {

              prepstmt.setDate(index,value);

       }

      

       public void setLong(int index,long value) throws SQLException {

              prepstmt.setLong(index,value);

       }

      

       public void setFloat(int index,float value) throws SQLException {

              prepstmt.setFloat(index,value);

       }

      

       public void setBytes(int index,byte[] value) throws SQLException{

              prepstmt.setBytes(index,value);

       }

      

       public void addBatch() throws SQLException{

              prepstmt.addBatch();

       }

             

      

       public void prepareStatement(String sql) throws SQLException {

              if(this.conn != null)

              this.prepstmt = this.conn.prepareStatement(sql);

       }

      

       public void prepareStatement(String sql, int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency) throws SQLException {

              this.prepstmt = this.conn.prepareStatement(sql, resultSetType, resultSetConcurrency);

       }

      

       public ResultSet executeQuery() throws SQLException {

              if (prepstmt != null) {

                     return prepstmt.executeQuery();

              }

              else return null;

       }    

      

       public int executeUpdate() throws SQLException {

              int count = 0;

              if (this.prepstmt != null)

                     count = this.prepstmt.executeUpdate();

       //     System.out.println(count);

              return count;

       }

 

       public int[] executeBatch() throws SQLException {

              int count[] = null;

              if (this.prepstmt != null)

                     count = this.prepstmt.executeBatch();

              return count;

       }

      

       public void clearParameters()throws SQLException

    {

        prepstmt.clearParameters();

              prepstmt=null;

    }

      

       public PreparedStatement getPreparedStatement() {

              return prepstmt;

       }

      

       public Statement getStatement() {

              return stmt;

       }    

             

       public boolean prepareCall(String process){ //throws Exception

              boolean isSuccess = false;

              //String procedure = "{call p_test2 (?) }";

              //String procedure = "{call "+process+" }";

              String procedure    = "{select "+process+"}";

             

              System.out.print(procedure);

              try{

                    

                  CallableStatement cstmt = this.conn.prepareCall(procedure);

                  cstmt.setString(1,"dddddd");

                  cstmt.setString(2,"ffffff");

                  cstmt.executeUpdate(); 

                                   

                  //rs = cstmt.executeQuery();

                  isSuccess       = true;

                 

              }catch(SQLException e)       {

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }    

              return isSuccess;

       }

      

       public boolean Transaction(String sql){ //throws Exception

              boolean isSuccess = false;

              try{

                     this.prepstmt = this.conn.prepareStatement(sql);

              }catch(SQLException e){

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }

/*          

              connection.beginTransaction();

              try{

                     connection.commit();              

              }catch(SQLException e)       {

                     connection.rollback();

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }    

*/          

              return isSuccess;

       }

 

       public void close() throws Exception{

              //System.out.println(this.conn.getCatalog());

              //System.out.println(prepstmt.EXECUTE_FAILED);

              if (this.rs != null)  {

                     this.rs.close();

                     this.rs     = null;

              }

              if (this.stmt != null) {

                     this.stmt.close();

                     this.stmt = null;

              }

              if (this.prepstmt != null) {

                     this.prepstmt.close();

                     this.prepstmt = null;

              }

              if (conn!=null)

              {

                    

                     //this.conn.close();

                     dcm.freeConnection(conn);

                     //dcm.freeConnection("PostgreSQL",conn);

                     dcm.release();

                     //this.conn      = null;    

              }

              //System.out.println(new java.util.Date() +": Database Connection close :"+this.conn+ "|"+this.conn.isClosed());

       }

 

       public static void main(String args[]) {

              System.out.println("Starting DBConnect...");

              //DBConnect pg = new DBConnect();

              Connection conn           = null;

              Statement stmt              = null;

        PreparedStatement prepstmt = null;

              try{

                     Jdbc3PoolingDataSource source = new Jdbc3PoolingDataSource();

                     source.setDataSourceName("A Data Source");

                     source.setServerName("192.168.0.1");

                     source.setDatabaseName("netkiller");

                     source.setUser("netkiller");

                     source.setPassword("chen");

                     source.setMaxConnections(10);

                     source.setInitialConnections(5);

                    

                     //new InitialContext().rebind("DataSource", source);

                     //DataSource source = (DataSource)new InitialContext().lookup("DataSource");

 

                     int n = 1;

                    

                     for(int i=0;i<100000;i++){

                     //source.setLoginTimeout();

                     conn = source.getConnection();

                     //prepstmt.clearParameters();

                     prepstmt = conn.prepareStatement("select * from \"users\" where id=?");

                     //System.out.println(conn.nativeSQL("select sss from users"));

                     prepstmt.setInt(1,1);

                     ResultSet rs = prepstmt.executeQuery();            

                     System.out.println(prepstmt.getQueryTimeout());

                     if(rs!=null) {

                            while(rs.next()){

                                   System.out.print(n +"|");

                                   System.out.print(rs.getInt(1) +"|");

                                   System.out.print(rs.getString(2) +"|");

                                   System.out.print(rs.getString(3) +"|");

                                   System.out.print(rs.getString(4) +"|");

                                   System.out.print(rs.getString(5) +"|");

                                   System.out.print(rs.getString(6) +"|");

                                   System.out.println();

                                   n++;

                            }

                    

                     }

                     conn.close();

                     }

              }catch(Exception e)       {

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }

             

              //pg.getConnection();

 

             

              //System.out.println(pg.executeQuery("select * from siteuser"));

              //pg.executeUpdate();

/*

             

              try{

              pg.prepareStatement("select * from \"users\" where id=?");

              pg.setInt(1,1);

              ResultSet rs = pg.executeQuery();       

                    

                     if(rs!=null) {

                    

                            while(rs.next()){

                                   System.out.print(rs.getInt(1) +"|");

                                   System.out.print(rs.getString(2) +"|");

                                   System.out.print(rs.getString(3) +"|");

                                   System.out.print(rs.getString(4) +"|");

                                   System.out.print(rs.getString(5) +"|");

                                   System.out.print(rs.getString(6) +"|");

                                   System.out.println();

                            }

                    

                     }

                     pg.close();

              }catch(Exception e)       {

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }

              System.out.println(org.postgresql.util.UnixCrypt.crypt("hi"));

              //System.out.println(org.postgresql.util.MD5Digest.encode("hi");

             

*/                 

       }

}

 

13.5.3 處理SQL 語句

package netkiller.database;

 

import java.util.*;

 

public class Database extends DBConnect{

      

       private String sqlFrom = null;

       private String sqlWhere = null;

       private String sqlOrder = null;

       private String sqlGroup = null;

       private String sqlLimit = null;

       private String sqlOffset = null;

      

       //private HashMap sqlHashField = new HashMap();

       private Hashtable sqlHashField = new Hashtable();

       private Vector        sqlVectorField = new Vector();

       private StringBuffer sql = new StringBuffer();

       private boolean isError = false;

       private final static String ERROR = "ERROR:";

 

       public Database() {

              // TODO: Add your code here

       }

      

       public void setFrom(String value){

              this.sqlFrom = value;    

       }

       public String getFrom(){

              if(sqlFrom == null){

                     isError = true;

                     return "<table>";

              }

              return this.sqlFrom;

       }

       public void setWhere(String value){

              this.sqlWhere = value;   

       }

       public String getWhere(){

              /*

              if(sqlWhere == null){

                     return "<where>"; 

              }

              */

              return sqlWhere;

       }

       public void setOrder(String value){

              this.sqlOrder = value;

       }

       public void setGroup(String value){

              this.sqlGroup = value;   

       }

       public void setLimit(String value){

              this.sqlLimit = value;     

       }

       public void setOffset(String value){

              this.sqlOffset = value;   

       }

       public void setLimit(int value){

              this.sqlLimit = value+"";

       }

       public void setOffset(int value){

              this.sqlOffset = value+"";     

       }    

       public void put(Object key,Object value){

              sqlHashField.put(key,value);

       }

       public void add(Object object){

              sqlVectorField.add(object);

       }

       public String Select(){

              sql = new StringBuffer(1024);

              sql.append("Select ");

              Enumeration enumer = sqlVectorField.elements();

              while(enumer.hasMoreElements()){

                     sql.append(enumer.nextElement());

                     if(enumer.hasMoreElements()) sql.append(",");

              }

              sql.append(" From "+ getFrom());

              if(sqlOrder != null) sql.append(" Where "+ getWhere());

              if(sqlOrder != null) sql.append(" Order By "+ sqlOrder);

              if(sqlGroup != null) sql.append(" Group By "+ sqlGroup);

              if(sqlLimit != null) sql.append(" Limit "+ sqlLimit);

              if(sqlOffset!= null) sql.append(" Offset "+ sqlOffset);

              return isError?ERROR+sql.toString():sql.toString();

       }

       public String Delete(){

              sql = new StringBuffer(255);

              sql.append("Delete From ");

              sql.append(getFrom());

              if(sqlOrder != null) sql.append(" Where "+ getWhere());

              return isError?ERROR+sql.toString():sql.toString();

       }

/*

       public String Update(){

              sql = new StringBuffer(1024);

              Iterator iterator = sqlHashField.entrySet().iterator();

              sql.append("Update ");

              String key,value;

              if(sqlFrom  != null) sql.append(sqlFrom+ " Set ");

              while(iterator.hasNext()){

                     Map.Entry map = (Map.Entry)iterator.next();

                     key = (String)map.getKey();

                 value = (String)map.getValue();

                     sql.append(key+"="+value);

                     if(iterator.hasNext())sql.append(",");

              }

              if(sqlWhere != null) sql.append(" Where "+ sqlWhere);

              return sql.toString();

       }

*/

 

       public String Update(){

              sql = new StringBuffer(1024);

              Iterator iterator = sqlHashField.entrySet().iterator();

              sql.append("Update ");

              String key,value,swap = "";

              sql.append(getFrom()+ " Set ");

              while(iterator.hasNext()){

                     Map.Entry map = (Map.Entry)iterator.next();

                     key = (String)map.getKey();

                 value = (String)map.getValue();

                

                     if(iterator.hasNext()){

                            swap = ","+key+"="+value + swap;     

                     }else{

                            swap = key+"="+value + swap;   

                     }

              }

              sql.append(swap);

              if(sqlOrder != null) sql.append(" Where "+ getWhere());

              return isError?ERROR+sql.toString():sql.toString();

       }

 

       public String Insert(){

              sql = new StringBuffer(1024);

              Enumeration enumer = sqlHashField.keys();

              sql.append("Insert Into ");

              String key = "", value = "";

              sql.append(getFrom()+ "(");

              sqlHashField.size();

              while(enumer.hasMoreElements()){

                 String tmp = (String)enumer.nextElement();

                     if(enumer.hasMoreElements()){

                            key = "," + tmp + key;

                            value = ","+ sqlHashField.get(tmp) +value;

                     }else{

                            key = tmp + key;

                            value = sqlHashField.get(tmp) + value;

                     }

                    

                    

              }

              sql.append(key);           

              sql.append(") value(");

              sql.append(value);

              sql.append(")");

             

              return isError?ERROR+sql.toString():sql.toString();

       }

 

       public static void main(String[] args) {

              // TODO: Add your code here

              Database db = new Database();

              db.add("id");

              db.add("name");

              db.add("company");

              db.add("pages");

      

              db.put("id","1");

              db.put("name","netkiller");

              db.put("company","none");

              db.put("number","10");

              db.put("tel","0755-1234666");

              db.put("fax","0755-2556888");

 

              db.setFrom("ctoc.test");

              db.setWhere("chen = chen");

              db.setOrder("id");

              db.setGroup("name");

              db.setLimit(10);

              db.setOffset("0");

                           

              String sql = db.Select();

              System.out.println(sql);

              System.out.println(db.Delete());

              System.out.println(db.Update());

              System.out.println(db.Insert());

             

 

       }

      

}

 

13.5.4 處理HTML表格

package netkiller.table;

 

import java.sql.*;

import java.util.*;

import java.util.regex.*;

import javax.servlet.jsp.*;

import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import netkiller.util.*;

import netkiller.database.*;

 

 

public class BaseTable { //extends AnySQL

 

       //AnySQL oTable = new AnySQL();

       private static String oDatabase     = null;

       private static final String Auth      = "cleartext";   //crypt

       public static final String DESC = "DESC";

       public static final String ASC  = "ASC";

       public static final String RADIO         = "radio";

       public static final String CHECKBOX   = "checkbox";

      

       private DBConnect dbc                                     = null;

       private ResultSet rs                            = null;

       private PageContext pageContext         = null;    

       private Vector vError = new Vector();

      

       private static boolean debug = false;

 

       private int      nTableColumn = 0;

       private int      nTableRow           = 0;

       private int      nColumnCount       = 0;

       private int              nRowCount           = 0;

      

       private boolean isChoose              = false;

       private String  strChooseStyle       = "";

       private boolean isDelete         = false;

//     private String        strDeleteLink  = null;

       private boolean isEdit                   = false;

       private String        strEditLink             = null;

       private boolean isFilter          = false;

      

       private String[][]   aTableData            = null;

       private String[]      strTableHeader       = null;

       private String[]      strTableField   = null;

       private int             nSqlLimit        = 1;

       private int                   nSqlOffset             = 0;

       private static String strSQL          = null;

       private String               strWhere        = null;

       private int                     nPage                    = 0;

      

       private String sqlWhere = null;

       private String sqlOrder = "";

       private String sqlLimit = "";

       private String sqlOffset= "";

             

       private Vector v = new Vector();

       private Vector cursor = new Vector();

       private Vector filter = new Vector();

      

       // HTML

//     private String        strTableName  = null;

//     private String        strCssClass            = null;

//     private int      nHeight                 = 0;

//     private int      nWidth                  = 0;

      

       public BaseTable() {

       }

      

       public BaseTable(String odb) {

              this.setDatabaseHandle(odb);

       }

             

       public void setDatabaseHandle(String odb){

              this.oDatabase = odb;

       }

      

       public String getDatabaseHandle(){

              return this.oDatabase;   

       }

      

       //功能

       //javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext

       public void setPageContext(PageContext pc){

              pageContext = pc;

              try{

                     ServletRequest request = pageContext.getRequest();

                     jspParameter jsppar = new jspParameter(request);

                     int page = jsppar.getInt("page",0);

                    

                     String filter           = jsppar.getString("filter");

                     String condition     = jsppar.getString("condition");

                     String key                    = jsppar.getString("key");

                    

                     this.setPage(page);

                     this.setWhere(filter,condition,key);

                     //this.setWhere("id","like","5");

                     //this.setWhere("id = 67");

                     this.MakeHtmlTable();

                    

                     if(debug){

                            pageContext.getOut().print("SQL:"+this.getSQL()+"<br>");

                            pageContext.getOut().print("Table:"+this.sqlAnalyzer(this.getSQL())+"<br>");

                            pageContext.getOut().print("Where:"+this.getWhere()+"<br>");

                            pageContext.getOut().print("Order:"+this.getOrderBy()+"<br>");

                            pageContext.getOut().print("Limit:"+this.getLimit()+"<br>");

                            pageContext.getOut().print("Offset:"+this.getOffset()+"<br>");

                            pageContext.getOut().print("Count:"+this.getRowCount()+" sql = select count(*) from "+this.sqlAnalyzer(this.getSQL())+getWhere()+"<br>");

                            this.getException();

                     }

              }catch(Exception e){

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }           

             

       }    

       // Debug

       public void setDebug(boolean debug){

              System.out.println("SQL:"+this.getSQL()+"<br>");

              this.debug = debug;

       }

      

       // 批量選擇記錄 radio,checkbox

       public void setChoose(boolean bool,String style){

              this.isChoose = bool;

              this.strChooseStyle = style;

              if(this.strChooseStyle.equals("radio")){

              }else if(this.strChooseStyle.equals("checkbox")){

              }else{

                     this.isChoose = false;    

              }

                    

                    

       }

       public String getChooseStyle(String id){

              String tmp = null;

              if(this.strChooseStyle.equals("radio")){

                     tmp = "<input type=\"radio\" name=\"id\" value=\""+id+"\">";

              }else if(this.strChooseStyle.equals("checkbox")){

                     tmp = "<input type='checkbox' name='id' value='"+id+"'>";

              }else{     }

              return tmp;

       }

      

/*   

                                   if(isEdit){

                                          //v.add("<td><a href=\"javascript:OpenDialog('http://localhost:8080/autosite/member/"+strEditLink+aTableData[0][r]+"')\">編輯</a></td>");

                                          v.add("<td "+this.getHtmlTd()+"><a href="+strEditLink+rs.getString(1)+">編輯</a></td>");

                                   }

                                   if(isDelete){

                                          //v.add("<td><input type=\"button\" name=\"Delete\" value=\"刪除\" onclick=\"javascript:mysubmit('del_selected')\"></td>");

                                          //v.add("<td><a href="+strDeleteLink+aTableData[0][r]+">刪除</a></td>"); //onclick=\"javascript:mysubmit('del_selected')\"

                                          v.add("<td "+this.getHtmlTd()+" align='center'><a href="+this.getDeleteLink(strDeleteLink+rs.getString(1))+">刪除</a></td>"); //onclick=\"javascript:mysubmit('del_selected')\"

                                   }

       */

       // 刪除記錄按鈕

       public void setDelete(boolean bool){

              this.isDelete    = bool;

       }

       // 編輯記錄按鈕

       public void setEdit(boolean bool,String url){

              this.isEdit              = bool;

              strEditLink             = url;

       }

      

       public void setFilter(boolean filter){

              this.isFilter     = filter;

       }

       public boolean getFilter(){

              return this.isFilter;

       }

 

    //TableModel

    public void setTableModel(){}

       public void setSize(){}

       public void getSize(){}

      

       public void setBorder(int border){

              this.htmlTableBorder = " border="+border;

       }

       public String getBorder(){

              return this.htmlTableBorder;

       }

       public void setFont(){}

       public void getFont(){}

       public void setGridground(){}

       public void getGridground(){}

       public void setForeground(){}

       public void getForeground(){}

       public void setBackground(){}

       public void getBackground(){}

       /**

        * 版面設置

        **/

       public void setLayout(String css){}

       public void getLayout(String css){}

       public void setMaximumSize(){}

       public void setMinimumSize(){}

      

       public void setTableHeader(String[] sth){

              strTableHeader       = sth;

       }

       public String[] getTableHeader(){

              return strTableHeader;

       }

      

       public void setPage(int page){

              this.nPage = page;

       }

       // 取得當前頁

       public int getPage(){

              return this.nPage;

       }

 

       /**

        *    <table></table>,<tr></tr>,<td></td>

        **/

       private String htmlTableCaption  = null;

       private String htmlTable        = "";

       private String htmlTableBorder      = "";

       private String htmlTableHeight      = "";

       private String htmlTableWidth       = "";

       private String htmlTr            = "";

       private String htmlTd            = "";

      

       private String htmlRowHeight= "";

       private String htmlRowWidth = "";

               

       private String htmlHeaderTr = "";

       private String htmlHeaderTd = "";

             

       public void setHtmlTable(String html){

              this.htmlTable = html;

       }

       public void setHtmlTableCaption(String html){

              htmlTableCaption =  "<caption>";

              htmlTableCaption += html;

            htmlTableCaption += "</caption>";

    }

       public String getHtmlTableCaption(){

              if(htmlTableCaption == null)htmlTableCaption ="";

            return htmlTableCaption;

    }    

       public void setHtmlTableHeaderTr(String html){

              this.htmlHeaderTr= html;     

       }

       public String getHtmlTableHeaderTr(){

              return this.htmlHeaderTr;     

       }

      

       public void setHtmlTableHeaderTd(String html){

              this.htmlHeaderTd  = html;   

       }

       public String getHtmlTableHeaderTd(){

              return this.htmlHeaderTd;

       }    

      

       public void setHtmlTr(String html){

              this.htmlTr     = html;   

       }

       public void setHtmlTd(String html){

              this.htmlTd     = html;   

       }

       public String getHtmlTable(){

              return this.htmlTable + getBorder();

       }

       public String getHtmlTr(){

              return this.htmlTr; 

       }

       public String getHtmlTd(){

              return this.htmlTd + getRowHeight() + getRowWidth();    

       }

       public void setRowHeight(int high){

              this.htmlRowHeight = " height="+high;

       }

       public String getRowHeight(){

              return this.htmlRowHeight;

       }

       public void setRowWidth(int width){

              this.htmlRowWidth = " width="+width;

       }

       public String getRowWidth(){

              return this.htmlRowWidth;   

       }    

      

       private HashMap hashAddHtmlColumn = new HashMap();

       private HashMap htmlTableRow=  new HashMap();

       private HashMap htmlColumn=  new HashMap();

      

       //HTML Row Operator

       //public void addRow(String html){}

       //public String getRow(){}

      

       public void setHtmlTableRow(int col,String beginmarkup,String field,String endmarkup,String end){

              String key = col + "";

              String value = beginmarkup+"<table:row key='"+field+"' />"+endmarkup+"<table:row value />"+end;

              this.htmlTableRow.put(key,value);

       }

       public void setHtmlTableRow(int col,String begin,String end){

              String key = col + "";

              String value = begin+"<table:row value />"+end;

              this.htmlTableRow.put(key,value);

       }

             

       //HTML Comlumn Operator

 

       /**

        *    Hide Column

        **/

       private int arrayHideColumn[] = null;

      

       public void setHideColumn(int col){

              arrayHideColumn = new int[1];

              arrayHideColumn[0] = col;

       }    

       public void setHideColumn(int col[]){

              arrayHideColumn = col;

       }

       public boolean getHideColumn(int col){

              boolean isHide = false;

              if(arrayHideColumn == null){

                     isHide = true;

              }else{

                     for(int hide=0;hide<arrayHideColumn.length;hide++){

                            if(arrayHideColumn[hide] == col){

                                   isHide = false;

                                   break;

                            }else{

                                   isHide = true;

                            }

                     }

              }

              return isHide; 

       }

      

      

       public void addHtmlColumn(int key,String value){

              this.hashAddHtmlColumn.put(key + "",value);

       }

       public void addRs2HtmlColumn(int key,String begin0,String field,String begin1,String value,String end){

              value = begin0+"<!-- key='"+field+"' -->"+begin1+"<!-- value='"+value+"' -->"+end;

              this.hashAddHtmlColumn.put(key + "",value);

       }    

 

       public void addHtmlColumn(int key,String begin0,String field,String begin1,String value,String end){

              value = begin0+"<!-- key='"+field+"' -->"+begin1+value+end;

              this.hashAddHtmlColumn.put(key + "",value);

       }

      

       public void addHtmlColumn(int key,String begin,String value,String end){

              value = begin+value+end;

              this.hashAddHtmlColumn.put(key + "",value);

       }

      

       public void setColumnWidth(){}

      

       public void setColumnCount(int number){

              nTableColumn = number;

       }

       public int getColumnCount(){

              return nTableColumn;

       }

       public void getColumnName(){}

       public void getColumnValue(){}

      

       public void setHtmlColumn(int col,String beginmarkup,String field,String endmarkup,String end){

              String key = col + "";

              String value = beginmarkup+"<!-- key="+field+" -->"+endmarkup+"<!-- value -->"+end;

              this.htmlColumn.put(key,value);

       }

       public void setHtmlColumn(int col,String begin,String end){

              String key = col + "";

              String value = begin+"<!-- value -->"+end;

              this.htmlColumn.put(key,value);

       }

/**

 * 其他方法

 **/

//     private int nSequence = 0;

       private boolean isShowSequence = true;

       public void setSequence(boolean bool){

              isShowSequence = bool;

       }

/*    public int getSequence(){

              return nSequence;

       }

*/

       /**

        *    返回表記錄

        **/

       public void setRowCount(int number){

              nTableRow     =    number;

       }

       public int getRowCount(){

              return nTableRow;

       }    

       public int getCount(String strTable){

              int nCount      = 0;

              try{

                     dbc = new DBConnect(oDatabase);

                     dbc.prepareStatement("select count(*) from "+strTable+getWhere());

                     rs = dbc.executeQuery();

                     if(rs != null){

                            while(rs.next()){

                                   nCount    = rs.getInt(1);

                            }

                            setRowCount(nCount);

                     }

              }

              catch(Exception e){

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }

              finally{

                     try{

                            if(rs != null)rs.close();

                            dbc.close();

                     }catch(Exception e){

                            e.printStackTrace();

                     }

              }    

              return nCount;

       }

      

       public void setValueAT(){}

       public void getCursor(){}

      

//     public void setListData(Vector){}

//     public void setListData(String[]){}

      

      

       public boolean setVisible(boolean bool){

              return true;

       }

       public void visible(){

              setVisible(true);

       }

       public void hide(){

              setVisible(false);

       }

 

       public void enable(){};

       public void disable(){};

      

       public void setSQL(String sql){

              this.strSQL = sql;

       }

 

       public String getSQL(){

              return this.strSQL + getWhere() +" "+ sqlOrder +" "+ sqlLimit +" "+sqlOffset;

             

       }

 

       public void setWhere(String field,String cond,String val){

              if(val != null && field != null && cond != null){

                     if(cond.equals("like")){

                            this.strWhere = field+" "+cond+" '%"+val+"%'";

                     }else{

                            this.strWhere = field+" "+cond+" '"+val+"'";

                     }

                     if(sqlWhere != null)

                            sqlWhere +=" And "+strWhere;

                     else

                            sqlWhere = this.strWhere;

                     this.isFilter = true;

              }

       }

      

       public void setWhere(String where){

              if(this.sqlWhere == null){

                     this.sqlWhere = where;

              }else{

                     this.sqlWhere = " and " + where;

              }

       }

      

       public String getWhere(){

              String tmp = null;

              if(sqlWhere == null){

                     tmp = "";

              }else{

                     tmp = " Where "+sqlWhere;

                    

              }

              return tmp;

       }

 

       public void setOrderBy(String order,String sort){

              if(order != null){

                     if(sort.equals(DESC)){

                            this.sqlOrder += " ORDER BY "+ order +" DESC";

                     }else{

                            this.sqlOrder += " ORDER BY "+ order +" ASC";

                     }

              }else

                     sqlOrder = "";

       }    

      

       public String getOrderBy(){

              return sqlOrder;

       }

      

       public void setSort(String order,String sort){

              if(order != null){   

                     if(sort.equals(DESC)){

                            this.sqlOrder += " ORDER BY "+ order +" DESC";

                     }else{

                            this.sqlOrder += " ORDER BY "+ order +" ASC";

                     }

              }else

                     sqlOrder = "";

       }

       public void setLimit(int limit){

                     this.nSqlLimit  = limit;

                     this.sqlLimit = " limit "+limit;

       }

       public int getLimit(){

              return this.nSqlLimit;

       }

      

       public void setOffset(int offset){

              this.nSqlOffset       = offset;

              if(this.isFilter == false){

                     sqlOffset = " offset "+offset;

              }

       }

       public int getOffset(){

              return this.nSqlOffset;

       }

      

       public String sqlAnalyzer(String sql){

              String tmp= sql.substring(sql.toLowerCase().indexOf(" from ")+6);

              String value = "";

              if(tmp.indexOf(" ") == -1){

                     value = tmp.substring(0,sql.length());

              }else{

                     value = tmp.substring(0,tmp.indexOf(" "));

              }

              return value;

       }

 

       public java.sql.ResultSet TableResultSet(){

              //this.setOffset(this.nSqlLimit*this.nPage);

              this.getCount(sqlAnalyzer(this.getSQL()));

              try{

                     this.setOffset(this.nSqlLimit*this.nPage);

                     dbc = new DBConnect();

                     dbc.prepareStatement(this.getSQL());

                     rs = dbc.executeQuery();

                    

                     //while(rs.next()){

                     //System.out.println("test:" +rs.getString(1));      

                     //}

                     vError.add("TableResultSet()");

              }

              catch(Exception e){

                     vError.add(e.toString());

              }

              return rs;

       }

       public String getJavaScript(){

              String script = "";

              script += "<script language=\"JavaScript\" type=\"text/JavaScript\"> \n";

              script += "<!-- \n";

              script += "function Delete(url){ \n";

              script += "        if(confirm(\"您確定要刪除?\")){ \n";

             script += "             location.href=url; \n";

             script += "        } \n";

              script += "} \n";

              script += "//--> \n";

              script += "</script> \n";

              return script;  

       }

       public Vector MakeHtmlTable(){

              v.add("<!-- Html Table 組件 netkiller 陳景峰 netkillers@sohu.com --> \n");

              v.add("<!-- Begin --> \n");

             

              String field     = "";

              Pattern pattern       = null;

              Matcher matcher    = null;    

              int begin,end = 0;

             

              if(isDelete) v.add(this.getJavaScript());

              this.setOffset(this.nSqlLimit*this.nPage);

              this.getCount(sqlAnalyzer(this.getSQL()));

              try{

                     dbc = new DBConnect();

                     dbc.prepareStatement(this.getSQL());

                     rs = dbc.executeQuery();

                    

                     ResultSetMetaData rsmd = rs.getMetaData() ;

                     this.setColumnCount(rsmd.getColumnCount());

                     //-------- Header Begin -------------

                     if(strTableHeader == null){

                            strTableHeader = new String[this.getColumnCount()];

                            strTableField  = new String[this.getColumnCount()];

                            for(int col=1;col<=this.getColumnCount();col++){

                                   strTableHeader[col-1] = rsmd.getColumnName(col);

                                   strTableField[col-1] = rsmd.getColumnName(col);

                            }

                     }else{

                            strTableField  = new String[this.getColumnCount()];

                            for(int col=1;col<=this.getColumnCount();col++){

                                   strTableField[col-1] = rsmd.getColumnName(col);

                            }

                     }

                     //-------- Header End -------------

                     if(rs!=null) {

                            v.add("<table "+this.getHtmlTable()+"> \n");

                            v.add(getHtmlTableCaption() +"\n");

                            if(strTableHeader != null){

                                   v.add("<tr "+this.getHtmlTableHeaderTr()+"> \n");

                                   if(isShowSequence){

                                          v.add("\t<td "+this.getHtmlTableHeaderTd()+">&nbsp;</td> \n");

                                   }

                                   for(int i=0;i<this.getTableHeader().length;i++){

                                          if(getHideColumn(i+1)){

                                                 if(htmlTableRow.containsKey("0")){

                                                       

                                                        field = ((String)this.htmlTableRow.get("0"));

                                                        if(field.indexOf("key=") != -1){

                                                               begin = field.indexOf("<table:row key='");

                                                               end = field.indexOf("' />",begin);

                                                               String sql_field = field.substring(begin+16,end);

                                                               pattern = Pattern.compile("<table:row key='(.*)' />");

                                                               matcher = pattern.matcher(field);

                                                               field = matcher.replaceAll(sql_field);

                                                               field = field.replaceAll("<table:row value />",this.getTableHeader()[i]);      

                                                        }else{

                                                               field = field.replaceAll("<table:row value />",this.getTableHeader()[i]);      

                                                        }

                                                       

                                                        v.add("    <td "+this.getHtmlTableHeaderTd()+">"+field+"</td> \n");

                                                 }else{

                                                        v.add("    <td "+this.getHtmlTableHeaderTd()+">"+this.getTableHeader()[i]+"</td> \n");

                                                 }

                                                

                                          }

                                   }

                                   v.add("</tr> \n");

                            }

                           

                            if(isEdit){

                                          //v.add("<td><a href=\"javascript:OpenDialog('http://localhost:8080/autosite/member/"+strEditLink+aTableData[0][r]+"')\">編輯</a></td>");

                                          //v.add("<td "+this.getHtmlTd()+"><a href="+strEditLink+rs.getString(1)+">編輯</a></td>");

                                   this.addHtmlColumn(-1,"<a href='"+strEditLink,"id","'>","修改","</a>");

                            }

                            if(isDelete){

                                          //v.add("<td><input type=\"button\" name=\"Delete\" value=\"刪除\" onclick=\"javascript:mysubmit('del_selected')\"></td>");

                                          //v.add("<td><a href="+strDeleteLink+aTableData[0][r]+">刪除</a></td>"); //onclick=\"javascript:mysubmit('del_selected')\"

                                          //v.add("<td "+this.getHtmlTd()+" align='center'><a href="+this.getDeleteLink(strDeleteLink+rs.getString(1))+">刪除</a></td>"); //onclick=\"javascript:mysubmit('del_selected')\"

                                   this.addHtmlColumn(-2,"<a href=javascript:Delete('?op=delete&id=","id","')>","刪除","</a>");

                            }

                           

                            boolean bool = false;

                            int row = 1;

                            while(rs.next()){

                                   v.add("  <tr "+this.getHtmlTr()+"> \n");

                                                                      if(isShowSequence){

                                          v.add("\t<td "+this.getHtmlTd()+"><center>"+row+"</center></td> \n");

                                   }

                                   for(int col=1;col<=this.getColumnCount();col++){

                                          if(getHideColumn(col)){ //隱藏列

                                                 String key = col + "";

                                                 bool = htmlColumn.containsKey(key);

                                                 if(bool){  //列設置

                                                        field = ((String)this.htmlColumn.get(key));

                                                        begin = field.indexOf("key=");

                                                        if(begin != -1){

                                                               begin = field.indexOf("<!-- key=");

                                                               end = field.indexOf(" -->",begin);

                                                               String sql_field = field.substring(begin+9,end);

                                                               field = field.replaceAll("<!-- key="+sql_field+" -->",rs.getString(sql_field));

                                                        }

                                                        field = field.replaceAll("<!-- value -->",rs.getString(col));

                                                        v.add("    <td "+this.getHtmlTd()+">"+ field +"</td> \n");

                                                 }else if(htmlTableRow.containsKey(row+"")){

                                                        field = ((String)this.htmlTableRow.get(row+""));

                                                        if(field.indexOf("key=") != -1){

                                                               begin = field.indexOf("<table:row key='");

                                                               end = field.indexOf("' />",begin);

                                                               String sql_field = field.substring(begin+16,end);

                                                               pattern = Pattern.compile("<table:row key='(.*)' />");

                                                               matcher = pattern.matcher(field);

                                                               field = matcher.replaceAll(rs.getString(sql_field));

                                                        }

                                                        field = field.replaceAll("<table:row value />",rs.getString(col));

                                                        v.add("    <td "+this.getHtmlTd()+">"+ field +"</td> \n");

                                                 }else{

                                                        v.add("    <td "+this.getHtmlTd()+">"+ rs.getString(col) +"&nbsp;</td> \n");

                                                 }

                                                 // add table column

                                                 bool = hashAddHtmlColumn.containsKey(key);

                                                 if(bool){

                                                        field = (String)this.hashAddHtmlColumn.get(key);

                                                        begin = field.indexOf("key=");

                                                        if(begin == -1){

                                                               v.add("    <td "+this.getHtmlTd()+">"+(String)this.hashAddHtmlColumn.get(key)+"&nbsp;</td> \n");

                                                        }else{

                                                               begin = field.indexOf("<!-- key='");

                                                               end = field.indexOf("' -->",begin);

                                                               String sql_field = field.substring(begin+10,end);

                                                               field = field.replaceAll("<!-- key='"+sql_field+"' -->",rs.getString(sql_field));

                                                              

                                                               begin = field.indexOf("<!-- value='");

                                                               if(begin != -1){

                                                                      end = field.indexOf("' -->",begin);

                                                                      sql_field = field.substring(begin+12,end);

                                                                      field = field.replaceAll("<!-- value='"+sql_field+"' -->",rs.getString(sql_field));

                                                               }

                                                               v.add("    <td "+this.getHtmlTd()+">"+ field +"</td> \n");

                                                        }

                                                 }

                                                 if(col == this.getColumnCount()){

                                                        if(hashAddHtmlColumn.containsKey("-1")){

                                                               field = (String)this.hashAddHtmlColumn.get("-1");

                                                               begin = field.indexOf("key=");

                                                               if(begin == -1){

                                                                      v.add("    <td "+this.getHtmlTd()+">"+(String)this.hashAddHtmlColumn.get(key)+"&nbsp;</td> \n");

                                                               }else{

                                                                      begin = field.indexOf("<!-- key='");

                                                                      end = field.indexOf("' -->",begin);

                                                                      String sql_field = field.substring(begin+10,end);

                                                                      field = field.replaceAll("<!-- key='"+sql_field+"' -->",rs.getString(sql_field));

                                                                     

                                                                      begin = field.indexOf("<!-- value='");

                                                                      if(begin != -1){

                                                                             end = field.indexOf("' -->",begin);

                                                                             sql_field = field.substring(begin+12,end);

                                                                             field = field.replaceAll("<!-- value='"+sql_field+"' -->",rs.getString(sql_field));

                                                                      }

                                                                      v.add("    <td "+this.getHtmlTd()+">"+ field +"</td> \n");

                                                               }

                                                        }

                                                        if(hashAddHtmlColumn.containsKey("-2")){

                                                               field = (String)this.hashAddHtmlColumn.get("-2");

                                                               begin = field.indexOf("key=");

                                                               if(begin == -1){

                                                                      v.add("    <td "+this.getHtmlTd()+">"+(String)this.hashAddHtmlColumn.get(key)+"&nbsp;</td> \n");

                                                               }else{

                                                                      begin = field.indexOf("<!-- key='");

                                                                      end = field.indexOf("' -->",begin);

                                                                      String sql_field = field.substring(begin+10,end);

                                                                      field = field.replaceAll("<!-- key='"+sql_field+"' -->",rs.getString(sql_field));

                                                                     

                                                                      begin = field.indexOf("<!-- value='");

                                                                      if(begin != -1){

                                                                             end = field.indexOf("' -->",begin);

                                                                             sql_field = field.substring(begin+12,end);

                                                                             field = field.replaceAll("<!-- value='"+sql_field+"' -->",rs.getString(sql_field));

                                                                      }

                                                                      v.add("    <td "+this.getHtmlTd()+">"+ field +"</td> \n");

                                                               }

                                                        }

                                                       

                                                 }

                                          }

                                   }

                                  

                    

                                  

                                   row ++;

                                   v.add("  </tr> \n");

                            }

                            v.add("</table> \n");

                     }else{

                            v.add("沒有資料");

                     }

                    

                     //=========================================

                     // 表格導航條

                     //=========================================

                     int npage = this.getPage();

                     int pagecount = 0;

                     if(this.getRowCount()%this.getLimit() == 0){

                                   pagecount = this.getRowCount()/this.getLimit();

                     }else{

                                   pagecount = this.getRowCount()/this.getLimit()+1;

                     }

                    

                     cursor.add("<!-- Begin 表格控制條 --> \n");

                     cursor.add("<table border=0 style='border-collapse: collapse' cellpadding='2'> \n"); //align=right

                            cursor.add("<tr> \n");

                            cursor.add("<td>總計"+ this.getRowCount() +"條紀錄</td>");

                            cursor.add("<td>"+ (npage+1) + "/" + pagecount +"</td>");

                            cursor.add("<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>");

                            cursor.add("<td><a href='?page=0'>[首頁]</a></td>");

                            if(npage == 0){

                                   cursor.add("<td>[上一頁]</td>");

                            }else{

                                   cursor.add("<td><a href='?page="+ (npage-1) +"'>[上一頁]</a></td>");

                            }

                           

                            cursor.add(" \n <td> \n");

                                   cursor.add("<select name='page' id='page' size=0 onChange=window.location.href='?page='+this.options[this.selectedIndex].value> \n");

                                   cursor.add("<option value='"+npage+"' selected>["+(npage+1)+"]</option> \n");     

                                   for(int i=0;i<pagecount;i++){

                                          cursor.add("<option value='"+i+"'>"+(i+1)+"</option> \n");

                                   }

                                   cursor.add("</select> \n");

                            cursor.add("</td> \n");

                           

                            if(npage+1 == pagecount){

                                   cursor.add("<td>[下一頁]</td>");

                                   cursor.add("<td>[末頁]</td>");

                            }else{

                                   cursor.add("<td><a href='?page="+ (npage+1) +"'>[下一頁]</a></td>");

                                   cursor.add("<td><a href='?page="+ (pagecount-1) +"'>[末頁]</a></td>");

                            }

                            cursor.add("\n </tr> \n");

 

                     cursor.add("</table> \n");     

                     cursor.add("<!-- End 表格控制條 --> \n");

                    

                     filter.add("<!-- --------------------- Begin Filter ------------------ --> \n");

                            filter.add("<table boder=0>");

                            filter.add("<form method='post' action=''>");

                            //filter.add("<td>篩選</td>");

                            filter.add("<td>");

                            filter.add("<select name='filter' id='filter'> \n");

                            filter.add("<option value='id' selected>選擇篩選列</option> \n");

                                   for(int i=0;i<this.strTableField.length;i++){

                                          if(i>=getTableHeader().length)break;

                                          if(getHideColumn(i+1)) //continue;

                                                 filter.add("<option value='"+this.strTableField[i]+"'>"+this.getTableHeader()[i]+"</option> \n");

                                   }

                           

                            filter.add("</select> \n");

                            filter.add("</td>");

                            filter.add("<td>");

                            filter.add("<select name='condition' id='condition'> \n");

                                   filter.add("<option value='like' selected>模糊</option> \n");

                                   filter.add("<option value='='>=</option> \n");

                                   filter.add("<option value='!='></option> \n");

                                   filter.add("<option value='>'>></option> \n");

                                   filter.add("<option value='>='>>=</option> \n");

                                   filter.add("<option value='<'><</option> \n");

                                   filter.add("<option value='<='><=</option> \n");

                            filter.add("</select> \n");

                            filter.add("</td>");

                            filter.add("<td>");

                            filter.add("<input name='key' type='text' id='key'>");

                            filter.add("</td>");

                            filter.add("<td>");

                            filter.add("<input type='submit' name='Submit' value=' 查詢 '>");

                            filter.add("</td>");

                            filter.add("</form>");

                            filter.add("</table> \n");

                     filter.add("<!-- --------------------- End Filter -------------------- --> \n");

              }

              catch(Exception e){

                     v.add("沒有資料或類型不匹配");

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }

              finally{

                     try{

                            if(rs != null)rs.close();

                            dbc.close();

                     }catch(Exception e){

                            e.printStackTrace();

                     }

              }    

              v.add("<!-- End --> \n");

              return v;

       }

       public boolean getHtmlStyleTable(){

              boolean isSuccess = false;

              Vector html = this.v;

              try{

                     Enumeration enumer = html.elements();

                     while(enumer.hasMoreElements()){

                            String strHtml = (String) enumer.nextElement();

                            pageContext.getOut().print(strHtml);

                     }

                     isSuccess = true;

              }catch(Exception e){

                     System.out.print(e.toString());

              }           

              return isSuccess;

       }

      

       public boolean getCursorControlKeys(){

              boolean isSuccess = false;

              try{

                     Enumeration enumer = this.cursor.elements();

                     while(enumer.hasMoreElements()){

                            String strHtml = (String) enumer.nextElement();

                            pageContext.getOut().print(strHtml);

                     }           

                     isSuccess = true;

              }catch(Exception e){

                            e.printStackTrace();

              }           

              return isSuccess;

       }

 

       public void getFilterControl(){

              try{

                     Enumeration enumer = this.filter.elements();

                     while(enumer.hasMoreElements()){

                            String strHtml = (String) enumer.nextElement();

                            pageContext.getOut().print(strHtml);

                     }           

              }catch(Exception e){

                            e.printStackTrace();

              }

       }

      

       public String[][] getTableData(){

              int row    = 0;

              String[][] data = null;

              this.setOffset(this.nSqlLimit*this.nPage);

              //this.setRowCount();

              this.getCount(sqlAnalyzer(this.getSQL()));

              try{

                     dbc = new DBConnect(oDatabase);

                     dbc.prepareStatement(this.getSQL());

                     //System.out.println(this.getSQL());

                     rs = dbc.executeQuery();

                    

                     ResultSetMetaData rsmd = rs.getMetaData() ;

                     this.setColumnCount(rsmd.getColumnCount());

                     //data = new String[this.getColumnCount()][this.getRowCount()];

                     data = new String[this.getColumnCount()][this.nSqlLimit];

                     strTableHeader = new String[this.getColumnCount()];

                     for(int col=1;col<=this.getColumnCount();col++){

                            strTableHeader[col-1] = rsmd.getColumnName(col);

                     }

                     if(rs!=null) {

                            while(rs.next()){

                                   for(int col=1;col<=this.getColumnCount();col++){

                                          data[col-1][row]=rs.getString(col);

                                   }

                                   row++;

                            }

                     }

 

                     if(row != this.getLimit()){

                            String[][] tmp = new String[this.getColumnCount()][row];

                            //tmp = data;

 

                            for(int r=0;r<row;r++){

                                   for(int col=0;col<this.getColumnCount();col++){

                                          tmp[col][r] = data[col][r];

                                   }

                            }

                            data = tmp;

                            /*

                            for(int r=row;r<=this.getLimit();r++){

                                   for(int col=1;col<=this.getColumnCount();col++){

                                          data[col-1][r]="";

                                   }

                            }

                            */

                     }

                     rs.close();

              }

              catch(Exception e){

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }

              finally{

                     try{

                            if(rs != null)rs.close();

                            dbc.close();

                     }catch(Exception e){

                            e.printStackTrace();

                     }

              }    

              return data;

       }    

       public Vector MakeHtmlTable(int page,int limit,String order,String seq){

              Vector v         = new Vector();

              String script          = null;

              //String script_edit = "window.showModelessDialog("http://www.9812.net","dialogwin","scroll:0;status:0;help:1;resizable:1;dialogWidth:480px;dialogHeight:320px");"

              String old_seq        = seq;

              //this.getCount(this.sqlAnalyzer(this.getSQL()));

             

              if(seq.equals("ASC")){

                     this.setSort(order,ASC);

                     seq = "DESC";

              }else{

                     this.setSort(order,DESC);                           //排序,DESCASC

                     seq = "ASC";

              }

 

              this.setLimit(limit);                             //設置每頁記錄條數

              this.setOffset(this.nSqlLimit*page);      //翻頁操作

              this.setPage(page);

              //v.add(this.strSQL);                                         //測試輸出SQL

              try{

                     aTableData      = getTableData();

                           

                            script =  "<script language=\"JavaScript\"> \n";

                            script += "<!-- \n";

                            script += "function CheckAll(form){ \n";

                            script += "      for(var i=0;i<form.elements.length;i++) { \n";

                            script += "             var e = form.elements[i]; \n";

                            script += "             if(e.name != 'chkall') \n";

                            script += "             e.checked = form.chkall.checked; \n";

                            script += "      } \n";

                            script += "} \n";

                          

                           script += "function OpenDialog(url){ \n";

                           script += "      window.showModelessDialog(url,'dialogwin','scroll:0;status:0;help:1;resizable:1;dialogWidth:480px;dialogHeight:320px'); \n";

                           script += "} \n";

                          

                            script += "function Delete(url){ \n";

                            script += "        if(confirm(\"您確定要刪除?\")){ \n";

                           script += "             location.href=url; \n";

                           script += "        } \n";

                           script += "} \n";

                          

                           script += "function allChecked(radio){ \n";

                           script += "      for(i=0; i<radio.length; i++) \n";

                           script += "             if(radio[i].checked) \n";

                           script += "        return (true); \n";

                           script += "                    return(false); \n";

                           script += "} \n";

                          

                           script += "//--> \n";

                           script += "</script> \n";

                   

                            v.add(script);

                           

                     v.add("<table border='1' cellpadding='1' cellspacing='0' style='border-collapse: collapse' bordercolor='#111111' width='100%' id='AutoNumber1'>");

                     v.add("<tr align=middle>");

                     if(isChoose && this.strChooseStyle.equals("checkbox")){

                            v.add("<td><input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"chkall\" value=\"on\" onclick=\"CheckAll(this.form)\"></td>");

                     }else if(this.strChooseStyle.equals("radio")){

                            v.add("<td></td>");      

                     }

                            v.add("<td>序號</td>");

                     for(int i=0;i<this.getTableHeader().length;i++){

                            v.add("<td><a href='?order="+this.getTableHeader()[i]+"&seq="+seq+"&page="+this.getPage()+"'>"+(this.getTableHeader()[i].equals(order)?this.getTableHeader()[i]+(old_seq.equals("ASC")?"":""):this.getTableHeader()[i])+"</a></td>");

                     }

                     // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                     v.add("</tr> \n");

                     //System.out.println(aTableData[0].length);

                    

                     for(int r=0;r<aTableData[0].length;r++){

                            v.add("<tr onmouseover=\"this.style.backgroundColor='#f2f2f2'\" style=\"CURSOR: hand\" onmouseout=\"this.style.backgroundColor=''\" align=middle>");

                            if(isChoose){

                                  

                                   v.add("<td>"+getChooseStyle(aTableData[0][r])+"</td>");

                            }

                                         

                                          v.add("<td>"+ (r+1) +"</td>");     //序列

                                   for(int c=0;c<aTableData.length;c++){

                                          v.add("<td>"+ aTableData[c][r] +"</td>");

                                   }

/*                               

                            if(isEdit){

                                   //v.add("<td><a href=\"javascript:OpenDialog('http://localhost:8080/autosite/member/"+strEditLink+aTableData[0][r]+"')\">編輯</a></td>");

                                   v.add("<td><a href="+strEditLink+aTableData[0][r]+">編輯</a></td>");

                            }

                            if(isDelete){

                                   //v.add("<td><input type=\"button\" name=\"Delete\" value=\"刪除\" onclick=\"javascript:mysubmit('del_selected')\"></td>");

                                   //v.add("<td><a href="+strDeleteLink+aTableData[0][r]+">刪除</a></td>"); //onclick=\"javascript:mysubmit('del_selected')\"

                                   v.add("<td><a href="+this.getDeleteLink(strDeleteLink+aTableData[0][r])+">刪除</a></td>"); //onclick=\"javascript:mysubmit('del_selected')\"

                            }

*/                        

                            v.add("</tr> \n");

                     }

                     v.add("</table> \n");

                     v.add("<BR>");

                     //====================================================================================

                     v.add("<table border=1 style='border-collapse: collapse' bordercolor='#111111' cellpadding='2' align=right> \n");

                     v.add("<tr>");

                     v.add("<td>"+ this.getRowCount() +"</td>");

                    

                     if(page == 0){

                            v.add("<td><font face='Webdings' size='4'>7</font></td>");

                            v.add("<td><font face='Webdings' size='4'>3</font></td>");

                     }else{

                            v.add("<td><a href='?page=0'><font face='Webdings' size='4'>7</font></a></td>");

                            v.add("<td><a href='?order="+order+"&seq="+old_seq+"&page="+ (page-1) +"'><font face='Webdings' size='4'>3</font></a></td>");

                     }

                     int pagecount = 0;

                     if(this.getRowCount()%this.getLimit() == 0){

                            pagecount = this.getRowCount()/this.getLimit();

                     }else{

                            pagecount = this.getRowCount()/this.getLimit()+1;

                     }

                    

                     v.add("<td>");

                            v.add("<select name='page' id='page' size=0 onChange=window.location.href='?page='+this.options[this.selectedIndex].value> \n");

                            v.add("<option value='"+page+"' selected>["+(page+1)+"]</option>");     

                            for(int i=0;i<pagecount;i++){

                                   v.add("<option value='"+i+"'>"+(i+1)+"</option>");

                            }

                            v.add("</select> \n");

                     v.add("</td>");

                    

                     if(page+1 == pagecount){

                            v.add("<td><font face='Webdings' size='4'>4</font></td>");

                            v.add("<td><font face='Webdings' size='4'>8</font></td>");

                     }else{

                            v.add("<td><a href='?order="+order+"&seq="+old_seq+"&page="+ (page+1) +"'><font face='Webdings' size='4'>4</font></a></td>");

                            v.add("<td><a href='?page="+ (pagecount-1) +"'><font face='Webdings' size='4'>8</font></a></td>");

                     }

                    

                     v.add("<td>"+ (page+1) + "/" + pagecount +"</td>");

                     /* --------------------- Begin Filter ------------------ */

                     if(this.getFilter()){

                            v.add("<td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </td>");

                            v.add("<td>篩選</td>");

                            v.add("<td>");

                            v.add("<select name='field' id='field'> \n");

                            v.add("<option value='"+this.getTableHeader()[0]+"' selected>"+this.getTableHeader()[0]+"</option> \n");

                            for(int i=1;i<this.getTableHeader().length;i++){

                                   v.add("<option value='"+this.getTableHeader()[i]+"'>"+this.getTableHeader()[i]+"</option> \n");

                            }

                            v.add("</select> \n");

                            v.add("</td>");

                            v.add("<td>");

                            v.add("<select name='condition' id='condition'> \n");

                                   v.add("<option value='like' selected>模糊</option> \n");

                                   v.add("<option value='='>=</option> \n");

                                   v.add("<option value='!='></option> \n");

                                   v.add("<option value='>'>></option> \n");

                                   v.add("<option value='>='>>=</option> \n");

                                   v.add("<option value='<'><</option> \n");

                                   v.add("<option value='<='><=</option> \n");

                            v.add("</select> \n");

                            v.add("</td>");

                            v.add("<td>");

                            v.add("<input name='val' type='text' id='val'>");

                            v.add("</td>");

                            v.add("<td>");

                            v.add("<input type='submit' name='Submit' value=' 查詢 '>");

                            v.add("</td>");

                     }

                     /* --------------------- End Filter ------------------ */

                     v.add("</tr>");

                     v.add("</table> \n");

              }

              catch(Exception e){

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }

              finally{

                     try{

                     }catch(Exception e){

                            e.printStackTrace();

                     }

              }

              return v;

       }

      

       public Vector getHtmlTables(int page,int limit,String order,String seq,String sql){

              this.setSQL(sql);

              this.setChoose(true,RADIO);

//            this.setEdit(true,"?op=edit&id=");

//            this.setDelete(true,"?op=delete&id=");

              return MakeHtmlTable(page,limit,order,seq);

       }

      

       //public void close() throws Exception {}

       public void clear(){}

       public void close(){

              try{

                     if(rs != null)rs.close();

                     dbc.close();

                     vError.add("close()");

              }catch(Exception e){

                     vError.add(e.toString());

              }

       }

    public void getException(){

        AnalyseException ae = new AnalyseException(this.vError);

        try{

               pageContext.getOut().print(ae.getException());

        }catch(Exception e){}

        System.out.println(ae.getException());

    }

          

       public static void main(String[] args) {

              BaseTable t = new BaseTable();

              //System.out.println(t.getCount("oa.away"));

              String sql = "select * from btob.supply_demand";

              //System.out.println(t.sqlAnalyzer("select id,subject,docfrom,created,type From oa.vdocument Where pid=38 limit 10 offset 0"));

      

              //t.getHtmlTable()

              t.setSQL(sql);

              try{

                     ResultSet rs = t.TableResultSet();

                     while(rs.next()){

                            System.out.println(rs.getString(1));     

                     }

              }catch(SQLException e){

                     System.out.println(e.toString());

              }

/*          

              t.setWhere("id like '%4%'");

              t.setLimit(2);

              t.setPage(0);

              t.setHtmlTable("border=0");

              t.setHtmlTr("bgcolor=#FF0000");

              t.setHtmlTd("bordercolor=#0000FF");

              t.setRowHeight(50);

              t.setRowWidth(100);

              t.setBorder(10);

              String head[]={"序號","aaa","bbb","ccc","ddd"};

              t.setTableHeader(head);

 

              t.setEdit(true,"?op=edit&id=");

              t.setDelete(true,"?op=delete&id=");

              t.setHideColumn(1);

              t.setHtmlColumn(2,"<font color=blue>","</font>");

              //t.setHtmlColumn(3,"<font color=blue>","</font>");

              t.setHtmlColumn(5,"<font color=blue>","</font>");

              t.addHtmlColumn(3,"<a target=meeting href='details.jsp?id=","id","'>","subject","</a>");

              t.setHtmlColumn(4,"<a href='?id=","id","'>","</a>");

              Vector v = t.MakeHtmlTable();

              for(int i=0;i<v.size();i++){

                     //System.out.print(v.get(i));

              }

*/          

//            v = t.getFilterControl();

//            for(int i=0;i<v.size();i++){

//                   System.out.print(v.get(i));

//            }

              //t.getFilterControl();

              t.getException();

             

       }    

}

 

13.5.5 什麼時候應該把檔存在資料庫中

關於這個問題網上討論的貼子很多……

將檔存在資料中優勢:

n         至少要比放在磁片上安全一些

用戶如果想出得資料庫存儲的檔,第一關就是連接資料庫。這要提供用戶,密碼。

可以通過SSL訪問資料庫,這樣更加安全。

n         資料完整

當記錄刪除時,檔也同時被刪除,通過事務處理,可以完好的保持資料的完整,而磁片檔系統不行。磁片檔系統也不支援事務。

n         不會被病毒感染

關於性能:

n         不用說就應該知道比檔系統要慢

但只要何理使用,可能效率更高一些。不要在頻繁讀寫操作的環境使用。

n         存放文件大小要看你的需求

你的資料庫用戶很多,如果檔很大。就需要長時間讀取,這會站用寶貴資料庫連接。

 

下面是一個將圖片存入資料庫的例子:

資料庫結構

DROP TABLE images;

CREATE TABLE images (

       id Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       filename varchar(255) NOT NULL Default 'unknown',

      img bytea,

      size Integer NOT NULL Default '0',

    created    Timestamp Default current_timestamp::timestamp (0) without time zone,

    modified Timestamp Default current_timestamp::timestamp (0) without time zone,

    PRIMARY KEY ("id")

);

 

JSP程式

<%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=utf-8" language="java" import="java.sql.*" errorPage="" %>

<%@ page import="java.util.*"%>

<%@ page import="java.io.*"%>

<jsp:useBean id="test" scope="page" class="netkiller.database.DBConnect"/>

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<html>

<head>

<title>Untitled Document</title>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">

</head>

 

<body>

<%

              try{

                    

                     File file = new File("/tmp/1078215958235.jpg");

                     FileInputStream  fis = new  FileInputStream(file);

 

                     test.prepareStatement("insert into images(filename,img) values(?,?)");

                     test.setString(1,file.getName());

                     test.setBinaryStream(2,fis,fis.available());

                     System.out.println(test.executeUpdate());

                     fis.close();

                    

                     test.prepareStatement("select * from images");

                     ResultSet rs = test.executeQuery();            

                     if(rs!=null) {

                            while(rs.next()){

                                   String filename = rs.getString("filename");

                                   FileOutputStream file1 = new FileOutputStream("/var/www/html/webapps/tmp/"+filename);

                                   byte[] imgBytes = rs.getBytes("img");

                                   file1.write(imgBytes);

                                   file1.close();

                                   out.print("<img src="+filename+">");

                            }

                     }

                     test.close();

              }catch(Exception e)       {

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }

 

%>

</body>

</html>

 

 

14             PHP

14.1       PHP 連接PostgreSQL

編譯PHP時請加 --with-pgsql 選項:

    tar zxf php-?.?.?.tar.gz

    cd php-?.?.?

    ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php --with-apxs=/usr/local/apache/bin/apxs \

        --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/etc --enable-track-vars --with-xml \

        --with-pgsql --with-mysql \

       --with-ldap --enable-ftp --with-openssl --with-iconv --with-kerberos \

       --with-java=/usr/local/java

    make

    make install

    cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/etc/php.ini

 

RPM安裝,請確認是否已經安裝了php-pgsql包。

[root@linux root]# rpm -qa |grep php

php-imap-4.3.4-1.1

php-4.3.4-1.1

php-snmp-4.3.4-1.1

php-devel-4.3.4-1.1

php-mysql-4.3.4-1.1

php-xmlrpc-4.3.4-1.1

php-domxml-4.3.4-1.1

php-odbc-4.3.4-1.1

php-pgsql-4.3.4-1.1

php-ldap-4.3.4-1.1

[root@linux root]#

 

14.2       set CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'GB18030';方案

PHP 連接PostgreSQL資料庫,我是使用PHPBB提供的Class,只要稍加改造就可很好支持UNICODE。注意下面的紅色代碼!

<?php

  /***************************************************************************

   *                               postgres7.php

   *                            -------------------

   *   begin                : Saturday, Feb 13, 2001

   *   copyright            : (C) 2001 The phpBB Group

   *   email                : supportphpbb.com

   *

   *   $Id: postgres7.php,v 1.19 2002/03/05 02:19:38 psotfx Exp $

   *

   ***************************************************************************/

 

/***************************************************************************

 *

 *   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify

 *   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by

 *   the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or

 *   (at your option) any later version.

 *

 ***************************************************************************/

 

if(!defined("SQL_LAYER"))

{

 

define("SQL_LAYER","postgresql");

 

class sql_db

{

 

       var $db_connect_id;

       var $query_result;

       var $in_transaction = 0;

       var $row = array();

       var $rowset = array();

       var $rownum = array();

       var $num_queries = 0;

 

       //

       // Constructor

       //

       function sql_db($sqlserver, $sqluser, $sqlpassword, $database, $persistency = true)

       {

              $this->connect_string = "";

 

              if( $sqluser )

              {

                     $this->connect_string .= "user=$sqluser ";

              }

 

              if( $sqlpassword )

              {

                     $this->connect_string .= "password=$sqlpassword ";

              }

 

              if( $sqlserver )

              {

                     if( ereg(":", $sqlserver) )

                     {

                            list($sqlserver, $sqlport) = split(":", $sqlserver);

                            $this->connect_string .= "host=$sqlserver port=$sqlport ";

                     }

                     else

                     {

                            if( $sqlserver != "localhost" )

                            {

                                   $this->connect_string .= "host=$sqlserver ";

                            }

                     }

              }

 

              if( $database )

              {

                     $this->dbname = $database;

                     $this->connect_string .= "dbname=$database";

              }

 

              $this->persistency = $persistency;

 

              $this->db_connect_id = ( $this->persistency ) ? pg_pconnect($this->connect_string) : pg_connect($this->connect_string);

 

              return ( $this->db_connect_id ) ? $this->db_connect_id : false;

       }

 

       //

       // Other base methods

       //

       function sql_close()

       {

              if( $this->db_connect_id )

              {

                     //

                     // Commit any remaining transactions

                     //

                     if( $this->in_transaction )

                     {

                            @pg_exec($this->db_connect_id, "COMMIT");

                     }

 

                     if( $this->query_result )

                     {

                            @pg_freeresult($this->query_result);

                     }

 

                     return @pg_close($this->db_connect_id);

              }

              else

              {

                     return false;

              }

       }

 

       //

       // Query method

       //

       function sql_query($query = "", $transaction = false)

       {

              //

              // Remove any pre-existing queries

              //

              unset($this->query_result);

              if( $query != "" )

              {

                     $this->num_queries++;

 

                     $query = preg_replace("/LIMIT ([0-9]+),([ 0-9]+)/", "LIMIT \\2 OFFSET \\1", $query);

$encoding  = " set CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'GB18030';";

//$encoding  = "SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'GBK'"; 也可以

                     $this->query_result = @pg_exec($this->db_connect_id, $encoding);

 

                     if( $transaction == BEGIN_TRANSACTION && !$this->in_transaction )

                     {

                            $this->in_transaction = TRUE;

 

                            if( !@pg_exec($this->db_connect_id, "BEGIN") )

                            {

                                   return false;

                            }

                     }

 

                     $this->query_result = @pg_exec($this->db_connect_id, $query);

                     if( $this->query_result )

                     {

                            if( $transaction == END_TRANSACTION )

                            {

                                   $this->in_transaction = FALSE;

 

                                   if( !@pg_exec($this->db_connect_id, "COMMIT") )

                                   {

                                          @pg_exec($this->db_connect_id, "ROLLBACK");

                                          return false;

                                   }

                            }

 

                            $this->last_query_text[$this->query_result] = $query;

                            $this->rownum[$this->query_result] = 0;

 

                            unset($this->row[$this->query_result]);

                            unset($this->rowset[$this->query_result]);

 

                            return $this->query_result;

                     }

                     else

                     {

                            if( $this->in_transaction )

                            {

                                   @pg_exec($this->db_connect_id, "ROLLBACK");

                            }

                            $this->in_transaction = FALSE;

 

                            return false;

                     }

              }

              else

              {

                     if( $transaction == END_TRANSACTION && $this->in_transaction )

                     {

                            $this->in_transaction = FALSE;

 

                            if( !@pg_exec($this->db_connect_id, "COMMIT") )

                            {

                                   @pg_exec($this->db_connect_id, "ROLLBACK");

                                   return false;

                            }

                     }

 

                     return true;

              }

       }

 

       //

       // Other query methods

       //

       function sql_numrows($query_id = 0)

       {

              if( !$query_id )

              {

                     $query_id = $this->query_result;

              }

 

              return ( $query_id ) ? @pg_numrows($query_id) : false;

       }

 

       function sql_numfields($query_id = 0)

       {

              if( !$query_id )

              {

                     $query_id = $this->query_result;

              }

 

              return ( $query_id ) ? @pg_numfields($query_id) : false;

       }

 

       function sql_fieldname($offset, $query_id = 0)

       {

              if( !$query_id )

              {

                     $query_id = $this->query_result;

              }

 

              return ( $query_id ) ? @pg_fieldname($query_id, $offset) : false;

       }

 

       function sql_fieldtype($offset, $query_id = 0)

       {

              if( !$query_id )

              {

                     $query_id = $this->query_result;

              }

 

              return ( $query_id ) ? @pg_fieldtype($query_id, $offset) : false;

       }

 

       function sql_fetchrow($query_id = 0)

       {

              if( !$query_id )

              {

                     $query_id = $this->query_result;

              }

 

              if($query_id)

              {

                     $this->row = @pg_fetch_array($query_id, $this->rownum[$query_id]);

 

                     if( $this->row )

                     {

                            $this->rownum[$query_id]++;

                            return $this->row;

                     }

              }

 

              return false;

       }

 

       function sql_fetchrowset($query_id = 0)

       {

              if( !$query_id )

              {

                     $query_id = $this->query_result;

              }

 

              if( $query_id )

              {

                     unset($this->rowset[$query_id]);

                     unset($this->row[$query_id]);

                     $this->rownum[$query_id] = 0;

 

                     while( $this->rowset = @pg_fetch_array($query_id, $this->rownum[$query_id], PGSQL_ASSOC) )

                     {

                            $result[] = $this->rowset;

                            $this->rownum[$query_id]++;

                     }

 

                     return $result;

              }

 

              return false;

       }

 

       function sql_fetchfield($field, $row_offset=-1, $query_id = 0)

       {

              if( !$query_id )

              {

                     $query_id = $this->query_result;

              }

 

              if( $query_id )

              {

                     if( $row_offset != -1 )

                     {

                            $this->row = @pg_fetch_array($query_id, $row_offset, PGSQL_ASSOC);

                     }

                     else

                     {

                            if( $this->rownum[$query_id] )

                            {

                                   $this->row = @pg_fetch_array($query_id, $this->rownum[$query_id]-1, PGSQL_ASSOC);

                            }

                            else

                            {

                                   $this->row = @pg_fetch_array($query_id, $this->rownum[$query_id], PGSQL_ASSOC);

 

                                   if( $this->row )

                                   {

                                          $this->rownum[$query_id]++;

                                   }

                            }

                     }

 

                     return $this->row[$field];

              }

 

              return false;

       }

 

       function sql_rowseek($offset, $query_id = 0)

       {

 

              if(!$query_id)

              {

                     $query_id = $this->query_result;

              }

 

              if( $query_id )

              {

                     if( $offset > -1 )

                     {

                            $this->rownum[$query_id] = $offset;

                            return true;

                     }

                     else

                     {

                            return false;

                     }

              }

 

              return false;

       }

 

       function sql_nextid()

       {

              $query_id = $this->query_result;

 

              if($query_id && $this->last_query_text[$query_id] != "")

              {

                     if( preg_match("/^INSERT[\t\n ]+INTO[\t\n ]+([a-z0-9\_\-]+)/is", $this->last_query_text[$query_id], $tablename) )

                     {

                            $query = "SELECT currval('" . $tablename[1] . "_id_seq') AS last_value";

                            $temp_q_id =  @pg_exec($this->db_connect_id, $query);

                            if( !$temp_q_id )

                            {

                                   return false;

                            }

 

                            $temp_result = @pg_fetch_array($temp_q_id, 0, PGSQL_ASSOC);

 

                            return ( $temp_result ) ? $temp_result['last_value'] : false;

                     }

              }

 

              return false;

       }

 

       function sql_affectedrows($query_id = 0)

       {

              if( !$query_id )

              {

                     $query_id = $this->query_result;

              }

 

              return ( $query_id ) ? @pg_cmdtuples($query_id) : false;

       }

 

       function sql_freeresult($query_id = 0)

       {

              if( !$query_id )

              {

                     $query_id = $this->query_result;

              }

 

              return ( $query_id ) ? @pg_freeresult($query_id) : false;

       }

 

       function sql_error($query_id = 0)

       {

              if( !$query_id )

              {

                     $query_id = $this->query_result;

              }

 

              $result['message'] = @pg_errormessage($this->db_connect_id);

              $result['code'] = -1;

 

              return $result;

       }

 

} // class ... db_sql

 

} // if ... defined

 

?>

注:SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'value'; value是:

EUC_JP, SJIS, EUC_KR, UHC, JOHAB, EUC_CN, GBK, EUC_TW, BIG5, LATIN1 to LATIN10, ISO_8859_5, ISO_8859_6, ISO_8859_7, ISO_8859_8, WIN, ALT, KOI8, WIN1256, TCVN, WIN874, GB18030, WIN1250

例表中沒有GB2312SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'GB2312'這樣操作不會返回錯誤:

member=> SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'GB2312';

ERROR:  invalid value for option 'client_encoding': 'GB2312'

member=>

$encoding  = " set CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'GB18030';"; set CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'GB18030'尾部的“;”符號加不加都可以。

14.3       convert()方案

另一種方法是使用convert()函數:

select convert(描述,'UNICODE','GBK')as desc from ;

select convert(組名 using utf_8_to_gb18030) from ;

14.4       PHP iconv() 函數方案

在資料外部轉碼,使用PHP提供的iconv()函數來完成。

注!安裝編譯PHP時要加入--with-iconv模組。

function addUser($user,$passwd,$name,$nickname,$active="false",$email){

       global $db;

       $name = iconv( 'GB2312','UTF-8', $name );

       $sql = "insert into \"user\"(userid,passwd,name,nickname,active,email,question,answer) values('$user','$passwd','$name','$nickname','$active','$email','question','answer')";

       if ( !($result = $db->sql_query($sql)) ){

              message_die(GENERAL_ERROR, 'Error in obtaining userdata', '', __LINE__, __FILE__, $sql);

       }

};

 

function getUserInfo($uid){

       global $db;

       $sql = "select * from \"user\" where userid='$uid'";

      

//     $codesql = "set CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'EUC_CN';";

//     $codesql = "set CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'BIG5';";

//     $codesql = "set CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'GB18030';";

       $db->sql_query($codesql);

      

       if ( !($result = $db->sql_query($sql)) ){

              message_die(GENERAL_ERROR, 'Could not \'select\' userdata', '', __LINE__, __FILE__, $sql);

       }

       $count=$db->sql_numrows();

      

       for ($i=0;$i<$count;$i++){

              if( $row = $db->sql_fetchrow($result) ){

                     $tmp[0] = $row[0];

                     $tmp[1] = $row[1];

                     $tmp[2] = $row[2];

                     $tmp[3] = iconv( 'UTF-8', 'GBK', $row[3] );

//                   $tmp[3] = $row[3];

                     $tmp[4] = $row[4];

                     $tmp[5] = $row[5];

                     $tmp[6] = $row[6];

                     $tmp[7] = $row[7];

                     $tmp[8] = $row[8];

                     $tmp[9] = $row[9];

                     $tmp[10] = $row[10];

              }

       }

       return $tmp;  

};

14.5       在標準I/O上使用 Linux iconv 命令方案

Iconv也是一個Linux提供的命令:

[root@linux script]# iconv --help

Usage: iconv [OPTION...] [FILE...]

Convert encoding of given files from one encoding to another.

 

 Input/Output format specification:

  -f, --from-code=NAME       encoding of original text

  -t, --to-code=NAME         encoding for output

 

 Information:

  -l, --list                 list all known coded character sets

 

 Output control:

  -c                         omit invalid characters from output

  -o, --output=FILE          output file

  -s, --silent               suppress warnings

      --verbose              print progress information

 

  -?, --help                 Give this help list

      --usage                Give a short usage message

  -V, --version              Print program version

 

Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional

for any corresponding short options.

 

Report bugs using the `glibcbug' script to <bugs@gnu.org>.

 

使用方法

[root@linux script]# iconv -f gb2312 -t big5 /tmp/gb.txt -o /tmp/big5.txt

 

如果你的PHP編譯安裝時沒有加入--with-iconv模組。你又不想重新編譯它,可以通過管道來調用LINUX iconv 命令,從標準I/O上(輸入/輸出)的返回資料。

 

       function iconvs($from,$to,$gb){

              $fp = popen( "echo \"$gb\" | iconv -f $from -t $to", "r" );

              while (!feof($fp)) {

                     $buffer .= fgets($fp, 4096);

              }

              pclose($fp);

              return $buffer;

       }

      

       function gb18030_utf8($gb){

              $encode = $this->iconvs("GB18030","UTF-8",$gb);

              return $encode;     

       }

      

       function utf8_gb18030($gb){

              $encode = $this->iconvs("UTF-8","GB18030",$gb);

              return $encode;                   

       }

iconv 支援字元集列表:

[root@linux script]# iconv -l

The following list contain all the coded character sets known.  This does

not necessarily mean that all combinations of these names can be used for

the FROM and TO command line parameters.  One coded character set can be

listed with several different names (aliases).

 

  437, 500, 500V1, 850, 851, 852, 855, 856, 857, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865,

  866, 869, 874, 904, 1026, 1046, 1047, 8859_1, 8859_2, 8859_3, 8859_4, 8859_5,

  8859_6, 8859_7, 8859_8, 8859_9, 10646-1:1993, 10646-1:1993/UCS4,

  ANSI_X3.4-1968, ANSI_X3.4-1986, ANSI_X3.4, ANSI_X3.110-1983, ANSI_X3.110,

  ARABIC, ARABIC7, ARMSCII-8, ASCII, ASMO-708, ASMO_449, BALTIC, BIG-5,

  BIG-FIVE, BIG5-HKSCS, BIG5, BIG5HKSCS, BIGFIVE, BS_4730, CA, CN-BIG5, CN-GB,

  CN, CP-AR, CP-GR, CP-HU, CP037, CP038, CP273, CP274, CP275, CP278, CP280,

  CP281, CP282, CP284, CP285, CP290, CP297, CP367, CP420, CP423, CP424, CP437,

  CP500, CP737, CP775, CP813, CP819, CP850, CP851, CP852, CP855, CP856, CP857,

  CP860, CP861, CP862, CP863, CP864, CP865, CP866, CP868, CP869, CP870, CP871,

  CP874, CP875, CP880, CP891, CP903, CP904, CP905, CP912, CP915, CP916, CP918,

  CP920, CP922, CP930, CP932, CP933, CP935, CP936, CP937, CP939, CP949, CP950,

  CP1004, CP1026, CP1046, CP1047, CP1070, CP1079, CP1081, CP1084, CP1089,

  CP1124, CP1129, CP1132, CP1133, CP1160, CP1161, CP1162, CP1163, CP1164,

  CP1250, CP1251, CP1252, CP1253, CP1254, CP1255, CP1256, CP1257, CP1258,

  CP1361, CP10007, CPIBM861, CSA7-1, CSA7-2, CSASCII, CSA_T500-1983, CSA_T500,

  CSA_Z243.4-1985-1, CSA_Z243.4-1985-2, CSA_Z243.419851, CSA_Z243.419852,

  CSDECMCS, CSEBCDICATDE, CSEBCDICATDEA, CSEBCDICCAFR, CSEBCDICDKNO,

  CSEBCDICDKNOA, CSEBCDICES, CSEBCDICESA, CSEBCDICESS, CSEBCDICFISE,

  CSEBCDICFISEA, CSEBCDICFR, CSEBCDICIT, CSEBCDICPT, CSEBCDICUK, CSEBCDICUS,

  CSEUCKR, CSEUCPKDFMTJAPANESE, CSGB2312, CSHPROMAN8, CSIBM037, CSIBM038,

  CSIBM273, CSIBM274, CSIBM275, CSIBM277, CSIBM278, CSIBM280, CSIBM281,

  CSIBM284, CSIBM285, CSIBM290, CSIBM297, CSIBM420, CSIBM423, CSIBM424,

  CSIBM500, CSIBM851, CSIBM855, CSIBM856, CSIBM857, CSIBM860, CSIBM863,

  CSIBM864, CSIBM865, CSIBM866, CSIBM868, CSIBM869, CSIBM870, CSIBM871,

  CSIBM880, CSIBM891, CSIBM903, CSIBM904, CSIBM905, CSIBM918, CSIBM922,

  CSIBM930, CSIBM932, CSIBM933, CSIBM935, CSIBM937, CSIBM939, CSIBM943,

  CSIBM1026, CSIBM1124, CSIBM1129, CSIBM1132, CSIBM1133, CSIBM1160, CSIBM1161,

  CSIBM1163, CSIBM1164, CSIBM11621162, CSISO4UNITEDKINGDOM, CSISO10SWEDISH,

  CSISO11SWEDISHFORNAMES, CSISO14JISC6220RO, CSISO15ITALIAN, CSISO16PORTUGESE,

  CSISO17SPANISH, CSISO18GREEK7OLD, CSISO19LATINGREEK, CSISO21GERMAN,

  CSISO25FRENCH, CSISO27LATINGREEK1, CSISO49INIS, CSISO50INIS8,

  CSISO51INISCYRILLIC, CSISO58GB1988, CSISO60DANISHNORWEGIAN,

  CSISO60NORWEGIAN1, CSISO61NORWEGIAN2, CSISO69FRENCH, CSISO84PORTUGUESE2,

  CSISO85SPANISH2, CSISO86HUNGARIAN, CSISO88GREEK7, CSISO89ASMO449, CSISO90,

  CSISO92JISC62991984B, CSISO99NAPLPS, CSISO103T618BIT, CSISO111ECMACYRILLIC,

  CSISO121CANADIAN1, CSISO122CANADIAN2, CSISO139CSN369103, CSISO141JUSIB1002,

  CSISO143IECP271, CSISO150, CSISO150GREEKCCITT, CSISO151CUBA,

  CSISO153GOST1976874, CSISO646DANISH, CSISO2022CN, CSISO2022JP, CSISO2022JP2,

  CSISO2022KR, CSISO2033, CSISO5427CYRILLIC, CSISO5427CYRILLIC1981,

  CSISO5428GREEK, CSISO10367BOX, CSISOLATIN1, CSISOLATIN2, CSISOLATIN3,

  CSISOLATIN4, CSISOLATIN5, CSISOLATIN6, CSISOLATINARABIC, CSISOLATINCYRILLIC,

  CSISOLATINGREEK, CSISOLATINHEBREW, CSKOI8R, CSKSC5636, CSMACINTOSH,

  CSNATSDANO, CSNATSSEFI, CSN_369103, CSPC8CODEPAGE437, CSPC775BALTIC,

  CSPC850MULTILINGUAL, CSPC862LATINHEBREW, CSPCP852, CSSHIFTJIS, CSUCS4,

  CSUNICODE, CUBA, CWI-2, CWI, CYRILLIC, DE, DEC-MCS, DEC, DECMCS, DIN_66003,

  DK, DS2089, DS_2089, E13B, EBCDIC-AT-DE-A, EBCDIC-AT-DE, EBCDIC-BE,

  EBCDIC-BR, EBCDIC-CA-FR, EBCDIC-CP-AR1, EBCDIC-CP-AR2, EBCDIC-CP-BE,

  EBCDIC-CP-CA, EBCDIC-CP-CH, EBCDIC-CP-DK, EBCDIC-CP-ES, EBCDIC-CP-FI,

  EBCDIC-CP-FR, EBCDIC-CP-GB, EBCDIC-CP-GR, EBCDIC-CP-HE, EBCDIC-CP-IS,

  EBCDIC-CP-IT, EBCDIC-CP-NL, EBCDIC-CP-NO, EBCDIC-CP-ROECE, EBCDIC-CP-SE,

  EBCDIC-CP-TR, EBCDIC-CP-US, EBCDIC-CP-WT, EBCDIC-CP-YU, EBCDIC-CYRILLIC,

  EBCDIC-DK-NO-A, EBCDIC-DK-NO, EBCDIC-ES-A, EBCDIC-ES-S, EBCDIC-ES,

  EBCDIC-FI-SE-A, EBCDIC-FI-SE, EBCDIC-FR, EBCDIC-GREEK, EBCDIC-INT,

  EBCDIC-INT1, EBCDIC-IS-FRISS, EBCDIC-IT, EBCDIC-JP-E, EBCDIC-JP-KANA,

  EBCDIC-PT, EBCDIC-UK, EBCDIC-US, EBCDICATDE, EBCDICATDEA, EBCDICCAFR,

  EBCDICDKNO, EBCDICDKNOA, EBCDICES, EBCDICESA, EBCDICESS, EBCDICFISE,

  EBCDICFISEA, EBCDICFR, EBCDICISFRISS, EBCDICIT, EBCDICPT, EBCDICUK, EBCDICUS,

  ECMA-114, ECMA-118, ECMA-128, ECMA-CYRILLIC, ECMACYRILLIC, ELOT_928, ES, ES2,

  EUC-CN, EUC-JISX0213, EUC-JP, EUC-KR, EUC-TW, EUCCN, EUCJP, EUCKR, EUCTW, FI,

  FR, GB, GB2312, GB13000, GB18030, GBK, GB_1988-80, GB_198880,

  GEORGIAN-ACADEMY, GEORGIAN-PS, GOST_19768-74, GOST_19768, GOST_1976874,

  GREEK-CCITT, GREEK, GREEK7-OLD, GREEK7, GREEK7OLD, GREEK8, GREEKCCITT,

  HEBREW, HP-ROMAN8, HPROMAN8, HU, IBM-856, IBM-922, IBM-930, IBM-932, IBM-933,

  IBM-935, IBM-937, IBM-939, IBM-943, IBM-1046, IBM-1124, IBM-1129, IBM-1132,

  IBM-1133, IBM-1160, IBM-1161, IBM-1162, IBM-1163, IBM-1164, IBM037, IBM038,

  IBM256, IBM273, IBM274, IBM275, IBM277, IBM278, IBM280, IBM281, IBM284,

  IBM285, IBM290, IBM297, IBM367, IBM420, IBM423, IBM424, IBM437, IBM500,

  IBM775, IBM813, IBM819, IBM850, IBM851, IBM852, IBM855, IBM856, IBM857,

  IBM860, IBM861, IBM862, IBM863, IBM864, IBM865, IBM866, IBM868, IBM869,

  IBM870, IBM871, IBM874, IBM875, IBM880, IBM891, IBM903, IBM904, IBM905,

  IBM912, IBM915, IBM916, IBM918, IBM920, IBM922, IBM930, IBM932, IBM933,

  IBM935, IBM937, IBM939, IBM943, IBM1004, IBM1026, IBM1046, IBM1047, IBM1089,

  IBM1124, IBM1129, IBM1132, IBM1133, IBM1160, IBM1161, IBM1162, IBM1163,

  IBM1164, IEC_P27-1, IEC_P271, INIS-8, INIS-CYRILLIC, INIS, INIS8,

  INISCYRILLIC, ISIRI-3342, ISIRI3342, ISO-2022-CN-EXT, ISO-2022-CN,

  ISO-2022-JP-2, ISO-2022-JP-3, ISO-2022-JP, ISO-2022-KR, ISO-8859-1,

  ISO-8859-2, ISO-8859-3, ISO-8859-4, ISO-8859-5, ISO-8859-6, ISO-8859-7,

  ISO-8859-8, ISO-8859-9, ISO-8859-10, ISO-8859-11, ISO-8859-13, ISO-8859-14,

  ISO-8859-15, ISO-8859-16, ISO-10646, ISO-10646/UCS2, ISO-10646/UCS4,

  ISO-10646/UTF-8, ISO-10646/UTF8, ISO-CELTIC, ISO-IR-4, ISO-IR-6, ISO-IR-8-1,

  ISO-IR-9-1, ISO-IR-10, ISO-IR-11, ISO-IR-14, ISO-IR-15, ISO-IR-16, ISO-IR-17,

  ISO-IR-18, ISO-IR-19, ISO-IR-21, ISO-IR-25, ISO-IR-27, ISO-IR-37, ISO-IR-49,

  ISO-IR-50, ISO-IR-51, ISO-IR-54, ISO-IR-55, ISO-IR-57, ISO-IR-60, ISO-IR-61,

  ISO-IR-69, ISO-IR-84, ISO-IR-85, ISO-IR-86, ISO-IR-88, ISO-IR-89, ISO-IR-90,

  ISO-IR-92, ISO-IR-98, ISO-IR-99, ISO-IR-100, ISO-IR-101, ISO-IR-103,

  ISO-IR-109, ISO-IR-110, ISO-IR-111, ISO-IR-121, ISO-IR-122, ISO-IR-126,

  ISO-IR-127, ISO-IR-138, ISO-IR-139, ISO-IR-141, ISO-IR-143, ISO-IR-144,

  ISO-IR-148, ISO-IR-150, ISO-IR-151, ISO-IR-153, ISO-IR-155, ISO-IR-156,

  ISO-IR-157, ISO-IR-166, ISO-IR-179, ISO-IR-193, ISO-IR-197, ISO-IR-199,

  ISO-IR-203, ISO-IR-209, ISO-IR-226, ISO646-CA, ISO646-CA2, ISO646-CN,

  ISO646-CU, ISO646-DE, ISO646-DK, ISO646-ES, ISO646-ES2, ISO646-FI, ISO646-FR,

  ISO646-FR1, ISO646-GB, ISO646-HU, ISO646-IT, ISO646-JP-OCR-B, ISO646-JP,

  ISO646-KR, ISO646-NO, ISO646-NO2, ISO646-PT, ISO646-PT2, ISO646-SE,

  ISO646-SE2, ISO646-US, ISO646-YU, ISO2022CN, ISO2022CNEXT, ISO2022JP,

  ISO2022JP2, ISO2022KR, ISO6937, ISO8859-1, ISO8859-2, ISO8859-3, ISO8859-4,

  ISO8859-5, ISO8859-6, ISO8859-7, ISO8859-8, ISO8859-9, ISO8859-10,

  ISO8859-11, ISO8859-13, ISO8859-14, ISO8859-15, ISO8859-16, ISO88591,

  ISO88592, ISO88593, ISO88594, ISO88595, ISO88596, ISO88597, ISO88598,

  ISO88599, ISO885910, ISO885911, ISO885913, ISO885914, ISO885915, ISO885916,

  ISO_646.IRV:1991, ISO_2033-1983, ISO_2033, ISO_5427-EXT, ISO_5427,

  ISO_5427:1981, ISO_5427EXT, ISO_5428, ISO_5428:1980, ISO_6937-2,

  ISO_6937-2:1983, ISO_6937, ISO_6937:1992, ISO_8859-1, ISO_8859-1:1987,

  ISO_8859-2, ISO_8859-2:1987, ISO_8859-3, ISO_8859-3:1988, ISO_8859-4,

  ISO_8859-4:1988, ISO_8859-5, ISO_8859-5:1988, ISO_8859-6, ISO_8859-6:1987,

  ISO_8859-7, ISO_8859-7:1987, ISO_8859-8, ISO_8859-8:1988, ISO_8859-9,

  ISO_8859-9:1989, ISO_8859-10, ISO_8859-10:1992, ISO_8859-14,

  ISO_8859-14:1998, ISO_8859-15:1998, ISO_9036, ISO_10367-BOX, ISO_10367BOX,

  ISO_69372, IT, JIS_C6220-1969-RO, JIS_C6229-1984-B, JIS_C62201969RO,

  JIS_C62291984B, JOHAB, JP-OCR-B, JP, JS, JUS_I.B1.002, KOI-7, KOI-8, KOI8-R,

  KOI8-T, KOI8-U, KOI8, KOI8R, KOI8U, KSC5636, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, L8,

  L10, LATIN-GREEK-1, LATIN-GREEK, LATIN1, LATIN2, LATIN3, LATIN4, LATIN5,

  LATIN6, LATIN7, LATIN8, LATIN10, LATINGREEK, LATINGREEK1, MAC-CYRILLIC,

  MAC-IS, MAC-SAMI, MAC-UK, MAC, MACCYRILLIC, MACINTOSH, MACIS, MACUK,

  MACUKRAINIAN, MS-ANSI, MS-ARAB, MS-CYRL, MS-EE, MS-GREEK, MS-HEBR,

  MS-MAC-CYRILLIC, MS-TURK, MSCP949, MSCP1361, MSMACCYRILLIC, MSZ_7795.3,

  MS_KANJI, NAPLPS, NATS-DANO, NATS-SEFI, NATSDANO, NATSSEFI, NC_NC0010,

  NC_NC00-10, NC_NC00-10:81, NF_Z_62-010, NF_Z_62-010_(1973), NF_Z_62-010_1973,

  NF_Z_62010, NF_Z_62010_1973, NO, NO2, NS_4551-1, NS_4551-2, NS_45511,

  NS_45512, OS2LATIN1, OSF00010001, OSF00010002, OSF00010003, OSF00010004,

  OSF00010005, OSF00010006, OSF00010007, OSF00010008, OSF00010009, OSF0001000A,

  OSF00010020, OSF00010100, OSF00010101, OSF00010102, OSF00010104, OSF00010105,

  OSF00010106, OSF00030010, OSF0004000A, OSF0005000A, OSF05010001, OSF100201A4,

  OSF100201A8, OSF100201B5, OSF100201F4, OSF100203B5, OSF1002011C, OSF1002011D,

  OSF1002035D, OSF1002035E, OSF1002035F, OSF1002036B, OSF1002037B, OSF10010001,

  OSF10020025, OSF10020111, OSF10020115, OSF10020116, OSF10020118, OSF10020122,

  OSF10020129, OSF10020352, OSF10020354, OSF10020357, OSF10020359, OSF10020360,

  OSF10020364, OSF10020365, OSF10020366, OSF10020367, OSF10020370, OSF10020387,

  OSF10020388, OSF10020396, OSF10020402, OSF10020417, PT, PT2, R8, ROMAN8, SE,

  SE2, SEN_850200_B, SEN_850200_C, SHIFT-JIS, SHIFT_JIS, SHIFT_JISX0213, SJIS,

  SS636127, ST_SEV_358-88, T.61-8BIT, T.61, T.618BIT, TCVN-5712, TCVN,

  TCVN5712-1, TCVN5712-1:1993, TIS-620, TIS620-0, TIS620.2529-1, TIS620.2533-0,

  TIS620, TS-5881, UCS-2, UCS-2BE, UCS-2LE, UCS-4, UCS-4BE, UCS-4LE, UCS2,

  UCS4, UHC, UJIS, UK, UNICODE, UNICODEBIG, UNICODELITTLE, US-ASCII, US, UTF-7,

  UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-16BE, UTF-16LE, UTF-32, UTF-32BE, UTF-32LE, UTF7, UTF8,

  UTF16, UTF16BE, UTF16LE, UTF32, UTF32BE, UTF32LE, VISCII, WCHAR_T,

  WIN-SAMI-2, WINBALTRIM, WINDOWS-1250, WINDOWS-1251, WINDOWS-1252,

  WINDOWS-1253, WINDOWS-1254, WINDOWS-1255, WINDOWS-1256, WINDOWS-1257,

  WINDOWS-1258, WINSAMI2, WS2, YU

[root@linux script]#

強大的iconv 是由C語言中的iconv()函數實現的

 

15             開發工具/開發環境

15.1       Macromedia Dreamweaver MX 2004 JSP開發環境的配置

新建站點:

1           選擇Manage Sites…

2           單擊New…,然後選擇Site

3           輸入站點名稱:mySite,下一步

4           選擇我想使用伺服器技術,在列表中選擇“JSP”,下一步

5           選擇,編輯、測試一台電腦上。選擇一個站點目錄。下一步

注:我的z:是使用net use z: \\192.168.0.1\web 映射的。\\192.168.0.1\weblinux伺服器,webSamba 共用/var/www/html/webapps,而/var/www/html/webappsnetkiller.xml <Context path="/netkiller" docBase="/var/www/html/webapps" reloadable="true" debug="0" privileged="true">

 

[root@linux root]# cat /etc/samba/smb.conf

[web]

  comment = PC Directories

  path = /var/www/html/webapps

  public = yes

  writable = yes

 

[root@linux root]# cat /usr/local/jakarta-tomcat/webapps/netkiller.xml

<!--

 

    Context configuration file for the Tomcat Administration Web App

 

    $Id: admin.xml,v 1.3 2002/07/23 12:12:15 remm Exp $

 

-->

 

 

<Context path="/netkiller" docBase="/var/www/html/webapps" reloadable="true"

        debug="0" privileged="true">

 

  <!-- Uncomment this Valve to limit access to the Admin app to localhost

   for obvious security reasons. Allow may be a comma-separated list of

   hosts (or even regular expressions).

  <Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.RemoteAddrValve"

    allow="127.0.0.1"/>

  -->

 

  <Logger className="org.apache.catalina.logger.FileLogger"

             prefix="localhost_netkiller_log." suffix=".txt"

          timestamp="true"/>

 

</Context>

6           URL輸入: http://192.168.0.1:8080/netkiller,單擊“Test User

7           下一步

8           選擇:No ,下一步

9           單擊“Done

10        單擊“Done

Dreamweaver站點如何操作這裏就不講了,請看相關教材

11        Ctrl+u 調出Dreamweaver控制面版,做如下設置。

11.1       Fonts 字體設置:

11.2       New Document 新建文檔設置:

11.3       單擊 OK 按鈕。

 

15.2       Jcreator

JCreator is written entirely in C++, which makes it fast and efficient compared to the Java based editors/IDEs.

 

JCreator 的功能簡單,特點速度快。筆者就用它來寫Bean,在Dreamweaver中寫JSP

單擊“Tools”菜單à選擇“Options…

點擊“JDK Profilesà彈出下麵對話方塊

 

15.3       Eclipse

關於Eclipse 的配置方法這裏就不談了。網上文檔很多

15.4       JBuilder + Weblogic + PostgreSQL開發環境

 

JBuilder9+Weblogic8+PostgreSQL7 How to

 

BEA Weblogic platform811 安裝

 

1.         雙擊下載的platform811_win32.exe文件

2.         開始解壓

3.         單擊Next

4.         單擊Next

5.         選擇安裝BEA目錄

6.         默認完全安裝,單擊下一步Next

7.         選擇安裝bea weblogic8.1產品目錄,下一步Next

8.         開始安裝。需要幾分鐘

9.         單擊Done完成安裝

配置嚮導

1.         啟動bea weblogic Configuration Wizard工具

1.         顯示Configuration Wizard介面

2.         單擊Next

3.         單擊Next

4.         輸入用戶、密碼(密碼需要8位元)

5.         bae weblogic默認安裝了JDK1.4.1,我要使用JDK 1.4.2

選擇Other Java SDK

6.         單擊Next

7.         Configuration Name : netkiller

8.         選擇Start Admin Server ,單擊Done

 

資料庫連接池

9.         IE位址欄中輸入:http://localhost:7001/console

10.     關閉weblogic

11.     配置PostgreSQL JDBC 驅動

PostgreSQL JDBC 驅動pg73jdbc3.jar 複製到D:\bea\weblogic81\server\lib目錄下

編輯檔D:\bea\user_projects\domains\netkiller\startWebLogic.cmd

set CLASSPATH下面加入

set CLASSPATH=%CLASSPATH%;%WL_HOME%\server\lib\pg73jdbc3.jar

12.     然後啟動weblogic ànetkiller

注意:d:\bea\WEBLOG~1\server\lib\pg73jdbc3.jar

d:\bea\user_projects\domains\netkiller>ECHO OFF

.

CLASSPATH=C:\J2SDK1~1.2_0\lib\tools.jar;d:\bea\WEBLOG~1\server\lib\weblogic_sp.j

ar;d:\bea\WEBLOG~1\server\lib\weblogic.jar;d:\bea\WEBLOG~1\server\lib\ojdbc14.ja

r;d:\bea\WEBLOG~1\common\eval\pointbase\lib\pbserver44.jar;d:\bea\WEBLOG~1\commo

n\eval\pointbase\lib\pbclient44.jar;C:\J2SDK1~1.2_0\jre\lib\rt.jar;d:\bea\WEBLOG

~1\server\lib\webservices.jar;;d:\bea\WEBLOG~1\server\lib\pg73jdbc3.jar

.

PATH=d:\bea\WEBLOG~1\server\bin;C:\J2SDK1~1.2_0\jre\bin;C:\J2SDK1~1.2_0\bin;C:\W

INDOWS\system32;C:\WINDOWS;C:\WINDOWS\System32\Wbem;d:\bea\WEBLOG~1\server\bin\o

ci920_8

.

***************************************************

*  To start WebLogic Server, use a username and   *

*  password assigned to an admin-level user.  For *

*  server administration, use the WebLogic Server *

*  console at http:\\[hostname]:[port]\console    *

***************************************************

 

13.     登錄

14.     登陸後顯示

15.     選擇netkiller-->Service-->JDBC-->Connection Pools

16.     單擊Configure a new JDBC Connection Pool...

17.     選擇Database Type: 選擇PostgreSQL,然後單擊Continue

18.     輸入資料

ame:連接池名

Database Name:資料庫名

Host Name:主機名

Port:埠號

Database User Name:資料庫用戶名

Password:資料庫密碼

Confirm Password:確認密碼

然後單擊Continue

19.     測試資料庫連接

1.         單擊Test Driver Configuation,輸入綠色Connection successful 測試成功。如果是紅色表示出錯。

2.         單擊Create and deploy

3.         連接池配置完成

資料源配置

1.         選擇netkiller-->Service-->JDBC--> Data Source

 

2.         單擊Configure a new JDBC Data Source

3.         JNDI Name:輸入MyJDBCDataSource

4.         單擊Continue

5.         選擇一個連接池,然後單擊Continue

6.         單擊Create

7.         資料源配置完成

查看JNDI樹

1.         展開netkilleràServersàmyserver

2.         myserver 上單擊滑鼠右鍵,選擇View JNDI tree

myserver 下可以看到myJDBCDataSource

3.         資料源配置完成

 

JBuilder 9.0 Weblogic 配置

1.         ToolsàConfigure JDKs

2.         單擊New

3.         選擇JDK安裝目錄

4.         單擊OK,完成

5.         Tools à Configure Servers

6.         選擇Weblogic Platform Server 8.x

7.         REnable Server

8.         Home directory:選擇D:/bea/weblogic81/server

9.         切換到Custom

10.     設置

BEA home directoryd:/bea

JDK Installation directory:你的JDK安裝目錄

Domain directoryD:/bea/user_projects/domains/netkiller

輸入密碼:********

勾去Add an Console item to the Tools menu

單擊OK完成

 

新建項目

 

 

 

 

 

單擊OK

新建

 

OK

OK

 

15.5       GUI資料庫管理與設計(建模)工具

15.5.1 phpPgAdmin

這是一個PHP寫的WEB資料庫管理工具。

主頁:http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/

下載:同上

安裝:我是使用系統默認的apache

n         通過samba phpPgAdmin-3.3.tar.gz 複製到/var/www/html目錄下

n         解包

n         進入phpPgAdmin目錄

 

[root@linux root]# cd /var/www/html

[root@linux html]# tar zxvf phpPgAdmin-3.3.tar.gz

[root@linux html]# cd phpPgAdmin

[root@linux conf]# cd conf/

[root@linux conf]# vi config.inc.php

 

加入主機$conf['servers'][0]['host'] = '127.0.0.1';

修改默認資料庫$conf['servers'][0]['defaultdb'] = 'netkiller';

        // Display name for the server on the login screen

        $conf['servers'][0]['desc'] = 'PostgreSQL';

 

        // Hostname or IP address for server.  Use '' for UNIX domain socket.

        $conf['servers'][0]['host'] = '127.0.0.1';

 

        // Database port on server (5432 is the PostgreSQL default)

        $conf['servers'][0]['port'] = 5432;

 

        // Change the default database only if you cannot connect to template1

        $conf['servers'][0]['defaultdb'] = 'netkiller';

 

n         IE位址欄中輸入:http://192.168.0.1/phpPgAdmin/

n         出現下面登陸介面

 

n         輸入用戶名,密碼,選擇語言

n         登陸

關於如何使用phpPgAdmin這裏就贅述了。phpPgAdmin只提供了一些基本功能,不過在WEB上遠端管理,還是比較方便的。

下面你會看到更高級,複雜的管理工具。

15.5.2 PgAdmin III

主頁http://www.pgadmin.org/

下載http://www.pgadmin.org/pgadmin3/download.php

中文http://www.pgadmin.org/pgadmin3/download.php?locale=zh_CN

pgAdmin III for PostgreSQL

 

15.5.3 Case Studio 2

主頁:http://www.casestudio.com/

下載:http://www.casestudio.com/enu/download.aspx

 

 

 

 

 

 

CASE Studio 2 - Feature

LITE

FULL

Entity relationship diagrams

 

 

Clipper (older version)

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

DBISAM 3

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

IBM DB2 UDB ver. 8.1

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

IBM DB2 UDB ver. 7.1

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Informix (older version)

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Informix 9

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Ingres (older version)

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

InterBase 7

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

InterBase 6 SQL 3

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

InterBase 6 SQL 1

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

InterBase 5

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

InterBase 4

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MS Access 2000

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

MS Access 97

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

MS SQL 2000

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

MS SQL 7

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no.gif - 1kb

MS SQL 6.5

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

MySQL 4 (incl. innoDB)

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

MySQL 3.23

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Oracle 9

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no.gif - 1kb

Oracle 8

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Oracle 7

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Paradox (older version)

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Pervasive

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

PostgreSQL 7.3 BETA

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

PostgreSQL 7

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Sybase 12.5

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

 

 

 

Data flow diagram

 

 

Data flows

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Data stores

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Processes

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Terminators

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

 

 

 

Reverse engineering

 

 

Clipper (older version)

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

DBISAM 3

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

IBM DB2 UDB ver. 7

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

IBM DB2 UDB ver. 8

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Informix (older version)

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Informix 9

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Ingres (older version)

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

InterBase 7

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

InterBase 6 SQL 3, InterBase 6 SQL 1

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

InterBase 5

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

InterBase 4

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

MS Access 2000

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

MS Access 97

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

MS SQL 2000

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

MS SQL 7

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

MS SQL 6.5

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

MySQL 4 (incl. innoDB)

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

MySQL 3.23

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Oracle 9

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Oracle 8

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Oracle 7

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Paradox (older version)

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Pervasive

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

PostgreSQL 7.3 BETA

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

PostgreSQL 7

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Sybase 12.5

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

 

 

 

Reports & export possibilities

 

 

RTF reports

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

HTML reports

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Export into JPG, BMP or PNG

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Export into XML

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

 

 

 

Features

 

 

After script items

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Alternate keys

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Alter scripts

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Autolayout

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Before script items

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Cardinality

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Data dictionary (domains)

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Descriptions

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Drops generation

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Foreign keys definition

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Functions

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Indexes

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Informative relationships

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Internal clipboard

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

M:N relationships

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Network features

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

New user defined data types

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Non-identifying relationships

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Notes

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no.gif - 1kb

Object type bodies*

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Object types*

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Package bodies*

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Packages*

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no.gif - 1kb

Patterns for views, procedures and triggers

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Primary keys definition

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Referential integrity

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Rough uppercase/lowercase selection

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Self relationships

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Sequences*

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

SQL script generation

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Storages

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Stored procedures

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no.gif - 1kb

Support of compound foreign keys

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Synonyms*

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Triggers

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no.gif - 1kb

User permissions (in models)

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no.gif - 1kb

Users (in models)

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no.gif - 1kb

Users group (in models)

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no.gif - 1kb

Views

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Model maintenance

 

 

Database/Model conversion**

no.gif - 1kb

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Gallery

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Model check

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Submodels

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no.gif - 1kb

To-Do list

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Version comparsion

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Version manager

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

 

 

 

Scripting and user defined templates

 

 

OLE Automation objects

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Large COM interface

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

MS Scripting

no.gif - 1kb

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Jscript support

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

VB script support

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Templates editor

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Templates export

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Templates import

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

User defined variables editor

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

 

 

 

Displaying

 

 

Visual creation of DFD

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Visual creation of ERD

no.gif - 1kb

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Alignment in columns

no.gif - 1kb

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Attributes syntax highlighting

no.gif - 1kb

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Entity background color selection

no.gif - 1kb

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Font selection

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Logical model

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Physical model

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Logical view / physical view

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Model background color selection

no.gif - 1kb

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Shadows

no.gif - 1kb

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Stamp

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no.gif - 1kb

Straight relationship lines

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no.gif - 1kb

Text descriptions

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Variable display level

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

 

 

 

Support

 

 

Free email support

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

Free updates of CASE Studio 2

no.gif - 1kb

no.gif - 1kb

 

15.5.4 PostgreSQL Manager

EMS PostgreSQL Manager

主頁:http://ems-hitech.com/pgmanager/

下載:http://ems-hitech.com/pgmanager/download.phtml

 

1 主介面

 

2 資料管理

 

3 強大的E-R 圖功能

 

4 這是我用逆向工程導入已經存在的資料庫

 

EMS PostgreSQL Manager is a powerful graphical tool for PostgreSQL administration and development. It makes creating and editing PostgreSQL database objects easy and fast, and allows you to run SQL scripts, manage users and their privileges, build SQL queries visually, extract, print and search metadata, export data to 14 available formats and import them from most popular formats, view and edit BLOB fields, and many more...

 

Version 2.0 Features

 

  Full PostgreSQL 7.4 support!
   Visual Database Designer - to design your database intuitively!
   Plpgsql Function Debugger - to fix the errors in the function code and to optimize the function work!
   HTML Report Generator - to generate detailed reports about your database in HTML format!
   Internal SSH Client - to connect to your database using Secure SHell!
   Highly improved Data Export and Data Import wizards!
   And much more...

 

Find the list of all program features as well as the Professional/Lite and Windows/Linux differences in the Feature Matrix.

 

Easy management of all PostgreSQL objects:

  Creating/Dropping databases;
   Creating/Dropping/Altering tables, views, functions, sequences
   Creating/Dropping types, aggregates, operators, languages
   Creating/Dropping/Altering tables subobjects: foreign keys, checks, indices, triggers
   Creating/Altering table fields
   Creating/Dropping/Altering table/view rules
   Duplicating tables, table fields, views, functions, rules, triggers, sequences, types, aggregates, operators, languages
   Support of all field types
   Viewing/Editing data in tables
   Adding/Editing/Deleting users, groups and their privileges

 

Powerful tools to work with PostgreSQL server

  Database Explorer featuring

  Multiple database connections
   Registering/Unregistering databases allows working only with the databases required
   Grouping/Ungrouping registered databases by host name
   Project View allows combining database object with user items
   Powerful User Manager, Group Manager and Grant Manager

 

 SQL processing and watching tools, including:

  Powerful SQL Editor
   Script Executing (SQL Script)
   Visual Query Builder
   SQL Monitor
   Powerful metadata printing module with the opportunity of customizing reports(fonts, colors, etc.)
   Extracting metadata into text files or SQL Script editor

 

 Powerful data manipulation tools, including:

  Powerful BLOB Viewer/Editor with several types of viewing BLOB data:
   Export data to Excel, RTF (Word), HTML, XML, DBF, TXT, CSV, SYLK, DIF, LaTeX and Windows Clipboard.
   Import Data Wizard
   Copy Data to/from file wizards

 

And some other useful features, including:

  Customizable program options: windows, fonts, grid colors, etc
   Customizable editors: custom colors, fonts etc.
   Customizable toolbars for all program windows
   Keyboard templates
   Powerful Visual Options Module
   Possibility of saving all the program settings
   Detailed Help System
   PostgreSQL Manager Direct
   And other useful tools, including TO-DO list for each database, External Tool Manager, etc.

15.5.5 DeZign for Databases

主頁:http://www.datanamic.com/

下載:http://www.datanamic.com/download/index.html

 

Feature highlights:

n          Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) editor.

n          Template driven schema generation (DDL).

n          One project cabn contain multiple subdiagrams.

n          Powerful report generator (HTML, Text, HTML with image map).

n          Creation of domains is supported. Usage of domains is supported even for a database that does not support domains.

n          Supports the ER modeling techniques including some advanced techniques like sub categories.

n          Fast, facile graphics manipulation.

n          Automatic resolution of many-to-many relationships.

n          Object browser for entities, relationships, attributes and domains.

n          Creation of triggers, procedures and sequences is supported.

n          Multiple display levels.

n          Export diagram to an image file (Bitmap, Gif, JPeg or Windows Metafile).

n          Object naming tool.

n          Automatic foreign key migration at design time.

n          Version control.

n          Full cardinality and connectivity support.

 

15.5.6 GUI工具比較

 

資料管理

維護

設計(建模)

逆向工程

最好得分

phpPgAdmin

ñ

ò

 

 

ò

PgAdmin III

ñ

ò

 

 

õ

Case Studio 2

 

 

ó

ô

õõ

DeZign for Databases

 

 

ó

ô

õõõ

PostgreSQL Manager

ñ

ò

ó

ô

õõõõ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

我個人對PostgreSQL Manager的評價是,它完全可以與Oracle DBA StudioMS SQL Server 2000的圖形介面管理工具相媲美。

 

16             FAQ

16.1       關於“”與null

'' = \0

 

這麼說吧.

一個杯子,杯是空的嗎???

NO,裏面還有空氣呢.這就是""

 

讓他中空就是null

16.2       Postgresql與其他資料庫

關於測試大家去看一下TPC-CTPC-WTPC-HTPC-R

網上有很多文章評論PostgreSQL MySQL Oracle , Sybase , MS Sql Server……而且還做了測試。結果當然是MySQL快了。還有一些無聊人醜化PostgreSQL,說它不穩定,愛宕機……

我要問測試過程得出的結果是否公平?

n         做測試的人是做什麼的。是資料方面高手嗎?或DBA嗎?

n         他對數據優化了嗎?

n         記錄多少?

n         存儲大小?

n         測試結果是應用於什麼領域?

n         使用什麼APIjdbc,odbc,c++ api……

 

如果你看過這類文章你會發現他們基本上是如下套路:

1.         創建資料

2.         創建表

3.         取當前時間,開始時間

4.         使用程式迴圈對test表分別插入、刪除、更新資料

5.         取當前時間,結束時間

6.         兩次時間差,得出結果

7.         這樣可以得出三個結果,插入、刪除、更新

這樣的測試結果一點也不公平。

 

我這裏有幾種測試資料庫性能方法。只供參考,不一定正確、準確。

測試環境和件條:

n         相同配置的電腦

n         相同作業系統

n         使用同一種語言和資料庫介面(最公平的是使用C++ API連接資料庫)

n         注意索引

n         win平測試結果不准

測試實例:

1.         首先進行單表的插入、刪除、更新測試。得出結果(流程同上)

2.         進行事務處理單表的插入、刪除、更新測試,每10010005000等為一個組做事務,得出結果 (一)

3.         多表測試
創建一個實表,有11欄位,id欄位為PK主鍵,在表中插入10條記錄
然後創建維表,有11欄位,id欄位為FK外建,參考實表id欄位(一對多),插入10條記錄,
以此類推。見 圖(二)使用join測試分別在不同維度時的結果,更高級測試請參看《資料倉庫》

4.         對於大型資料庫是不能光看記錄多少,還要看資料庫容量。從5G起步,10G50G100G200G…… 使用上面的多表測試方法將其中某欄位改為大物件。得出結果

5.         子查詢性能測試

6.         壓力測試 要自己寫一個小程式,多線程連接資料。
然後幾台機上運行這個程式5幾進程,每個進程中有10個線程

 

(一)

 

圖(二)

 

16.3       Putty

主頁:http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/

16.3.1 Putty密鑰認證

1.         運行puttygen.exe

 

2.         選擇SSH2 RSA 或者 SSH2 DSA

3.         點擊“Generate”按鈕

 

SSH1 RSA 產生速度快些。SSH2 可能要等一回。

4.         成功

5.         分別保存公鑰public和私鑰private

6.         將公鑰上傳到linux上,我產生密鑰是給chen用戶使用的。

7.         chen登錄linux安裝密鑰

[chen@linux chen]$ mkdir .ssh

[chen@linux chen]$ chmod 700 .ssh

[chen@linux chen]$ cat public > .ssh/authorized_keys2

[chen@linux chen]$ chmod 600 .ssh/authorized_keys2

Linux 的密鑰安裝好了,我們來測試一下。

運行putty

輸入Host Name

選擇SSH下的Auth功能表。

Private key file for authentication:

選擇你的私鑰。

然後單擊“Open”按鈕

login as: chen

Sent username "chen"

Trying public key authentication.

Passphrase for key "rsa-key-20040315":

[chen@linux chen]$

 

可能出現的幾種問題:

 

1Server refused our key

公匙和私匙不匹配,或者沒有 authorized_keys

 

2Unable to use key file  (SSH1 private key)

私匙檔的格式不正確,你可以分別試一下sshssh2

16.3.2 中輸入漢字的問題

1.         運行Putty登陸到伺

2.         在標題欄上單擊右鍵

3.         選擇“Change Settings…”功能表

4.         彈出下麵對話方塊

5.         選擇Category:列表下Window項中的Translation

6.         彈出下麵對話方塊

7.         Character set translation on received data區域Received data assumed tobe in which character set:下拉清單中選擇“UTF-8”編碼

8.         彈出下麵對話方塊

9.         單擊應用按鈕“Apply

10.     putty中輸入中文。任何輸入法都可以。

16.4       控制臺下輸入漢字

zhcon是工作在Linux控制臺下的高效雙位元組中//(CJK)虛擬終端,就像DOS環境中的UCDOS一樣,為控制臺(console)環境提供完整的雙位元組語言環境。

主頁:http://zhcon.sourceforge.net/

項目網頁http://sourceforge.net/projects/zhcon/

下載zhcon

wget http://keihanna.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/zhcon/zhcon-0.2.3.tar.gz

截圖:

http://zhcon.sourceforge.net/images/scr_vim61.png

http://zhcon.sourceforge.net/images/scr_mc.gif

http://zhcon.sourceforge.net/images/scr_lynx.gif

http://zhcon.sourceforge.net/images/scr_emac.gif

http://zhcon.sourceforge.net/images/scr_bbs.gif

http://zhcon.sourceforge.net/images/scr_vi.gif

http://zhcon.sourceforge.net/images/scr_overspot.gif

安裝

[root@linux zhcon-0.2.3]# ./configure

[root@linux zhcon-0.2.3]# make

[root@linux zhcon-0.2.3]# make install

運行:

[root@linux root]#zhcon

16.5       PostgreSQL RPM 包安裝後,為何沒有5432

安裝:

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-libs-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-devel-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-server-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-contrib-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-docs-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-jdbc-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-pl-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-python-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-tcl-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-test-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -qa|grep post

 

查看:

[root@linux script]# rpm -qa|grep post

postgresql-contrib-7.3.3-1PGDG

postgresql-7.3.3-1PGDG

postgresql-tcl-7.3.3-1PGDG

postgresql-devel-7.3.3-1PGDG

postgresql-jdbc-7.3.3-1PGDG

postgresql-test-7.3.3-1PGDG

postgresql-server-7.3.3-1PGDG

postgresql-pl-7.3.3-1PGDG

postgresql-libs-7.3.3-1PGDG

postgresql-python-7.3.3-1PGDG

postfix-1.1.11-5

postgresql-docs-7.3.3-1PGDG

啟動、初始化:

[root@linux root]# service postgresql start

[root@linux root]# su postgres

bash-2.05b$ createdb

bash-2.05b$ psql

Welcome to psql 7.3.3, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.

 

Type:  \copyright for distribution terms

       \h for help with SQL commands

       \? for help on internal slash commands

       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query

       \q to quit

 

postgres=#

       使用“\q”退出資料庫。

配置:

       PostgreSQL配置默認沒有啟用TCP/IP連接,開啟tcpip_socket編輯postgresql.conf文件

[root@linux root]# cd /var/lib/pgsql/data/

[root@linux data]# vi postgresql.conf

#

#       Connection Parameters

#

 

tcpip_socket = true

 

#ssl = false

 

#max_connections = 32

#superuser_reserved_connections = 2

 

#port = 5432

#hostname_lookup = false

#show_source_port = false

:wq (保存)

       tcpip_socket = false改為tcpip_socket = true 即可,埠默認5432。如果你想使用其他埠配置port = 5432 即可。

 

運行:

[root@linux root]# service postgresql restart

                                                           [  OK  ]

Starting postgresql service:                                     [  OK  ]

 

查看:

使用埠掃描工具NAMP查看PostgreSQL  tcpip_socket功能是否啟用,

輸出5432/tcp   open        postgre 配置成功。

 

[root@linux root]# nmap localhost

 

Starting nmap V. 3.00 ( www.insecure.org/nmap/ )

Interesting ports on localhost.localdomain (127.0.0.1):

(The 1592 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: closed)

Port       State       Service

22/tcp     open        ssh

25/tcp     open        smtp

80/tcp     open        http

111/tcp    open        sunrpc

139/tcp    open        netbios-ssn

389/tcp    open        ldap

2401/tcp   open        cvspserver

3306/tcp   open        mysql

5432/tcp   open        postgres

 

Nmap run completed -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 2 seconds

[root@linux root]#

 

測試:

[root@linux root]# psql -h127.0.0.1 -Upostgres

Welcome to psql 7.3.3, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.

 

Type:  \copyright for distribution terms

       \h for help with SQL commands

       \? for help on internal slash commands

       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query

       \q to quit

 

postgres=#

16.6       PostgreSQL 7.4.2 rhel3(高級伺服器版,俗稱AS3)

[root@linuxas3 postgres]# wget ftp://ftp.tw.postgresql.org/pub/postgresql/binary/v7.4.2/redhat/rhel3/*

[root@linuxas3 postgres]# rpm --nodeps -Uvh *.rpm

   1:postgresql-test        ########################################### [  8%]

   2:postgresql             ########################################### [ 17%]

   3:postgresql-contrib     ########################################### [ 25%]

   4:postgresql-debuginfo   ########################################### [ 33%]

   5:postgresql-devel       ########################################### [ 42%]

   6:postgresql-docs        ########################################### [ 50%]

   7:postgresql-jdbc        ########################################### [ 58%]

   8:postgresql-libs        ########################################### [ 67%]

   9:postgresql-pl          ########################################### [ 75%]

  10:postgresql-python      ########################################### [ 83%]

  11:postgresql-server      ########################################### [ 92%]

  12:postgresql-tcl         ########################################### [100%]

 

[root@linuxas3 postgres]# rpm -qa | grep postgres

postgresql-libs-7.4.2-1PGDG

postgresql-devel-7.4.2-1PGDG

postgresql-7.4.2-1PGDG

postgresql-docs-7.4.2-1PGDG

postgresql-python-7.4.2-1PGDG

postgresql-contrib-7.4.2-1PGDG

postgresql-jdbc-7.4.2-1PGDG

postgresql-server-7.4.2-1PGDG

postgresql-debuginfo-7.4.2-1PGDG

postgresql-tcl-7.4.2-1PGDG

postgresql-test-7.4.2-1PGDG

postgresql-pl-7.4.2-1PGDG

[root@linuxas3 postgres]#

 

16.7       Pureftpd pgsql認證模組

Pure-FTPd + LDAP + MySQL + PGSQL + Virtual-Users + Quota How To

http://home.9812.net/linux/article/pureftpd/

16.8       Vsftpd pgsql認證

vsftpd的虛擬用戶配置:PAM + PgSQL + FreeBSD-4

作者:powerplane

連接:http://www.freebsdchina.org/forum/digest_4589.html

 

16.9       OpenLDAP-PostgreSQL HOWTO

http://www.samse.fr/GPL/ldap_pg/HOWTO/

 

16.10 PostgreSQL 成功案例與解決方案

http://www.isc.org/products/OpenReg/

OpenReg is an implementation of a domain registry, such as might be used by top-level domain operators to manage the delegation of domains in a "shared registry" environment. OpenReg:

  • supports the Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP), the IETF standards-track protocol for interaction between registries and registrars;
  • is designed and debugged as a distributed multi-process system;
  • supports PostgreSQL and is designed to accommodate to very large registries;
  • publishes zone files to be served using BIND;
  • gathers comprehensive profiling and load statistics;
  • is published as free software, under a BSD-style licence.

 

 

 

 

17             附錄

17.1       實例

/*

#########################################################

Created          2003-7-21

Modified  2003-7-22

Project           XXXXXXXXXXXXX

Model            XXXXXXXXXX

Company        XXXXXXXX

Author           陳景峰

Version           1.0

Database PostgreSQL 7.3.3

#########################################################

*/

 

-- ======================================================

--  'CREATE DATABASE' 

-- ======================================================  

-- ------------------------------------------------------

-- CREATE USER netkiller WITH PASSWORD 'chen';

-- CREATE DATABASE netkiller WITH OWNER = netkiller TEMPLATE = template0 ENCODING = 'EUC_CN';

-- postgres=# CREATE DATABASE member WITH OWNER = netkiller TEMPLATE = template0 ENCODING = 'UNICODE';

-- createlang plpgsql netkiller

-- createlang plpgsql member

 

-- ------------------------------------------------------

 

Drop index "group_index";

Drop table "group" CASCADE;

-- ------------------------------------------------------

Drop index "role_index";

Drop table "role" CASCADE;

-- ------------------------------------------------------

Drop table "rolemember" Restrict;

-- ------------------------------------------------------

Drop table "groupmember" CASCADE;

-- ------------------------------------------------------

Drop table "trust" Restrict;

-- ------------------------------------------------------

Drop table userinfo CASCADE;

DROP TABLE system_log CASCADE;

DROP TABLE user_log CASCADE;

-- ------------------------------------------------------

Drop table "user" CASCADE;

 

-- ======================================================

--  'user' 

-- ======================================================  

Create table "user"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL,

       "userid" Varchar(50) NOT NULL,

       "passwd" Varchar(50),

       "name"    Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,

       "nickname" Varchar(20)NOT NULL ,

       "active" Boolean Default 'F',

       "email"    Varchar(50) NOT NULL,

       "question" Varchar(255) NOT NULL,

       "answer" Varchar(255) NOT NULL,

       "begin_date" Timestamp Default now(),

       "end_date" Timestamp Default now(),

       UNIQUE (userid,email),

 primary key ("id")

);

Create index "user_index" on "user" using btree ("id","userid");

 

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'vuser'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

drop view vuser;

CREATE VIEW vuser AS

    SELECT u.id,u.userid,u."name",u.nickname,

           CASE WHEN u.active=true THEN 'Y' ELSE 'N' END as "active",

           u.email,u.question,u.answer,

           to_char(u.begin_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as begin_date,

           to_char(u.end_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as end_date

    FROM "user" u

    Order By u.id;

 

-- DROP FUNCTION user_tri_func() CASCADE ;

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION user_tri_func () RETURNS TRIGGER AS '

    DECLARE

           -- old_id ALIAS FOR OLD.id;

           -- new_id CONSTANT INTEGER := New.id;

    BEGIN

        IF TG_OP = ''DELETE'' THEN

                  Delete from groupmember where uid = OLD.id;

                 Delete from rolemember where uid = OLD.id;

                 Delete from userinfo where uid = OLD.id;

                 Delete from trust where uid = OLD.id;

                 Delete from system_log where uid = OLD.id;

                 Delete from user_log where uid = OLD.id;

       END IF;

           IF TG_OP = ''INSERT'' THEN

                  -- INSERT INTO company(uid) values(NEW.id);

           END IF;

    RETURN OLD;

    END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

-- DROP TRIGGER user_delete_tri on user;

-- DROP TRIGGER user_insert_tri on user;

CREATE TRIGGER users_delete_tri

       BEFORE Delete ON "user" FOR EACH ROW

       EXECUTE PROCEDURE user_tri_func ();

 

CREATE TRIGGER users_insert_tri

       AFTER INSERT ON "user" FOR EACH ROW

       EXECUTE PROCEDURE user_tri_func ();

/*

-- ======================================================

--  'privileges'

-- ======================================================

--Drop table "privileges" Restrict;

Create table "privileges"

(

       "id" integer NOT NULL UNIQUE ,

       "read" integer,

       "update" integer,

       "write" integer,

 primary key ("id")

);

*/

-- ======================================================

--  'group'

-- ======================================================

Create table "group"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       "groupname" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,

       "description" Varchar(255),

       UNIQUE (groupname),

      PRIMARY KEY ("id")

);

Create index "group_index" on "group" using btree ("id","groupname");

-- ======================================================

--  'groupmember'

-- ======================================================

Create table "groupmember"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       "gid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,

       "uid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,

       UNIQUE (gid,uid),

       primary key ("id")

);

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'vgroupmember'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

-- DROP VIEW vgroupmember;

CREATE VIEW vgroupmember AS

    SELECT gm.id,gm.gid,g.groupname,gm.uid,u.userid,u.name

           FROM "group" g,"user" u,groupmember gm

        Where u.id = gm.uid and g.id = gm.gid

    ORDER BY gm.id;

/*   

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'vgroup'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

-- PHP Interface View

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vgroup AS

    SELECT gm.id,gm.uid,gm.gid,g.groupname

    FROM "group" g,groupmember gm

    Where g.id = gm.gid

    ORDER BY gm.id;

*/   

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'RULE'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

CREATE RULE group_rule AS ON Delete TO "group"

    DO Delete From groupmember where gid = OLD.id;

 

-- ======================================================

--  'role'

-- ======================================================

-- drop table role CASCADE;

Create table "role"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       "rolename" Varchar(20) NOT NULL,

       "description" Varchar(255),

       UNIQUE (rolename),

      PRIMARY KEY ("id")

);

Create index "role_index" on "role" using btree ("id","rolename");

 

-- ======================================================

--  'rolemember' 

-- ======================================================

-- drop table rolemember CASCADE ;

Create table "rolemember"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       "rid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,

       "uid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,

       UNIQUE (rid,uid),

 primary key ("id")

);

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'vrolemember'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

CREATE VIEW vrolemember AS

    SELECT rm.id,rm.rid,r.rolename,rm.uid,u.userid,u.name

           FROM "role" r,"user" u,rolemember rm

        Where u.id = rm.uid and r.id = rm.rid

        ORDER BY rm.id;

 

/*       

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'vrole'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vrole AS

    SELECT rm.id,rm.uid,rm.rid,r.rolename

    FROM "user" u,role r,rolemember rm

    Where u.id = rm.uid and r.id = rm.rid

    ORDER BY rm.id;

*/   

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'RULE'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

CREATE RULE role_rule AS ON Delete TO role

    DO Delete From rolemember where rid = OLD.id;

 

-- ======================================================

--  'Foreign Key'

-- ======================================================

Alter table "groupmember" add  foreign key ("uid") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

Alter table "groupmember" add  foreign key ("gid") references "group" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

Alter table "rolemember" add  foreign key ("uid") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

Alter table "rolemember" add  foreign key ("rid") references "role" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

 

-- ======================================================

--  'trust'

-- ======================================================

Create table "trust"

(

       "id" Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       "uid" integer NOT NULL Default 0,

       "rate" Varchar(20) Default '0' Check (rate in ('0','1','2','3','4','5')),

      primary key ("uid")

);

Alter table "trust" add  foreign key ("uid") references "user" ("id") on update restrict on delete restrict;

-- ======================================================

--  'userinfo'

-- ======================================================

-- Drop table userinfo CASCADE;

Create table "userinfo"

(

       id     Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       uid integer NOT NULL Default 0,

       tel   Varchar (20) NOT NULL,

       fax varchar(20),

       email varchar(60),

       province varchar(8),

       city varchar(10),

       address varchar(255) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,

     postalcode      varchar(6)   DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,     -- post office code      

      bank              varchar(20)   DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,   -- bank

      bankaccount   varchar(20)   DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,   -- Back Account    

       "rate" Varchar(20) Default '0' Check (rate in ('0','1','2','3','4','5')),

      PRIMARY KEY(id),

      FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES "user" (id)

);

 

 

-- ======================================================

--  'log system'

-- ======================================================

Create table user_log

(

       id    Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       uid integer NOT NULL Default 0,

       ip    inet,

       status varchar(255),

       PRIMARY KEY("id"),

      FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES "user" (id)

);

-- drop table system_log CASCADE;

Create table system_log

(

       id    Serial NOT NULL UNIQUE,

       uid integer NOT NULL Default 0,

       ip    inet ,

       status varchar(255),

       description varchar(255),

       login_date Timestamp Default now(),

       PRIMARY KEY("id"),

      FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES "user" (id)

);

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'system_log'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

drop view vsystem_log ;

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vsystem_log AS

    SELECT u.userid,u.name,log.ip,log.status,log.description,

           to_char(log.login_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as login_date

    FROM "user" u,system_log log

    Where log.uid = u.id

    ORDER BY log.id;

-- ------------------------------------------------------

-- 'Function'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

-- DROP FUNCTION add_system_log(integer,inet,varchar);

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION add_system_log(integer,inet,varchar,varchar) RETURNS boolean AS '

       DECLARE

           vUID       ALIAS FOR $1;

           vIP  ALIAS FOR $2;

              vSTATUS       ALIAS FOR $3;

              vDESC    ALIAS FOR $4;

       BEGIN

         insert into system_log(uid,ip,status,description) values(vUID,vIP,vSTATUS,vDESC);

         RETURN true;

      END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

select add_system_log(1,'127.0.0.1','Create Database','Initialization Database');

 

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'Insert Data'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

insert into "user"(userid,passwd,name,nickname,email,question,answer) values('sysop','chen','chen','chen','chen@chen.com','xxxxxxx','xxxx');

insert into "user"(userid,passwd,name,nickname,email,question,answer) values('admin','chen','chen','chen','chen@chen.com','xxxxxxx','xxxx');

insert into "user"(userid,passwd,name,nickname,email,question,answer) values('netkiller','chen','陳景峰','Netkiller','chen@chen.com','xxxxxxx','xxxx');

update "user" set active='true' where userid='sysop';

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'Insert Data'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('System','系統管理員');

Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('Administrator','站點管理員');

Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('gold','gold diamond');

Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('silver','silver diamond');

Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('advance','高級會員');

Insert into "group"(groupname,description) values('free','免費會員');

 

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'Insert Data'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

Insert into "role"(rolename,description) values('System','系統管理員');

Insert into "role"(rolename,description) values('Administrator','站點管理員');

Insert into "role"(rolename,description) values('gold','gold diamond');

Insert into "role"(rolename,description) values('silver','silver diamond');

Insert into "role"(rolename,description) values('advance','高級會員');

Insert into "role"(rolename,description) values('free','免費會員');

 

insert into groupmember(gid,uid) values((select id from "group" where groupname ='System'),(select id from vuser where userid='sysop'));

insert into rolemember(rid,uid) values((select id from role where rolename ='System'),(select id from vuser where userid='sysop'));

 

17.2       實例

-- 主機: localhost 資料庫 : XXXX

-- Create Database XXXX;

-- DROP DATABASE XXXX;

-- createdb -E EUC_CN XXXX

-- createlang plpgsql XXXX

--  CREATE USER XXXX WITH PASSWORD ''XXXXXX'';

 

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'siteuser'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--DROP TABLE IF EXISTS siteuser;

DROP TABLE siteuser CASCADE;

DROP SEQUENCE siteuser_id_seq;

DROP INDEX siteuser_id_index;

 

CREATE TABLE siteuser (

     id integer DEFAULT nextval('siteuser_id_seq') NOT NULL,

     username varchar(20) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,

     Password       varchar(50) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,

     realname  varchar(10) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,

     email              varchar(50) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,

     create_date  timestamp DEFAULT now(),

     modify_date  timestamp DEFAULT now(),

     UNIQUE               (id,username),

       PRIMARY      KEY (id)

);

CREATE SEQUENCE siteuser_id_seq;

CREATE INDEX siteuser_id_index ON siteuser (id);

 

DROP FUNCTION siteuser_tri_func() CASCADE ;

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION siteuser_tri_func () RETURNS opaque AS '

--    DECLARE

--         user_id CONSTANT INTEGER := OLD.id;

      BEGIN

             IF TG_OP = ''DELETE'' THEN

                  Delete from company where uid = OLD.id;

                 Delete from link where uid = OLD.id;

                 Delete from product_sort where uid = OLD.id;

                  Delete from news where uid = OLD.id;

                  Delete from count where uid = OLD.id;

                  Delete from guestbook where uid = OLD.id;

                  Delete from clientinfo where uid = OLD.id;

                  Delete from column_bar where uid = OLD.id;

                  Delete from drumbeating where uid = OLD.id;

           END IF;

           IF TG_OP = ''INSERT'' THEN

                  INSERT INTO company(uid) values(NEW.id);

                  INSERT INTO count(uid,number,fontcolor,backgroundcolor) values(NEW.id,0,''ffffff'',''000000'');

                  INSERT INTO drumbeating(uid,logourl,bannerurl) values(NEW.id,''default_logo.jpg'',''default_banner.jpg'');

           END IF;

    RETURN OLD;

      END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

 

 

DROP TRIGGER siteuser_delete_tri on siteuser;

CREATE TRIGGER siteuser_delete_tri

       BEFORE Delete ON siteuser FOR EACH ROW

       EXECUTE PROCEDURE siteuser_tri_func ();

 

DROP TRIGGER siteuser_insert_tri on siteuser;

CREATE TRIGGER siteuser_insert_tri

       AFTER INSERT ON siteuser FOR EACH ROW

       EXECUTE PROCEDURE siteuser_tri_func ();

 

DROP FUNCTION adduser(varchar,varchar);

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION adduser(varchar,varchar) RETURNS boolean AS '

       DECLARE

           bool boolean := false;

           name text;     

           uid   integer;

           user ALIAS FOR $1;

           pass ALIAS FOR $2;

           su    siteuser%ROWTYPE;

       BEGIN

           SELECT INTO name username FROM siteuser WHERE username = user;

             IF NOT FOUND then

              insert into siteuser(username,password) values(user,pass);

            SELECT INTO uid id FROM siteuser WHERE username = user;

              bool := true;

             ELSE

                     bool := false;

                     RAISE NOTICE ''Calling adduser() return %'',bool;

           END IF;

    RETURN bool;

      END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

--select adduser('ccscc','eeee');

--select * from siteuser ;

--     record

DROP FUNCTION deluser(integer);

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION deluser(integer) RETURNS boolean AS '

    DECLARE

           bool boolean := false;

           userid text;

       BEGIN

              SELECT INTO userid id FROM siteuser WHERE id = $1;

              IF FOUND then

                  delete from siteuser where id = $1;

                  bool := true;

           ELSE

           END IF;

           RETURN bool;

      END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

--select deluser(28);

 

 

DROP VIEW vsiteuser;

CREATE VIEW vsiteuser AS

    SELECT su.id,su.username,

           to_char(su.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date

        FROM siteuser su

        ORDER BY su.id;

 

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'style'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

DROP TABLE style;

DROP SEQUENCE       style_id_seq;

DROP INDEX              style_id_index;

DROP VIEW vstyle;

 

CREATE TABLE style (

    id                   integer DEFAULT nextval('style_id_seq') NOT NULL,

--    uid                     integer   DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,  -- with foreign key

    number         varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,       -- sytle number

    stylename       varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,

    miniature varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,       -- mini image

    url                varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,       -- link url  eg. /usr/local/apache/htdocs/autosite/style/n0001

    description      text              DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,   

     create_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() , 

     modify_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() ,  

    PRIMARY KEY (id),

    UNIQUE (id)

--  FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES siteuser (id)

);

CREATE SEQUENCE   style_id_seq;

CREATE INDEX          style_id_index ON style (id);

 

CREATE VIEW vstyle AS

    SELECT st.id,st.number,st.stylename,st.miniature,st.url,st.description,

           to_char(st.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date

        FROM style st

        ORDER BY st.id;

 

insert into style(number,stylename,miniature,url) values('0001','pink','../style/images/style0001.png','');

insert into style(number,stylename,miniature,url) values('0002','green','../style/images/style0002.png','');

insert into style(number,stylename,miniature,url) values('0003','cyan','../style/images/style0003.png','');

insert into style(number,stylename,miniature,url) values('0004','orange','../style/images/style0004.png','');

insert into style(number,stylename,miniature,url) values('0005','offwhite','../style/images/style0005.png','');

 

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'company'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

DROP TABLE company;

DROP SEQUENCE company_id_seq;

DROP INDEX company_id_index;

DROP VIEW vcompany;

 

CREATE TABLE company (

   id                    integer DEFAULT nextval('company_id_seq') NOT NULL,

   uid                   integer     DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL, -- with foreign key

   linkman            varchar(20)  DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,

   cncname         varchar(50)  DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,     -- Chinese Companyname

   encname         varchar(50)  DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,     -- English Companyname

   email       varchar(50)  DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,

   telephone  varchar(20)  DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,     -- telephone number

   fax                 varchar(20)  DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,     -- company fax

   Province_id      integer     DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL, -- with foreign key

   state        varchar(20)  DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,     -- company state

   city                 varchar(20)  DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,     -- company city

   address           varchar(50)  DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,     -- company address

   postalcode varchar(6)   DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,     -- post office code

   range       text DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,    

   details             text DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,     -- company details

   other        text ,                                        -- company other

   bank                varchar(20)   DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,   -- bank

   bankaccount     varchar(20)   DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,   -- Back Account 

   Category_id      integer     DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,

   style_id            integer  DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,

   create_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() ,

   modify_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() ,

   UNIQUE (id,uid),

   PRIMARY KEY (id),

   FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES siteuser (id),

   FOREIGN KEY (style_id) REFERENCES style (id),

   FOREIGN KEY (Province_id) REFERENCES Region (id),

   FOREIGN KEY (Category_id) REFERENCES Category (id)  

);

 

CREATE SEQUENCE company_id_seq;

CREATE INDEX company_id_index ON company (id);

 

CREATE VIEW vcompany AS

    SELECT cp.id,cp.uid,su.username,cp.linkman,cp.cncname,cp.encname,cp.email,cp.telephone,cp.fax,

           vpv.province,cp.city,cp.address,cp.postalcode,cp.bank,cp.bankaccount,cg.category,

           to_char(cp.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date

        FROM siteuser su,company cp,vProvince vpv,category cg

        where su.id = cp.uid and cp.province_id = vpv.id and cp.category_id = cg.id

        ORDER BY cp.id;

 

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'link'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

DROP TABLE link;

DROP SEQUENCE       link_id_seq;

DROP INDEX              link_id_index;

DROP VIEW vlink;

 

CREATE TABLE link (

    id                   integer DEFAULT nextval('link_id_seq') NOT NULL,

    uid                 integer   DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,  -- with foreign key

    linkname         varchar(30) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,       -- link name

    url                varchar(100) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,      -- link url

    image            varchar(100) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,      -- image(jpg,png,gif....)

     create_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() , 

     modify_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() ,  

     UNIQUE (id,uid),

    PRIMARY KEY (id),

    FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES siteuser (id)

);

CREATE SEQUENCE   link_id_seq;

CREATE INDEX          link_id_index ON company (id);

 

CREATE VIEW vlink AS

    SELECT l.id,l.uid,su.username,l.linkname,l.url,l.image,to_char(l.create_date,'YYYY/MM/DD HH:MI:SS') as date

        FROM siteuser su, link l

        WHERE su.id = l.uid

        ORDER BY l.id;

-- ORDER BY commit_log.commit_date  LIMIT 100;

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'product_sort'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

DROP TABLE product_sort;

DROP SEQUENCE       product_sort_id_seq;

DROP INDEX              product_sort_id_index;

DROP VIEW vproduct_sort;

 

CREATE TABLE product_sort (

    id                   integer DEFAULT nextval('product_sort_id_seq') NOT NULL,

    uid                 integer   DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,  -- with foreign key

    plist       varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,       --

     create_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() , 

     modify_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() ,  

    PRIMARY KEY (id),

    UNIQUE (id,uid),

    FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES siteuser (id)

);

CREATE SEQUENCE   product_sort_id_seq;

CREATE INDEX          product_sort_id_index ON style (id);

 

CREATE VIEW vproduct_sort AS

    SELECT ps.id,ps.uid,su.username,ps.plist,to_char(ps.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date

        FROM siteuser su, product_sort ps

        WHERE su.id = ps.uid

        ORDER BY ps.id;

 

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION product_sort_id_del_func () RETURNS opaque AS '

--  DECLARE

       BEGIN

          Delete from product where pid = OLD.id;

    RETURN OLD;

      END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

 

DROP TRIGGER product_sort_tri on product_sort;

CREATE TRIGGER product_sort_tri

       BEFORE Delete

       --AFTER Delete

       ON product_sort FOR EACH ROW

       EXECUTE PROCEDURE product_sort_id_del_func ();

 

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'product'

-- ------------------------------------------------------

DROP TABLE product;

DROP SEQUENCE       product_id_seq;

DROP INDEX              product_id_index;

DROP VIEW vproduct;

 

CREATE TABLE product (

    id                   integer DEFAULT nextval('product_id_seq') NOT NULL,

    pid                 integer   DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,  -- with foreign key

    pname           varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,       -- product name

    price             numeric(8,2) DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL,     

    newprice numeric(8,2) DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL,     

    amount           integer   DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,

       image             varchar(100) DEFAULT 'default_product.jpg' NOT NULL,  -- image(jpg,png,gif....)

       height             integer DEFAULT '320' NOT NULL,

       width             integer DEFAULT '320' NOT NULL,

       description      text ,    

       isonline    boolean DEFAULT 'false' NOT NULL,

     create_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() , 

     modify_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() ,  

    PRIMARY KEY (id),

    UNIQUE (id,pid),

    FOREIGN KEY (pid) REFERENCES product_sort (id)

);

CREATE SEQUENCE   product_id_seq;

CREATE INDEX          product_id_index ON style (id);

 

CREATE VIEW vproduct AS

    SELECT p.id,ps.id as pid,ps.plist,p.pname,to_char(p.price,'999G999D99') as price,to_char(p.newprice,'999G999D99') as newprice,p.amount,p.image,p.height,p.width,p.description,

           CASE WHEN p.isonline=true THEN 'Y' ELSE 'N'       END       as isonline,

           to_char(p.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD') as date

        FROM product_sort ps, product p

        WHERE ps.id = p.pid

        order by p.id;

       

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'clientinfo'

-- ------------------------------------------------------       

DROP TABLE clientinfo;

DROP SEQUENCE       clientinfo_id_seq;

DROP INDEX              clientinfo_id_index;

DROP VIEW vclientinfo;

 

CREATE TABLE clientinfo (

    id                   integer DEFAULT nextval('clientinfo_id_seq') NOT NULL,

    uid                 integer   DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,  -- with foreign key

    cname           varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,       -- link of friends

    telephone varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,      

    fax                varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,      

       email             varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,      

       address          varchar(50) DEFAULT '320' NOT NULL, 

       postalcode      varchar(50) DEFAULT '320' NOT NULL, 

       note       text              DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,

     create_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() , 

     modify_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() ,  

    PRIMARY KEY (id),

    UNIQUE (id),

       FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES siteuser (id)

);

CREATE SEQUENCE   clientinfo_id_seq;

CREATE INDEX          clientinfo_id_index ON style (id);

 

CREATE VIEW vclientinfo AS

    SELECT ci.id,ci.uid,su.username,ci.cname,ci.telephone as tel,ci.fax,ci.email,ci.address,ci.postalcode,ci.note,

    to_char(ci.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date

        FROM siteuser su, clientinfo ci

        WHERE su.id = ci.uid;       

 

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION clientinfo_tri_func () RETURNS opaque AS '

--    DECLARE

--         user_id CONSTANT INTEGER := OLD.id;

      BEGIN

             IF TG_OP = ''DELETE'' THEN

                  Delete from prodorder where clientinfo_id = OLD.id;

           END IF;

    RETURN OLD;

      END;

' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

 

 

DROP TRIGGER clientinfo_tri on clientinfo;

CREATE TRIGGER clientinfo_tri

       BEFORE Delete ON clientinfo FOR EACH ROW

       EXECUTE PROCEDURE clientinfo_tri_func ();

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'production order' 

-- ------------------------------------------------------       

DROP TABLE prodorder;

DROP SEQUENCE       prodorder_id_seq;

DROP INDEX              prodorder_id_index;

 

CREATE TABLE prodorder (

    id                   integer DEFAULT nextval('prodorder_id_seq') NOT NULL,

    pid                 integer   DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,  -- foreign key

    amount           integer   DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,

    clientinfo_id integer       DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,  -- foreign key

     create_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() , 

     modify_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() ,  

    PRIMARY KEY (id),

    UNIQUE (id),

       FOREIGN KEY (pid) REFERENCES product (id),

       FOREIGN KEY (clientinfo_id) REFERENCES clientinfo (id)

);

CREATE SEQUENCE   prodorder_id_seq;

CREATE INDEX          prodorder_id_index ON style (id);

 

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'drumbeating'

-- ------------------------------------------------------       

DROP TABLE drumbeating;

DROP SEQUENCE       drumbeating_id_seq;

DROP INDEX              drumbeating_id_index;

DROP VIEW vdrumbeating;

 

CREATE TABLE drumbeating (

    id                   integer DEFAULT nextval('drumbeating_id_seq') NOT NULL,

    uid                 integer   DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,  -- with foreign key

    logourl          varchar(100) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,      -- image(jpg,png,gif....)

       bannerurl varchar(100) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,

       lheight            integer DEFAULT '60' NOT NULL,

       lwidth            integer DEFAULT '120' NOT NULL,

       bheight           integer DEFAULT '60' NOT NULL,

       bwidth           integer DEFAULT '468' NOT NULL,

       description      text ,    

     create_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() ,

     modify_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() ,

    PRIMARY KEY (id),

    UNIQUE (id,uid),

       FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES siteuser (id)

);

CREATE SEQUENCE   drumbeating_id_seq;

CREATE INDEX          drumbeating_id_index ON style (id);

 

CREATE VIEW vdrumbeating AS

    SELECT dr.id,su.username,dr.logourl,dr.bannerurl

        FROM siteuser su, drumbeating dr

        WHERE su.id = dr.uid;

               

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'news' 

-- ------------------------------------------------------       

DROP TABLE news;

DROP SEQUENCE       news_id_seq;

DROP INDEX              news_id_index;

DROP VIEW vnews;

 

CREATE TABLE news (

    id                   integer DEFAULT nextval('news_id_seq') NOT NULL,

    uid                 integer   DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,  -- with foreign key

    title        varchar(100) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,      -- link of friends

    image            varchar(100) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,            

    content           text              DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,   

     create_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() , 

     modify_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() ,  

    PRIMARY KEY (id),

    UNIQUE (id),

       FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES siteuser (id)

);

CREATE SEQUENCE   news_id_seq;

CREATE INDEX          news_id_index ON news (id);

 

CREATE VIEW vnews AS

    SELECT ns.id,ns.uid,su.username,ns.title,ns.image,ns.content,to_char(ns.create_date,'YYYY/MM/DD HH:MI:SS') as date

        FROM siteuser su, news ns

        WHERE su.id = ns.uid

        order by ns.id; 

 

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'count' 

-- ------------------------------------------------------       

DROP TABLE count;

DROP SEQUENCE       count_id_seq;

DROP INDEX              count_id_index;

DROP VIEW vcount;

 

CREATE TABLE count (

    id                       integer DEFAULT nextval('count_id_seq') NOT NULL,

    uid                       integer   DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,  -- with foreign key

    number               varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL, 

    fontcolor             varchar(10) DEFAULT 'FFFFFF' NOT NULL,   

    backgroundcolor    varchar(10) DEFAULT '000000' NOT NULL,     

     create_date            timestamp DEFAULT now() ,      

     modify_date   timestamp DEFAULT now() ,  

    PRIMARY KEY (id),

    UNIQUE (id,uid),

      FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES siteuser (id)

);

 

CREATE SEQUENCE   count_id_seq;

CREATE INDEX          count_id_index ON count (id);

 

CREATE VIEW vcount AS

    SELECT c.id,su.username,c.number,c.fontcolor,c.backgroundcolor

        FROM siteuser su, count c

        WHERE su.id = c.uid;

       

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'column_bar' 

-- ------------------------------------------------------       

DROP TABLE column_bar;

DROP SEQUENCE       column_bar_id_seq;

DROP INDEX              column_bar_id_index;

DROP VIEW vcolumn_bar;

 

CREATE TABLE column_bar (

    id                   integer DEFAULT nextval('column_bar_id_seq') NOT NULL,

    uid                 integer   DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,  -- with foreign key

    colname        varchar(10) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,       -- link of friends

    url                 varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,      

    title               varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,      

    image                   varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,      

    height                   varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,      

    width                   varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,      

    content                 text DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,    

     create_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() , 

     modify_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() ,  

    PRIMARY KEY (id),

    UNIQUE (id),

       FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES siteuser (id)

);

CREATE SEQUENCE   column_bar_id_seq;

CREATE INDEX          column_bar_id_index ON column_bar (id);

 

CREATE VIEW vcolumn_bar AS

    SELECT cb.id,cb.uid,su.username,cb.colname,cb.url,cb.title,cb.image,cb.content,to_char(cb.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date

        FROM siteuser su, column_bar cb

        WHERE su.id = cb.uid

        ORDER BY cb.id;

       

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'guestbook' 

-- ------------------------------------------------------       

DROP TABLE guestbook;

DROP SEQUENCE       guestbook_id_seq;

DROP INDEX              guestbook_id_index;

DROP VIEW vguestbook;

 

CREATE TABLE guestbook (

    id                   integer DEFAULT nextval('guestbook_id_seq') NOT NULL,

    uid                 integer   DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,  -- with foreign key

    name             varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,       -- link of friends

    email              varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,      

    telephone varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,      

    fax                varchar(20) ,

    homepage       varchar(50) ,

    title         varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,      

    content           text ,    

    style_id   integer   DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,   

     create_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() , 

     modify_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() ,  

    PRIMARY KEY (id),

    UNIQUE (id),

       FOREIGN KEY (uid) REFERENCES siteuser (id),

       FOREIGN KEY (style_id) REFERENCES style (id)

);

CREATE SEQUENCE   guestbook_id_seq;

CREATE INDEX          guestbook_id_index ON guestbook (id);

 

CREATE VIEW vguestbook AS

    SELECT gb.id,gb.uid,su.username,gb.name,gb.email,gb.telephone as tel,gb.fax,gb.homepage,gb.title,gb.content,to_char(gb.create_date,'YYYY/MM/DD HH:MI:SS') as date

        FROM siteuser su, guestbook gb

        WHERE su.id = gb.uid

        ORDER BY gb.id;       

 

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'Category' 

-- ------------------------------------------------------       

DROP TABLE Category;

DROP SEQUENCE       Category_id_seq;

DROP INDEX              Category_id_index;

DROP VIEW vCategory;

 

CREATE TABLE Category (

    id                   integer DEFAULT nextval('Category_id_seq') NOT NULL,

    Category         varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,

    description  text ,

    note        text ,

    remark          text ,

     create_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() , 

     modify_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() ,  

    PRIMARY KEY (id),

    UNIQUE (id,Category)

);

CREATE SEQUENCE   Category_id_seq;

CREATE INDEX          Category_id_index ON Category (id);

 

CREATE VIEW vCategory AS

    SELECT c.id,c.Category,c.description,c.note,c.remark,to_char(c.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date

        FROM Category c

        ORDER BY c.id;

  

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'Region' 

-- ------------------------------------------------------  

DROP TABLE region;

DROP SEQUENCE       region_id_seq;

DROP INDEX              region_id_index;

DROP VIEW vregion;

 

CREATE TABLE region (

    id                   integer DEFAULT nextval('region_id_seq') NOT NULL,

    region      varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,

    description  text ,

    note        text ,

    remark          text ,

     create_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() , 

     modify_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() ,  

    PRIMARY KEY (id),

    UNIQUE (id,region)

);

CREATE SEQUENCE   region_id_seq;

CREATE INDEX          region_id_index ON region (id);

 

CREATE VIEW vregion AS

    SELECT pv.id,pv.region,pv.description,pv.note,pv.remark,to_char(pv.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date

        FROM region pv

        ORDER BY pv.id;   

 

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'province'  VIEW

-- ------------------------------------------------------  

DROP VIEW vprovince;

CREATE VIEW vprovince AS

    SELECT pv.id,pv.region as province,pv.description,pv.note,pv.remark,to_char(pv.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date

        FROM region pv

        ORDER BY pv.id;       

       

-- ------------------------------------------------------

--  'Country' 

-- ------------------------------------------------------  

DROP TABLE country;

DROP SEQUENCE       country_id_seq;

DROP INDEX              country_id_index;

DROP VIEW vcountry;

 

CREATE TABLE country (

    id                   integer DEFAULT nextval('country_id_seq') NOT NULL,

    country  varchar(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,

    domain           varchar(2)  DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,

    Language varchar(20)  DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,

    description  text ,

    note        text ,

    remark          text ,

     create_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() , 

     modify_date  timestamp DEFAULT now() ,  

    PRIMARY KEY (id),

    UNIQUE (id,country)

);

CREATE SEQUENCE   country_id_seq;

CREATE INDEX          country_id_index ON country (id);

 

CREATE VIEW vcountry AS

    SELECT pv.id,pv.country,pv.domain,pv.description,pv.note,pv.remark,to_char(pv.create_date,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') as date

        FROM country pv

        ORDER BY pv.id;

 

begin;

 

insert into category(category) values('農業');

insert into category(category) values('交通運輸');

insert into category(category) values('包裝、印刷');

insert into category(category) values('食品');

insert into category(category) values('建築與裝飾');

insert into category(category) values('廣告、策劃');

insert into category(category) values('服裝');

insert into category(category) values('工業設備');

insert into category(category) values('紡織');

insert into category(category) values('家居用品');

insert into category(category) values('資訊諮詢');

insert into category(category) values('電子');

insert into category(category) values('醫藥保健');

insert into category(category) values('商業代理');

insert into category(category) values('家用電器');

insert into category(category) values('藝術、工藝');

insert into category(category) values('服務業');

insert into category(category) values('電腦、軟體');

insert into category(category) values('娛樂、休閒');

insert into category(category) values('經濟技術合作');

insert into category(category) values('化工');

insert into category(category) values('攝影攝像');

insert into category(category) values('安全、保安');

insert into category(category) values('冶金礦產');

insert into category(category) values('體育用品');

insert into category(category) values('不動產');

insert into category(category) values('能源');

insert into category(category) values('辦公、教育');

insert into category(category) values('庫存積壓');

insert into category(category) values('環保');

insert into category(category) values('媒體、傳播');

insert into category(category) values('綜合');

insert into category(category) values('功能變數名稱註冊');   

 

 

insert into region(region) values('安徽');

insert into region(region) values('北京');

insert into region(region) values('重慶');

insert into region(region) values('福建');

insert into region(region) values('甘肅');

insert into region(region) values('廣東');

insert into region(region) values('廣西');

insert into region(region) values('貴州');

insert into region(region) values('海南');

insert into region(region) values('河北');

insert into region(region) values('河南');

insert into region(region) values('黑龍江');

insert into region(region) values('湖北');

insert into region(region) values('湖南');

insert into region(region) values('江蘇');

insert into region(region) values('江西');

insert into region(region) values('吉林');

insert into region(region) values('遼寧');

insert into region(region) values('內蒙古');

insert into region(region) values('寧夏');

insert into region(region) values('青海');

insert into region(region) values('山東');

insert into region(region) values('山西');

insert into region(region) values('陝西');

insert into region(region) values('上海');

insert into region(region) values('四川');

insert into region(region) values('天津');

insert into region(region) values('西藏');

insert into region(region) values('新疆');

insert into region(region) values('雲南');

insert into region(region) values('浙江');

 

 

--insert into country(domain,country) values('','');

insert into country(domain,country) values('AL','阿爾巴尼亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('DZ','阿爾及利亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('AF','阿富汗');

insert into country(domain,country) values('AR','阿根廷');

insert into country(domain,country) values('AE','阿拉伯聯合酋長國');

insert into country(domain,country) values('AW','阿魯巴');

insert into country(domain,country) values('OM','阿曼');

insert into country(domain,country) values('AZ','阿塞拜疆');

insert into country(domain,country) values('EG','埃及');

insert into country(domain,country) values('ET','埃塞俄比亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('IE','愛爾蘭');

insert into country(domain,country) values('EE','愛沙尼亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('AD','安道爾');

insert into country(domain,country) values('AO','安哥拉');

insert into country(domain,country) values('AI','安圭拉島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('AG','安堤瓜及巴爾布達');

insert into country(domain,country) values('AT','奧地利');

insert into country(domain,country) values('AU','澳大利亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('MO','澳門特別行政區');

insert into country(domain,country) values('BB','巴巴多斯');

insert into country(domain,country) values('PG','巴布亞新磯內亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('BS','巴哈馬');

insert into country(domain,country) values('PK','巴基斯坦');

insert into country(domain,country) values('PY','巴拉圭');

insert into country(domain,country) values('BH','巴林');

insert into country(domain,country) values('PA','巴拿馬');

insert into country(domain,country) values('BR','巴西');

insert into country(domain,country) values('BY','白俄羅斯');

insert into country(domain,country) values('BM','百慕大群島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('BG','保加利亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('MP','北馬利安納群島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('BJ','貝寧');

insert into country(domain,country) values('BE','比利時');

insert into country(domain,country) values('IS','冰島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('PR','波多黎各');

insert into country(domain,country) values('PL','波蘭');

insert into country(domain,country) values('BA','波士尼亞和黑塞哥維那');

insert into country(domain,country) values('BO','玻利維亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('BZ','伯利茲');

insert into country(domain,country) values('BW','博茨瓦納');

insert into country(domain,country) values('BT','不丹');

insert into country(domain,country) values('IO','不列顛印度洋屬土');

insert into country(domain,country) values('BF','伯基納法索');

insert into country(domain,country) values('BI','布隆迪');

insert into country(domain,country) values('BV','布韋島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('KP','朝鮮');

insert into country(domain,country) values('GQ','赤道幾內亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('DK','丹麥');

insert into country(domain,country) values('DE','德國');

insert into country(domain,country) values('TP','東帝汶');

insert into country(domain,country) values('TG','多哥');

insert into country(domain,country) values('DM','多明尼克');

insert into country(domain,country) values('DO','多明尼克共和國');

insert into country(domain,country) values('RU','俄羅斯');

insert into country(domain,country) values('EC','厄瓜多爾');

insert into country(domain,country) values('ER','厄立特里亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('FR','法國');

insert into country(domain,country) values('TF','法國南部和南極州');

insert into country(domain,country) values('FO','法羅群島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('PF','法屬波利尼西亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('GF','法屬圭亞那');

insert into country(domain,country) values('VA','梵蒂岡');

insert into country(domain,country) values('PH','菲律賓');

insert into country(domain,country) values('FJ','斐濟群島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('FI','芬蘭');

insert into country(domain,country) values('CV','佛德角群島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('FK','福克蘭群島(馬爾維納斯群島)');

insert into country(domain,country) values('GM','岡比亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('CG','剛果');

insert into country(domain,country) values('CD','剛果民主共和國');

insert into country(domain,country) values('CO','哥倫比亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('CR','哥斯大黎加');

insert into country(domain,country) values('GD','格林伍德');

insert into country(domain,country) values('GL','格陵蘭');

insert into country(domain,country) values('GE','格魯吉亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('CU','古巴');

insert into country(domain,country) values('GP','瓜德羅普島(法屬)');

insert into country(domain,country) values('GU','關島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('GY','圭亞那');

insert into country(domain,country) values('KZ','哈薩克斯坦');

insert into country(domain,country) values('HT','海地');

insert into country(domain,country) values('KR','韓國');

insert into country(domain,country) values('NL','荷蘭');

insert into country(domain,country) values('AN','荷屬安的列斯群島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('HM','赫德和麥克唐納群島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('HN','洪都拉斯');

insert into country(domain,country) values('KI','基裏巴斯');

insert into country(domain,country) values('DJ','吉布提');

insert into country(domain,country) values('KG','吉爾吉斯斯坦');

insert into country(domain,country) values('GN','幾內亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('GW','幾內亞比紹');

insert into country(domain,country) values('CA','加拿大');

insert into country(domain,country) values('GH','加納');

insert into country(domain,country) values('GA','加蓬');

insert into country(domain,country) values('KH','柬埔寨');

insert into country(domain,country) values('CZ','捷克共和國');

insert into country(domain,country) values('ZW','辛巴威');

insert into country(domain,country) values('CM','喀麥隆');

insert into country(domain,country) values('QA','卡塔爾');

insert into country(domain,country) values('KY','開曼群島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('CC','科科斯群島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('KM','科摩羅');

insert into country(domain,country) values('CI','象牙海岸');

insert into country(domain,country) values('KW','科威特');

insert into country(domain,country) values('HR','克羅地亞(赫爾瓦次卡)');

insert into country(domain,country) values('KE','肯雅');

insert into country(domain,country) values('CK','科克群島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('LV','拉脫維亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('LS','萊索托');

insert into country(domain,country) values('LA','老撾');

insert into country(domain,country) values('LB','黎巴嫩');

insert into country(domain,country) values('LT','立陶宛');

insert into country(domain,country) values('LR','利比理亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('LY','利比亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('LI','列支敦士登');

insert into country(domain,country) values('RE','留尼汪島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('LU','盧森堡');

insert into country(domain,country) values('RW','盧旺達');

insert into country(domain,country) values('RO','羅馬尼亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('MG','馬達加斯加島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('MV','馬爾代夫');

insert into country(domain,country) values('MT','馬爾他');

insert into country(domain,country) values('MW','馬拉維');

insert into country(domain,country) values('MY','馬來西亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('ML','馬里');

insert into country(domain,country) values('MK','馬其頓共和國');

insert into country(domain,country) values('MH','馬紹爾群島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('MQ','馬提尼克島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('YT','馬約特');

insert into country(domain,country) values('MU','毛里求斯');

insert into country(domain,country) values('MR','茅利塔尼亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('US','美國');

insert into country(domain,country) values('AS','美屬薩摩亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('VI','美屬維爾京群島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('UM','美屬小奧特蘭群島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('MN','蒙古');

insert into country(domain,country) values('MS','蒙特塞拉特()');

insert into country(domain,country) values('BD','孟加拉國');

insert into country(domain,country) values('PE','秘魯');

insert into country(domain,country) values('FM','密克羅尼西亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('MM','緬甸');

insert into country(domain,country) values('MD','莫爾達瓦');

insert into country(domain,country) values('MA','摩洛哥');

insert into country(domain,country) values('MC','摩納哥');

insert into country(domain,country) values('MZ','莫三比克');

insert into country(domain,country) values('MX','墨西哥');

insert into country(domain,country) values('NA','納米比亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('ZA','南非');

insert into country(domain,country) values('AQ','南極洲');

insert into country(domain,country) values('GS','南喬治亞和南桑德威奇群島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('YU','南斯拉夫');

insert into country(domain,country) values('NR','瑙魯');

insert into country(domain,country) values('NP','尼泊爾');

insert into country(domain,country) values('NI','尼加拉瓜');

insert into country(domain,country) values('NE','尼日爾');

insert into country(domain,country) values('NG','尼日利亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('NU','紐埃');

insert into country(domain,country) values('NO','挪威');

insert into country(domain,country) values('NF','諾福克島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('PW','帕勞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('PN','皮特克恩群島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('PT','葡萄牙');

insert into country(domain,country) values('JP','日本');

insert into country(domain,country) values('SE','瑞典');

insert into country(domain,country) values('CH','瑞士');

insert into country(domain,country) values('SV','薩爾瓦多');

insert into country(domain,country) values('WS','薩摩亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('SL','塞拉里昂');

insert into country(domain,country) values('SN','塞內加爾');

insert into country(domain,country) values('CY','賽普勒斯');

insert into country(domain,country) values('SC','塞舌耳群島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('SA','沙烏地阿拉伯');

insert into country(domain,country) values('CX','聖誕島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('ST','聖多美及普林西比島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('SH','聖赫勒拿島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('KN','聖基茨和尼維斯');

insert into country(domain,country) values('LC','聖盧西亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('SM','聖馬力諾');

insert into country(domain,country) values('PM','聖皮埃爾島和密克隆島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('VC','聖文森特和格林納丁斯群島St.Vincent');

insert into country(domain,country) values('LK','斯里蘭卡');

insert into country(domain,country) values('SK','斯洛伐克');

insert into country(domain,country) values('SI','斯洛文尼亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('SJ','斯瓦爾巴群島和揚馬延');

insert into country(domain,country) values('SZ','斯威士蘭');

insert into country(domain,country) values('SD','蘇丹');

insert into country(domain,country) values('SR','蘇里南');

insert into country(domain,country) values('SB','所羅門群島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('SO','索馬里');

insert into country(domain,country) values('TJ','塔吉克斯坦');

insert into country(domain,country) values('TH','泰國');

insert into country(domain,country) values('TZ','坦桑尼亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('TO','湯加');

insert into country(domain,country) values('TC','特克斯群島和凱科斯群島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('TT','特立尼達和多巴哥');

insert into country(domain,country) values('TN','突尼斯');

insert into country(domain,country) values('TV','圖瓦盧');

insert into country(domain,country) values('TR','土耳其');

insert into country(domain,country) values('TM','土庫曼斯坦');

insert into country(domain,country) values('TK','托克勞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('WF','瓦利斯群島和富圖納群島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('VU','瓦努阿圖');

insert into country(domain,country) values('GT','瓜地馬拉');

insert into country(domain,country) values('VE','委內瑞拉');

insert into country(domain,country) values('BN','汶萊');

insert into country(domain,country) values('UG','烏干達');

insert into country(domain,country) values('UA','烏克蘭');

insert into country(domain,country) values('UY','烏拉圭');

insert into country(domain,country) values('UZ','烏茲別克斯坦');

insert into country(domain,country) values('ES','西班牙');

insert into country(domain,country) values('GR','希臘');

insert into country(domain,country) values('HK','香港特別行政區');

insert into country(domain,country) values('SG','新加坡');

insert into country(domain,country) values('NC','新赫里多尼亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('NZ','新西蘭');

insert into country(domain,country) values('HU','匈牙利');

insert into country(domain,country) values('SY','敘利亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('JM','牙買加');

insert into country(domain,country) values('AM','亞美尼亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('YE','葉門');

insert into country(domain,country) values('IQ','伊拉克');

insert into country(domain,country) values('IR','伊朗');

insert into country(domain,country) values('IL','以色列');

insert into country(domain,country) values('IT','義大利');

insert into country(domain,country) values('IN','印度');

insert into country(domain,country) values('ID','印尼');

insert into country(domain,country) values('UK','英國');

insert into country(domain,country) values('VG','英屬維京群島');

insert into country(domain,country) values('JO','約旦');

insert into country(domain,country) values('VN','越南');

insert into country(domain,country) values('ZM','尚比亞');

insert into country(domain,country) values('TD','乍得');

insert into country(domain,country) values('GI','直布羅陀');

insert into country(domain,country) values('CL','智利');

insert into country(domain,country) values('CF','中非共和國');

insert into country(domain,country) values('CN','中國');

insert into country(domain,country) values('TW','中國臺灣');

 

commit;

ROLLBACK;

 

17.3       安裝腳本

17.3.1 setenv.sh

#=======================================================

# Author:Netkiller

# Script: setenv.sh

#=======================================================

 

SRCHOME=../src

BINARYHOME=../binary

RPMSHOME=../rpms

CONFHOME=../conf

# Install Portable Threads

PThreads=pth-2.0.0.tar.gz

 

# Shared Memory Allocation

SMemory=mm-1.3.0.tar.gz

 

APACHE_HOME=/usr/local/apache

APACHE=apache_1.3.27.tar.gz

MOD_SSL=mod_ssl-2.8.14-1.3.27.tar.gz

MOD_PERL=mod_perl-1.0-current.tar.tar

MOD_FASTCGI=mod_fastcgi-2.4.0.tar.gz

PHP=php-4.3.2.tar.gz

 

17.3.2 install.sh

#=======================================================

# Author:Netkiller

# Script:install.sh

#=======================================================

if [ -f setenv.sh ]; then

   . setenv.sh

fi

 

#rpms_location="$base_dir/"

 

POSTGRESQL=${RPMSHOME}

Install_PostgreSQL(){

    cd $POSTGRESQL

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-libs-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-devel-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-server-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-contrib-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-docs-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-jdbc-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-pl-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-python-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-tcl-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    rpm -Uvh --nodeps postgresql-test-?.?.?-1PGDG.i386.rpm

    cd ..

    rpm -qa|grep post

}

 

Uninstall_PostgreSQL(){

    rpm -e --nodeps `rpm -qa |grep postgresql`

}

 

Status_PostgreSQL(){

    rpm -qa|grep postgresql

}

 

Install_Apache(){

    cd ${SRCHOME}

    tar zxf apache_?.?.??.tar.gz >/dev/null

    cd  apache_?.?.??

    ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache --enable-module=so

    make

    make install

    cd ..

    rm -rf apache_?.?.??

    echo "/usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl start" >> /etc/rc.d/rc.local

}

 

Install_PHP(){

    cd ${SRCHOME}

    tar zxf php-?.?.?.tar.gz

    cd php-?.?.?

    ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php --with-apxs=/usr/local/apache/bin/apxs \

        --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/etc --enable-track-vars --with-xml \

        --with-pgsql --with-mysql \

       --with-ldap --enable-ftp --with-openssl --with-iconv --with-kerberos \

       --with-java=/usr/local/java

    make

    make install

    cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/etc/php.ini

    #LoadModule php4_module modules/libphp4.so

    #AddType application/x-httpd-php .php .php4 .php3 .phtml

}

 

Install_MySQL(){

    if ! rpm -qa|grep -q "mysql" ; then

       tar zxvf mysql-standard-4.0.12-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz  >/dev/null

       mv mysql-standard-4.0.12-pc-linux-i686 /usr/local/mysql

       cp /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld

       chkconfig mysqld reset

       chown mysql.mysql -R /usr/local/mysql

    else

        echo "mysql package is already installed"

    fi

#   echo "su mysql -c"cd /usr/local/mysql/ ;./configure">/dev/null">> /etc/rc.d/rc.local

}

 

Install_MySQL(){

cd ${RPMSHOME}

rpm -Uvh MySQL-server-4.0.13-0.i386.rpm

rpm -Uvh MySQL-client-4.0.13-0.i386.rpm

rpm -Uvh MySQL-devel-4.0.13-0.i386.rpm

rpm -Uvh MySQL-shared-4.0.13-0.i386.rpm

rpm -Uvh MySQL-shared-compat-4.0.13-0.i386.rpm

 

}

 

 

Install_Sun_J2sdk(){

    cd ${BINHOME}

    chmod 700 j2sdk-1_4_1_02-linux-i586.bin

    ./j2sdk-1_4_1_02-linux-i586.bin

    mv j2sdk1.4.1_02 /usr/local/java

    cp ../conf/profile.sh /etc/profile.d/java.sh

    chmod 755 /etc/profile.d/java.sh

}

 

Install_Tomcat(){

    cd ${BINARYHOME}

    tar zxvf tomcat-4.1.24.tar.gz >/dev/null

    mv jakarta-tomcat-4.1.24 /usr/local/jakarta-tomcat

#    echo "/usr/local/jakarta-tomcat/bin/startup.sh" >> /etc/rc.d/rc.local

}

 

Install_Ant(){

    cd ${BINARYHOME}

    tar zxvf apache-ant-1.5.3-1-bin.tar.gz >/dev/null

    mv apache-ant-1.5.3-1 /usr/local/apache-ant

}

 

Install_Zhcon(){

 

    tar zxvf zhcon-?.?.?.tar.gz

    ./configure

    make

    make install

}

 

usage()

{

    echo "Usage: $0 {install|uninstall|status|reinstall|config|} [base_dir]"

    echo "Usage: $0 {apache|php|mysql} [base_dir]"

    echo "Usage: $0 {j2sdk|tomcat|ant|jdbc|postgresql} [base_dir]"

#  echo "base_dir        the location of install disk, optional"

}

 

# --- main process starts ---

 

case "$1" in

  install)

        banner

        install

        ;;

  uninstall)

        banner

#        uninstall

#Uninstall_PostgreSQL

        ;;

  status)

        banner

        status

        ;;

  reinstall)

        banner

        uninstall

        install

        ;;

  config)

        banner

        config

        ;;

  apache)

       Install_Apache

       ;;

  php)

       Install_PHP

       ;;

  mysql)

        Install_MySQL

        ;;

  j2sdk)

       Install_Sun_J2sdk

       ;;

  tomcat)

       Install_Tomcat

       ;;

  ant)

       Install_Ant

       ;;

  postgresql)

       Install_PostgreSQL

       ;;

  *)

        usage

        exit 1

esac

 

# --- main process ends ---

17.4       附件

文檔中用到的一些相關的檔可以去主頁上下載

http://linux.9812.net/

17.5       其他

Mailing Lists

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/pgsql/

 

Post message: pgsql@yahoogroups.com

Subscribe:  pgsql-subscribe@yahoogroups.com

Unsubscribe:  pgsql-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com

List owner:  pgsql-owner@yahoogroups.com

 

國產資料庫:

http://www.dm2.com.cn/

 

latex

http://learn.tsinghua.edu.cn/homepage/2001315450/tex_frame.html

 

18             參考資料

http://www.postgresql.org

http://www.pgsqldb.org/pgsqldoc-cvs/index.html

http://www.oasis-open.org/

       http://www.linuxfocus.org/

http://www.opendocspublishing.com/

http://www.casestudio.com/  一個資料設計工具

http://www.datanamic.com/ 一個資料設計工具

http://www.commandprompt.com/

http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/

http://www.tldp.org/

 

 

 

19             版本、聲明

聲明:您可以隨意轉載,但請保持文檔完整。

轉載請注明作者的主頁位址,因為文檔經常更新,這樣讀者可以看到最新內容。

 

檔狀態

檔標識

PostgreSQL 實用實例參考》

o草稿

當前版本

2.0

þ正式發佈

   

Netkiller(陳景峰)

þ正在修改

開始日期

2003107日星期二

2003-12-5

 

版本歷史

版本/狀態

作者

參與者

起止日期

備註

1.0.0/草稿

陳景峰

符乃晴

尚麗娜

2003-10-15

校對

1.1.0/修改

 

2003-10-17

PostgreSQL RPM 包安裝

附件中安裝腳本
Jsp/Java 漢字編碼問題

1.1.1

 

2003-10-22

查詢, 多個欄位組合約束

1.1.2

 

2003-10-23

substring()函數截取部分漢字

PHP 字元編碼問題

1.1.3

 

2003-10-24

共用記憶體

最大連接

1.2.3

 

2003-10-25

SSL,SSH

1.2.3

朱陪江

2003-10-29

校對

1.3.3

 

2003-11-1

序列

約束

1.4.3

 

2003-11-11

RPM 安裝

1.4.4

 

2003-11-12

例子-分類目錄

1.5.0

 

2003-11-25

函數,過程實例

1.6.0

 

2003-11-28

日期時間
“::”轉換資料
性能提升-硬體

1.6.1

 

2003-11-29

用戶,組,認證

1.6.2

 

2003-12-1

DWJSP開發環境
Java 漢字編碼問題web.xml方案

正式/修正2.0.0

 

2003-12-5

Jbuilder+weblogic+postgresql

2.1.0

 

2003/12/12

取出字元如果超過20個在後尾加“…”
保證備份資料的安全-PGP/GPG加密

2.2.1

 

2003-12-27

資料庫性能測試

2.2.0

 

2004-2-24

硬碟性能
過程例子
游標例子
解發器例子
檢查check例子
替換字串例子

2.3.0

 

2004-2-26

開發篇

2.3.1

 

Vvlinux(會游泳的魚)

2004-3-4

校對

2.3.2

 

 

2004-3-5

檔存入資料庫中

 

 

 

2004-3-12

函數返回結果集

 

 

 

2004-4-12

修改漢字編碼

 

 

qzhou9887

2004-4-13

非常感謝qzhou9887校對文檔

 

 

 

2004-5-20

Tomcat 連接池的配置方法

 

 

 

2004-6-30

修改視圖小節

 

 

 

2004-7-8

APT安裝